继代培养对链格孢菌生长及产毒的影响

目的 探究连续继代培养对链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)菌株的生长以及产毒的影响。方法 将10株链格孢菌在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(potato dextrose agar, PDA)上连续继代培养,分析菌株的生长、产孢情况;利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)检测并分析主要链格孢霉毒素[包括交链孢酚(alternariol,AOH)、交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether, AME)、交链孢烯(altenuene, ALT)、细交链格孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid, TeA)]的含量变化。结果 在PDA培养基中,连续继代培养链格孢菌极易出现角变、菌丝变白、菌丝生长速率加快等菌株退化现象。随着继代培养次数的增加,菌株生长速度加快,菌落直径变大,角变率增大;10株链格孢菌中有7株(MY-4、MY-12、MY-15、MY-73、MY-80、MY-103、MY-117)产孢量随着继代次...     

防治烟草赤星病药效试验

为了更有效地防治烟草赤星病 ,用 7种药剂进行了大田喷施对比试验。结果表明 :4 0 %“菌核净”可湿性粉剂 5 0 0倍液、4 0 %“菌核铜”可湿性粉剂 5 0 0倍液、4 5 %“菌克”可湿性粉剂 5 0 0倍液、“云岭酶素”30 0倍液、4 5 %“金叶舒”可湿性粉剂 60 0倍液、3%“多抗霉素”可湿性粉剂 30 0倍液、30 %“大力”可湿性粉剂 5 0 0倍液的相对防效依次为 :92 .5 6%、92 .13%、92 .13%、91.18%、90 .36%、87.5 6%、85 .0 2 %、83.91% ,差异达显著水平     

The influence of different nitrogen and carbon sources on mycotoxin production in Alternaria alternata

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of the mycotoxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TA) by Alternaria alternata at 28 °C using a semi-synthetic medium (modified Czapek-Dox broth) supplemented with nitrogen and carbon sources. Additionally the effect of shaken and static cultivation on mycotoxin production was tested. Initial experiments showed a clear dependency between nitrogen depletion and mycotoxin production. To assess whether nitrogen limitation in general or the type of nitrogen source triggers the production, various nitrogen sources including several ammonium/nitrate salts and amino acids were tested. In static culture the production of AOH/AME can be enhanced greatly with phenylalanine whereas some nitrogen sources seem to inhibit the AOH/AME production completely. TA was not significantly affected by the choice of nitrogen source. In shaken culture the overall production of all mycotoxins was lower compared to static cultivation. Furthermore tests with a wide variety of carbon sources including monosaccharides, disaccharides, complex saccharides such as starch as well as glycerol and acetate were performed. In shaken culture AOH was produced when glucose, fructose, sucrose, acetate or mixtures of glucose/sucrose and glucose/acetate were used as carbon sources. AME production was not detected. The use of sodium acetate resulted in the highest AOH production. In static culture AOH production was also stimulated by acetate and the amount is comparable to shaken conditions. Under static conditions production of AOH was lower except when cultivated with acetate. In static cultivation 9 of 14 tested carbon sources induced mycotoxin production compared to 4 in shaken culture. This is the first study which analyses the influence of carbon and nitrogen sources in a semi-synthetic medium and assesses the effects of culture conditions on mycotoxin production by A. alternata.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定食品中12种防腐剂和甜味剂

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定食品中12种防腐剂和甜味剂的含量。方法样品经甲醇-水(30:70,V:V)提取,经Agilent TC C_(18)色谱柱分离,以甲醇/20 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL/min,采用二极管矩阵检测器进行检测,检测波长为230 nm。结果 12种防腐剂和甜味剂在0.2~20μg/mL的浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,r~2≥0.9992,回收率在70.9%~115.6%之间,方法的检出限为0.001~0.005 g/kg。结论该方法具有高通量、操作简便等优点,可适用于食品中12种防腐剂和甜味剂的检测。     

肉桂醛对链格孢菌生长及非寄主选择性毒素合成的影响

目的 初步探究肉桂醛对葡萄采后链格孢菌菌丝体生长及非寄主选择性毒素合成的影响。方法 采用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)观察肉桂醛处理后链格孢菌菌丝体的形态结构; 测定处理后菌丝体脂质和麦角固醇含量, 胞外电导率、OD260值和菌丝体荧光强度; 高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)测定处理后链格孢酚(alternariol, AOH)、交链格孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether, AME)含量的变化。结果 扫描电镜结果显示肉桂醛处理后链格孢菌菌丝体形态结构明显被破坏; 脂质和麦角固醇含量显著下降; 胞外电导率和OD260值以及菌丝体荧光强度显著增加; AOH、AME的含量显著下降。 结论 肉桂醛通过破坏细胞膜通透性和完整性来抑制链格孢菌菌丝体生长, 同时体内主要非寄主选择性毒素合成受到抑制。     

