磷酸工业循环水的腐蚀性研究

湿法磷酸（萃取磷酸）由硫酸分解磷矿而制取，它是制造各种磷复肥的主要中间产品，也是磷复肥生产中腐蚀性最强的介质之一。湿法磷酸生产装置一般由磷酸萃取系统和磷酸浓缩系统组成，磷酸萃取系统主要由萃取槽、消化槽、洗涤器、     

湿法磷酸净化的生产新工艺

在原有的用湿法磷酸制备工业级磷酸工艺的基础上，采用以下措施：在预处理阶段设置一个脱硫脱氟缓冲槽和在萃取槽和洗涤槽中间设置一个脱硫除铁槽以加强脱硫脱氟除铁；将萃取、洗涤和反萃过程均在振动筛板加转盘塔中进行；在洗涤塔与反应萃之间设置一个降乳化槽。通过工艺技术及设备的改造，不仅可使湿法磷酸净化实现工业化生产，净化的湿法磷酸达到工业级磷酸的质量标准，而且可大幅度降低消耗，降低净化成本。     

湿法萃取磷酸中高效搅拌装置的研究,开发及应用

介绍在半水物湿法磷酸工艺开发过程中,根据水力学模型试验研究结果,研制了带导流筒的高效搅拌装置,为半水物硫酸钙结晶营造了最佳水力学条件,并为双槽结晶中的核心设备溶解槽和结晶槽提供了工程设计参数。该技术已成功地应用于昆明化肥厂１．５ 万吨／年双槽半水物工程,使我国半水物湿法磷酸的技术开发进入了实用阶段,实现了工业化。在此基础上又开发了二水物湿法磷酸的单槽单桨反应器,在全国获得了迅速的推广应用     

利用磷酸沉积物生产低养分磷铵的途径

湿法磷酸是生产磷酸-铵和磷酸二铵的主要原料。瓮福磷肥厂将湿法磷酸通过澄清槽澄清后,上层澄清酸直接泵送去生产高养分磷铵产品;澄清槽底部含沉积物的磷酸渣,通过泥浆泵送去与磷酸进行配酸,再送去生产低养分磷铵产品。现介绍利用磷酸沉积物生产低养分磷铵的方法。     

磷酸反应槽专利设备——腰形截面反应槽

为降低湿法磷酸生产的搅拌能耗,提高磷得率,简要介绍了四川大学开发的磷酸反应槽专利设备——新型单槽双区反应槽的结构特点,从建设投资、主要工艺指标、搅拌能耗、对磷矿的适应性及回浆量等方面探讨了该槽型的优越性,以50kt/a(P2O5计)湿法磷酸生产实践为例测得每吨P2O5消耗的搅拌能仅14kW.h。     

温度对二水物湿法磷酸生产萃取槽反应转化率影响探讨

为了解温度对二水湿法磷酸生产磷矿转化率的影响,通过计算、在实验室准确模拟萃取槽生产工况,探讨不同温度条件下温度对磷矿浆萃取槽生产转化率的影响,为准确地指导湿法磷酸的生产具有重要意义。     

湿法磷酸料浆法复槽新工艺研究与应用

湿法磷酸生产在系统检维修后、恢复生产前,需进行萃取槽复槽工作,复槽期间指标控制稳定与否,将决定萃取装置能否转入正常生产.针对传统的稀磷酸复槽方式存在耗时长、磷石膏结晶差、复槽结束后萃取槽稀磷酸浓度较低等问题,云南三环中化化肥有限公司磷酸厂开发了料浆法复槽新工艺.介绍料浆法复槽新工艺的工艺流程、工艺指标.结果表明,料浆法...     

湿法磷酸反应槽搅拌器运行分析

分析反应槽搅拌器运行中存在的问题,重点针对搅拌桨轴断和减速机漏油问题进行了分析,并给出相应的解决办法。用无机酸分解磷矿粉通常称为湿法生产,在这个生产过程中,有一个步骤通过分离出粗磷酸,再净化后制作得到磷酸产品。因此湿法磷酸比热法磷酸成本低20%～30%。经适当方法净化后,产品纯度可与热法磷酸相媲美。也正因如此,湿法磷酸工艺处于磷酸生产的主导地位。     

湿法磷酸生产中返淡磷酸控制方法的改进

针对湿法磷酸生产工艺中传统返回萃取反应槽淡磷酸的流程存在控制点多、控制参数不易调节稳定、流程复杂等问题,对此段工艺流程进行改造,实现单点调节控制,保证了湿法磷酸装置稳定长周期运行,改进的控制方法在实际运行中收到满意的效果。     

湿法磷酸开车投料量的计算

湿法磷酸开车投料量的计算古兴奇（贵州省遵义磷肥厂５６３０００）二水湿法磷酸生产在开车前要向酸解槽加入一定量的液相，通过计算确定应加入的液相量及其所含的磷酸量，并按计算量加料，可以取消酸解槽磷酸的提浓过程，对生产十分有益。现结合我厂的生产实际介绍如下：...     