Influence of water activity and temperature on growth and mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternata on irradiated soya beans

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of water activity (a_w) (0.99-0.90), temperature (15, 25 and 30 °C) and their interactions on growth and alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) production by Alternaria alternata on irradiated soya beans. Maximum growth rates were obtained at 0.980 a_w and 25 °C. Minimum a_w level for growth was dependent on temperature. Both strains were able to grow at the lowest a_w assayed (0.90). Maximum amount of AOH was produced at 0.98 a_w but at different temperatures, 15 and 25 °C, for the strains RC 21 and RC 39 respectively. Maximum AME production was obtained at 0.98 a_w and 30 °C for both strains. The concentration range of both toxins varied considerably depending on a_w and temperature interactions. The two metabolites were produced over the temperature range 15 to 30 °C and a_w range 0.99 to 0.96. The limiting a_w for detectable mycotoxin production is slightly greater than that for growth. Two-dimensional profiles of a_w × temperature were developed from these data to identify areas where conditions indicate a significant risk from AOH and AME accumulation on soya bean. Knowledge of AOH and AME production under marginal or sub-optimal temperature and a_w conditions for growth can be important since improper storage conditions accompanied by elevated temperature and moisture content in the grain can favour further mycotoxin production and lead to reduction in grain quality. This could present a hazard if the grain is used for human consumption or animal feedstuff.     

烟草赤星病拮抗细菌Ata28菌株的控病及促生效应

从烟草叶片中分离获得的对烟草赤星病菌[Alternaria alternata(Fries) Keissler]有明显抑制作用的枯草芽孢杆菌Ata28菌株,经温室控病试验,能显著降低赤星病的发病率;将其用于烟草种子的细菌化处理,以无菌土盆栽的方式测试其对烟草幼苗的促生效果,分别测定其地上部鲜重,最大叶长、宽,真叶数。结果表明,拮抗细菌Ata28对烟草幼苗有明显促生效应。控病、促生试验的Ata28菌液处理与对照间差异均达到显著水平,表明拮抗细菌Ata28兼具防病作用和促生效应。     

链格孢侵染对伽师瓜果皮活性氧代谢的影响

本文以采后伽师瓜果实为试验材料,无损接种链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata),比较伽师瓜无网纹、小网纹、大网纹果皮组织抗病性差异,研究活性氧代谢及关键酶活性变化规律。结果表明:链格孢菌侵染30 d时,伽师瓜果皮无网纹病害发生率77.77%、小网纹84.17%、大网纹88.02%。各实验组超氧阴离子(O_2·~-)产生速率和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量呈升高-降低-升高的变化趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量外果皮呈升高-降低的变化趋势,内果皮一直升高;且侵染期间外果皮O_2·~-产生速率、GSH、H_2O_2和MDA含量高于内果皮。各实验组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;SOD活性无网纹、小网纹、大网纹外果皮峰值为49.19 U、39.29 U、31.81 U,内果皮峰值为32.36 U、24.28 U、19.30 U;CAT活性无网纹、小网纹、大网纹外果皮峰值为485.95 U、393.68 U、220.40 U,内果皮峰值为202.67 U、228.30 U、137.93 U;POD活性无网纹、小网纹、大网纹外果皮峰值为28.62 U、24.84 U、23.13 U,内果皮峰值为14.46U、9.73 U、8.58 U;GR活性无网纹、小网纹、大网纹外果皮峰值为378.32 U、170.24 U、196.15 U,内果皮峰值为70.58 U、45.61 U、66.67 U;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性呈上升趋势,外果皮活性高于内果皮,无网纹活性高于小网纹和大网纹。由此表明,伽师瓜果皮抗病性与活性氧代谢关系密切,外果皮抗病性强于内果皮,无网纹组抗病性强于小网纹组和大网纹组。     

链格孢侵染对甜瓜病程相关蛋白活性及基因表达的影响

以抗病能力强的伽师瓜和抗病能力较弱的86-1甜瓜作为实验材料,研究甜瓜果实应答链格孢侵染过程中对几丁质酶（CHT）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（GLU）活力变化的影响及基因表达规律。伽师瓜和86-1甜瓜接种浓度为1×106个/m L A.alternata孢子悬浮液20μL,置于6⁸℃冷库贮藏,测定病斑大小,几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活力及基因相对表达量。结果表明:损伤接种A.alternata后,伽师瓜和86-1甜瓜均在15 d发病,贮藏过程中伽师瓜果实的发病率及病斑大小均低于86-1甜瓜;甜瓜应答侵染过程中,几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活力呈现先升高后下降的趋势,分别于21 d,18 d达到酶活高峰,且接种伽师瓜酶活力显著高于86-1甜瓜（p<0.05）,伽师瓜通过增强病程相关酶活力来抵御链格孢的侵染;伽师瓜CHT1、CHT2、GLU基因表达量显著高于86-1甜瓜,分别在贮藏18、18、15 d表达量最大;贮藏0²1 d病程相关蛋白活力及基因相对表达量与病斑直径呈正相关,说明病程相关蛋白在植物抵御病原微生物侵染早期与中期中起到了关键作用,并且在侵染中期作用显著。      

Simultaneous analysis of acidulants and preservatives in food samples by using capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection

Capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection was developed for the simultaneous analysis of acidulants and preservatives in food samples. When a solution of tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, trimellitic acid and poly (vinyl alcohol) was used as the background electrolyte, the nine acidulants and four preservatives listed in the Japanese Food Sanitation Law were detected within 8 min. The calibration curves plotted from the peak height of each analyte were linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The relative standard deviations (n = 10) of the peak height ranged from 1.2% to 4.7%. The detection limits for these species ranged from 0.6 to 5.3 mg/L at a signal-to-noise ratio of three. The method developed method was applied to the simultaneous analysis of acidulants and preservatives in a wide variety of food samples.     

52%的菌核·锰锌对烟草赤星病菌的室内及田间毒力测定

室内采用孢子萌发抑制法测定菌核净、代森锰锌以及它们的复配剂52%菌核·锰锌对烟草赤星病菌的毒力,结果表明,菌核净和代森锰锌以适当的比例复配,可明显提高其对烟草赤星病菌孢子萌发的抑制率.计算复配剂共毒系数为385.081 9,表现出增效作用.田间防治试验亦表明,该复配剂可有效地控制赤星病的发生和危害.     

温度和叶面湿润时数对烟草赤星病菌侵染的影响

在控制条件下接种烟草赤星病菌的试验结果表明 ,在品种和菌株组成一定的情况下 ,接种温度 (DT)和叶面湿润时数 (WD)是影响病菌侵染的 2个主要因素。接种温度在 12～ 37℃范围内 ,病菌可以侵染寄主 ,成功侵染的最适温度为 2 7～ 30℃。在适宜温度条件下 ,接种后保湿 2h病菌即可侵入 ,保湿时间延长 ,侵染概率增大。侵染概率与接种温度、叶面湿润时数及其互作之间具有线性关系。     

链格孢侵染对厚皮甜瓜抗菌物质及活性氧代谢相关酶活性的影响

以伽师瓜为材料,研究贮藏期间果皮与果肉对病原菌抵抗能力的差异。分别采用3 mm(果皮)、5 mm(果皮果肉交界)、10 mm(果肉)深度接种链格孢(Alternaria alternata)后,于7℃贮藏。定期检测果皮与果肉病斑直径、总酚和黄酮含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果表明:贮藏期间,不同接种深度的果皮病斑直径显著小于果肉(p<0.05),果皮的抗病能力大于果肉;3、5、10 mm接种组果皮与果肉的抗菌物质含量和活性氧代谢相关酶活性显著高于对照(p<0.05),其中3 mm接种组果实具有较高的抗性;甜瓜果皮与果肉协同抵御链格孢的侵染,果皮发挥更大的抗病作用。      

含铁型脱氧保鲜剂研究

目的 开发含铁型脱氧保鲜剂,以抑制食物霉变和抗油脂酸败。方法在铸铁粉中加入中2．4％浓度的盐酸溶液25％,140℃,活化处理60min。在活化处理的铸铁粉中添加维生素C1.2％、活性炭0、6％、氯化钠6％及硅藻土6％配成的脱氧荆。在脱氧荆中,添加含乙醇10％的β-环状糊精10％,组成复合脱氧保鲜荆。分别以蛋糕和月饼,香肠和油炸花生米为材料,研究含铁型脱氧保鲜剂的防霉和抗油脂酸败作用。结果脱氧荆的吸氧量为13．4ml／g。蛋糕和月饼使用脱氧剂保鲜,经21d和25d不长霉;使用复合脱氧保鲜剂保鲜,经33d和50d不长霉。香肠和油炸花生米分别经脱氧剂和复合脱氧保鲜荆处理3个月,酸价分别为0．154、0．155及0．115、0．114．过氧化值分别为1．12、1．13、1．18和1．17,均未超标。结论含铁型脱氧保鲜剂具有良好的抑制食物霉变和抗油脂酸败作用。     