国内外己内酰胺生产现状及市场分析

世界上最大的5家己内酰胺生产商是德国BASF公司,生产能力为55.5万T/a;荷兰DSM公司,生产能力为42.0万t/a;美国Allied-Signal公司,生产能力为32.7万t/a;日本宇部兴产公司,生产能力为26.8万t/a;日本东丽公司,生产能力为17.0万t/a。这5家公司的已内酰胺生产能力合计为174万t/a,约占世界总产量的50％。中国目前有4套己内酰胺生产装置,岳阳巴陵鹰山石化厂,2000年生产能力为7万t/a;南京东方公司,生产能力为6万t/a;石家庄化纤公司,生产能力为5万t/a;浙江巨化公司锦纶厂,生产能力为0.45万t/a,全国合计年生产能力为18.45万t/a。国外己内酰胺的主要消费领域为纤维、工程塑料和食品包装膜;国内已内酰胺的主要消费领域为帘子布、民用丝、工程塑料,所占比例分别为70％、28％、2％。国内己内酰胺需求一直大于国内产量,但由于技术力量薄弱、资金有限及下游产品结构不合理等原因制约了己内酰胺的应用,目前国内的已内酰胺主要应用在中低档产品中,高档产品所需己内酰胺仍要依靠进口。     

纤维素连续酶解装置的混合输送器性能研究

设计了一种用于纤维素酶解的卧式平推流连续酶解反应器，以实现酶解工艺的连续化生产。应用Polyflow软件，分析了不同类型混合输送器在纤维素酶解混合物料处于高黏度时期的混合、输送、返混、功耗及破碎性能。结果表明：等外径混合输送器的功耗最低，输送能力一般，混合、返混及破碎性能较差；变外径混合输送器混合、返混、破碎性能比等外径混合输送器要好，但输送和功耗性能一般；内外螺带型混合输送器的混合、输送、返混及破碎性能均较好，功率耗能稍高，但基本与其他两种形式混合输送器功耗水平一致。对上述性质进行综合评价，得到结论：内外螺带型混合输送器更适合纤维素物料处于高黏度阶段时的连续酶解。     

Measurement of short-term changes in heart rate and in plasma concentrations of cortisol and catecholamine in a small marsupial

Using a chronically placed jugular catheter and a silver electrode, it was possible to monitor short-term changes in the plasma concentration of cortisol and catecholamine in the marsupial sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) and to monitor both heart and respiration rates. Males judged to be low in the social hierarchy of a particular group were exposed to the whole-body odor of a dominant male from the same social group, a foreign dominant male, or a castrate male. While there was no evidence of a change in any of the physiological parameters when a male was exposed to either a castrate male or a female, a rapid increase occurred in heart rate and plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and catecholamine when the donor was a dominant male from the same or a different social group.     

国内外乙二醇现状及发展前景

2005年,全球乙二醇的总生产能力为1779.2万t,总消费量为1605.5万t。预计到2010年总生产能力将达到约2821.0万t,总消费量将达到约2130.0万t。目前我国乙二醇的总生产能力为169.8万t,2005年产量为110.1万t,消费量为508.8万t,预计到2010年我国乙二醇的总生产能力将达到约400.0万t,消费量将达到约710.0万t。针对存在的问题,提出了我国乙二醇今后的发展建议。     

国内外苯酚的供需现状及发展前景

目前,全球苯酚的总生产能力约为926万ta/,2004年总消费量为774.5万t,预计到2009年总消费量将达到约945.2万t。2005年我国苯酚的总生产能力约为54.0万ta/,产量为44.3万t,消费量约为73.3万t。预计到2007年和2010年我国苯酚的总生产能力将分别达到约85万ta/和110万ta/,消费量将分别达到约85.0万t和96.0万t。针对目前存在的问题,提出了我国苯酚今后的发展建议。     

Sex recognition inDiglyphus isaea walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): Role of an uncommon family of behaviorally active compounds