Effects of irradiation and sodium hypochlorite on the micro-organisms attached to a commercial food container

Biofilm formation on various surfaces is a well-known phenomenon and it has caused pollution, health, and safety hazards, and a substantial economic loss. The present study was to evaluate the bactericidal effects of sodium hypochlorite and gamma irradiation on Psudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria innocua, and Escherichia coli biofilm formed on polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PET), and polycarbonate (PC), which are widely used as food container materials. The bacterial counts of all the micro-organisms tested in the bacterial suspension were decreased linearly by a gamma irradiation and 3 kGy of irradiation decreased the bacterial counts to below the detection limit (<10(1)cfu/ml). In sodium hypochlorite treated bacterial suspension only a 1 decimal point reduction in bacterial counts was observed until 100 ppm, beyond 100-400 ppm all micro-organisms tested were undetected. The microbial biofilms attached to PP, PE, and PC were very resistant to sodium hypochlorite, showing only 1-3 decimal point reductions even at 400 ppm of the total available chlorine level. In contrast, 3 kGy of gamma irradiation eliminated the micro-organisms attached to PP, PET, and PC with minor exceptions (P. aeruginosa attached to PE and Escherichia coli attached to PC). In conclusion, gamma irradiation was effective for reducing both the bacterial counts in the suspension and biofilms on PP, PET, and PC, while sodium hypochlorite was unable to eliminate the bacterial cells attached to PP, PET, and PC.     

食品监督和抽检的质量控制分析

本文旨在探讨历年食品监督抽检检验工作中遇到的具体问题,浅析食品留样室温度的控制,抽样过程出现失误的解决办法,检验报告数值修约方式,非标准方法的制定,微生物项目不合格是否复检复验,区分食品药品检验的某些概念等问题,为食品检验工作质量提供有力保证,确保监督抽检报告准确可靠,为食品安全监管处罚工作提供方向和技术支撑,充分保障人民群众的食品安全。     

Effect of sublethal concentrations of propionic or butyric acid on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus

Propionic or butyric acid was added at sublethal doses (0.1–2 mg/ml) to a growth medium supporting growth of Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxin production. A reduction in growth and aflatoxin production occurred when the acids were added at the time of inoculation. Addition of the acids to cultures at different times resulted in little effect on growth but production of aflatoxin after 12 days was reduced with earlier time of application for both propionic and butyric acid. When the acids were added to rough rice with a moisture content of 21% and inoculated with A. flavus fungal growth and aflatoxin production were reduced relative to non-inoculated controls. Early application of acids resulted in lower yields of aflatoxin.     

玻璃化转变对食品加工和品质的影响

在有关玻璃态和玻璃化转变理论的基础上 ,综述了玻璃化转变对干燥、冷冻、焙烤、糖果及挤压等食品的加工与品质的影响     

Properties of polyethylene films with incorporated benzoic anhydride and/or ethyl and propyl esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and their suitability for food packaging

Benzoic anhydride and ethyl and propyl esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (ETP and PRP, respectively, also termed parabens) incorporated into low density polyethylene (LDPE) film were studied with regard to migration into food and food simulants at 6°C and 25°C, and changes in selected properties of the film were investigated. Antimicrobials were incorporated into polymer film in concentrations of 5g/kg and 10g/kg. The addition of parabens into the polymer was more difficult than benzoic anhydride due to their volatility. For benzoic anhydride, 30-40% and 10-20% of the added amount was found to leach from the film into aqueous and olive oil food simulants, respectively. The migration into both water and olive oil followed a very similar course in the case of parabens. Migration levels over 90% and in the range of 70% to 80%, relative to the amount of agent in the film, were determined for ETP and PRP respectively. The incorporation of antimicrobials into the film significantly changed the functional characteristics of the packaging material, i.e. permeability of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour, tensile strength, coefficient of friction, sealing strength and transparency. Shelf life tests with packaged cheese and toasted bread demonstrated the efficiency of the film containing 10g/kg of BA against mould growth on the food surface during storage at 6°C.