The sexual behavior of the ectoparasitoidDiglyphus isaea is described. Recognition of the female by the male occurs at close range. Males initiate courtship behavior in the presence of a living female regardless of age, as well as in the presence of a female killed by freezing. Courtship behavior is not observed in the presence of a dead female washed with organic solvents but could be elicited using a lure covered with a female organic extract. These findings demonstrate that each sex develops a specific chemical signature that can be dissolved in hexane and transferred to a lure. Analysis of organic extracts by gas chromatography revealed chemical dimorphism between the two sexes. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry showed that the main components in females were esters of medium-chain fatty acids and long-chain 11-alcohols. There were few hydrocarbons. Female esters, which were present in only small proportions in males, were recovered in the nonhydrocarbon fraction obtained after fractionation of the total extract on a silica-filled microcolumn as a mixture containing 11-heneicosyl, 11-docosyl, 11-tricosyl, 11-tetracosyl, and 11-pentacosyl octanoate, and 11-docosyl, 11-tricosyl, 11-tetracosyl, and 11-pentacosyl decanoate. These results demonstrate that there is a specific gender-related chemical signature.     

Gender difference in color preference across cultures: An archetypal pattern modulated by a female cultural stereotype

A gender difference in color preference among British participants has been repeatedly reported, in which both males and females show a preference for blue‐green colors, while females express an additional preference for pink‐purple colors. To investigate the robustness of gender difference in color preference in a different culture, we tested 81 young adult Indians from a school of design and compared them to 80 young British students in Psychology. The 35‐item International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) and Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) questionnaires were also administered to explore possible links between personality traits, gender schemata, and color preferences. Results confirmed a gender difference in both cultures; participants collectively expressed a preference for cool over warm colors, while in addition females showed a preference for pink colors, with a warm bias for Indian females and a cool bias for British females. While these results extend gender difference to Indian culture and support the universality of an underlying pattern they also reveal a culture‐specific contribution essentially observed in females. In British participants, color preference was correlated exclusively with BSRI scores in females and overwhelmingly with IPIP scores in males; this gender‐specific pattern of correlation was not replicated in the Indian sample. Results point to an archetypal pattern of gender difference in color preference with a remarkable cross‐cultural similarity in men and a subtle but significant cultural difference in women whose origin is yet to be explained.     

Solid effects on hydrodynamics and heat transfer in an external loop airlift reactor

The effect of a solid presence on global hydrodynamic parameters and heat transfer in an external loop airlift reactor has been experimentally investigated. Results obtained in both two- and three-phase flow are presented in this study. Two different external loop airlift reactor sizes have been used and local hydrodynamic characteristics including local gas hold-up and bubble velocity have been obtained in two-phase flow. Optical and ultrasound probes have been used to obtain this information, respectively. It was found that an increase of solid hold-up leads to a decrease of liquid velocity and heat transfer coefficient. Measured in a two- and three-phase reactor using a horizontal-heating probe, a correlation of the average gas hold-up and heat transfer coefficient is proposed. Correlation parameters are identified in homogeneous and heterogeneous flow regimes, which have been derived from the gas slip velocity concept. The experimental liquid velocity and gas hold-up in the riser have been represented in a satisfactory way by a hydrodynamic model, either in the absence or in the presence of solid particles.     

Alteration of fractured cementitious materials

The alteration of cement materials in a fractured repository was investigated by experimental and modelling techniques to predict the long-term evolution of a cementitious repository for the safety assessment of radioactive waste disposal. A flow-through experiment with an artificially fractured cement column sample was carried out, and the evolution of a chemical composition in discharged water and the distribution of mineral components in a solid matrix, which was dominated by the dissolution of portlandite and calcium-silicate hydrate (C-S-H), were observed. A coupling transport and chemical equilibrium calculation code, which includes a thermodynamic incongruent dissolution model of C-S-H, was developed to predict the alteration of the fractured cement materials. The advection transport of a component in a solution within a crack and the diffusion of a component in a solid matrix were modelled in the calculations. With the proposed model, the possible alteration of cement materials along a crack was described.     

Kinetic analysis of cellular internalization and expulsion of unstructured D-chirality cell penetrating peptides

Most cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are unstructured and susceptible to proteolytic degradation. One alternative is to incorporate D-chirality amino acids into unstructured CPPs to allow for enhanced uptake and intracellular stability. This work investigates CPP internalization using a series of time, concentration, temperature, and energy dependent studies, resulting in a three-fold increase in uptake and 50-fold increase in stability of D-chirality peptides over L-chirality counterparts. CPP internalization occurred via a combination of direct penetration and endocytosis, with a percentage of internalized CPP expelling from cells in a time-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies identified that cells exported the intact internalized D-chirality CPPs via an exocytosis independent pathway, analogous to a direct penetration method out of the cells. These findings highlight the potential of a D-chirality CPP as bio-vector in therapeutic and biosensing applications, but also identify a new expulsion method suggesting a relationship between uptake kinetics, intracellular stability, and export kinetics.