Climate Change Impacts on the Water Supply of Thessaloniki

This paper examines the assessment of the impacts of climate change on water resources in the Aliakmon river basin, Northern Greece, and on some critical water management issues, such as reservoir storage and water supply of the city of Thessaloniki. A monthly conceptual water balance model was calibrated using historical hydrometeorological data. This model was applied to estimate runoffs in the entrance of the Polyfyto reservoir under two different equilibrium scenarios (UKHI, CCC) referring to 2050. Reduction of the mean annual runoff, mean winter runoff and summer runoff would occur. By using these scenarios, the sensitivity of the risk associated with the water supply for the city of Thessaloniki was evaluated under conditions of altered runoff. Increases of the risks associated with the annual quantities of water supply were observed, particularly under the UKHI scenario.     

汾河流域径流减少因素的定量解析

分析汾河流域 1981—2015 年气候、植被和人类取用水的演变特征。结果表明,流域年降水和净辐射分别呈 不显著（p>0.05）增加和减少趋势,叶面积指数显著（p<0.05）增加,人为取用水量波动增加,实测年径流显著（p<0.05） 减少。基于分布式水文模型和因素去趋势方法定量解析降水、净辐射、温度、叶面积指数以及取用水对汾河年径 流减少的贡献。结果表明,取用水的增加是导致汾河径流减少的主要原因,其次为温度、叶面积指数和净辐射的 变化。在上述 4 个因素无趋势情景下,实测年平均径流将分别增加 27.4%、14.4%,13.7% 和 2.1%。降水增加缓解 了年径流的减少。在年降水无趋势的情景下,实测年平均径流将减少 5.3%。上述研究结果可为汾河流域的水资 源管理和规划提供参考。     

气候变化影响下的赣江流域水资源变化趋势与幅度分析

利用全球气候模式输出结果,经统计降尺度模型降解后得到流域尺度的降水和气温要素,根据实测资料建立气温—蒸发回归关系以及新安江水文模型,使用耦合模拟和MK趋势分析评估未来气候变化情景下赣江流域水资源量的变化趋势和幅度。研究结果表明:未来不同排放情景下的年降水量、年蒸发量和年径流量等水文气候要素变化趋势以显著增加为主。未来年降水量、年蒸发量和年径流量的多年平均值相对基准期有较小幅度增加,最大增幅为年径流量的13.81%。降水、蒸发和径流的年内变化有明显的季节性特征,汛期径流增加、非汛期径流减少的不均匀情况加剧,在一定程度上可能增加赣江流域未来的防洪压力和枯水期供水压力。     

大渡河流域年径流变化特征及其归因分析

根据1951—2012年大渡河流域内气象站年降水量、年平均气温和铜街子站年径流量资料,利用Mann-Kendall秩次相关检验法识别年径流量变化趋势,基于小波分析法检验其周期成分,采用有序聚类法、累积距平法及Pettitt法诊断年径流量突变点,利用累积量斜率变化率比较法揭示气候变化与人类活动对流域年径流量的影响程度。研究结果表明:1951—2012年大渡河流域年径流量整体呈不显著的减少趋势,其中,1951—1968和1988—2012年期间呈不显著的减少趋势,1969—1987年期间呈不显著的增加趋势;年径流量存在7年、11年、17年和28年的周期成分;流域年径流量在1968年和1987年发生突变;以1951—1968年为基准期,1969—1987年期间气候变化和人类活动对大渡河流域径流量减少的贡献率分别为36.22%和63.78%;在1988—2012年期间的贡献率分别为33.68%和66.32%;人类活动是大渡河流域年径流量变化减小的主导因素,气候变化是次要因素。     

基于HBV的黑河流域径流对气候变化的响应

黑河流域是我国西北干旱区内陆河研究的代表性流域,研究未来气候变化对黑河流域山区径流的定量影响,对干旱区水资源规划设计、开发利用和保护管理具有重要意义。采用HBV-light模型,首先根据实测径流数据验证了该模型在黑河流域上游的适用性,然后拟定25种气候变化情景模式,模拟气温与降水变化对径流的定量影响。结果表明:(1)当气温保持不变时,降水增加会造成年径流增加;而当降水维持不变时,气温升高将导致年径流减少。(2)关于径流年内分布,气温变化与6~9月份的径流呈负相关关系,而与4月份的径流呈显著正相关关系;降水变化与径流呈明显的正相关关系;年径流与年内分配均表现为对于降水变化的敏感性高于气温变化。(3)未来气候变化有助于缓解黑河流域水资源短缺的现状。     

Trends of Annual Natural Runoff in the Yellow River Basin

Abstract

A series of annual natural runoff, recorded at eight hydrological stations in the Yellow River basin (YRB) and distributed at the main channel and two sub-basins (Weihe basin and Fenhe basin) are studied during the period from 1951 to 1998. The trends and the beginning points (or abrupt changes) of these series are detected with Mann-Kendall test (M-K test) and its progressive application. The results show that there are similar trends for different stations. The annual natural runoff series, except for stations of Lanzhou, Hekouzhen, and Longmen, have a downward tendency at some stations whose beginning points of the trend or abrupt changes occurred in the early or mid 1990s. However, their initial years of decrease are different. The decreasing trend of runoff has led to drying-up in lower reaches of the YRB, a water resources scarcity crisis, and a deterioration of the ecosystem. The reasons for the trends have been analyzed in this paper. The trends of precipitation in the corresponding regions are similar to those of annual natural runoff. It is an important aspect for runoff decrease. In addition, human activities have changed the hydrological cycle and lead to a reduction in runoff to a certain degree. Finally, two countermeasures for the runoff decrease are put forward. One is to develop water savings in irrigation regions, and the other is to plan South-to-North water transfer projects for the YRB. However, the conflict between supply and demand will still exist for a long time because of the water scarcity in the future.     

气候变化对北江流域径流影响的模拟研究

通过构建北江流域SWAT分布式水文模型,以北江流域13个雨量站10年逐月降水量及北江流域干流石角水文站同步逐月流量数据为输入条件进行水文模型参数率定,应用气候情景设置方法研究了北江流域在降水和气温等不同气候变化条件下径流量的变化规律。研究表明:气温变化1℃对年径流量及其年内分配的影响变化均在1%以内。降水量变化对年径流量影响十分显著,降水量变化10%对年径流量的影响变化可达到15%,而对径流年内分配的影响变化在1%以内,影响较小。随着气温下降和降水量的增加,枯季径流量占年内分配比例均有所上升,枯水期来水量提高,有利于流域城乡供水安全和生态用水安全。     

Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources Availability and Agricultural Water Demand in the West Bank

Global climate change is predicted as a result of increased concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. It is predicted that climate change will result in increasing temperature by 2 to 6°C and a possible reduction of precipitation of up to 16% in the Mediterranean basin. In this study, the West Bank is taken as a case study from the Mediterranean basin to evaluate the effects of such climate change on water resources availability and agricultural water demands. Due to the uncertainty in climate change impacts on temperature and precipitation, a number of scenarios for these impacts were assumed within the range of predicted changes. For temperature, three scenarios of 2, 4 and 6°C increase were assumed. For precipitation, two scenarios of no change and 16% precipitation reduction were assumed. Based on these scenarios, monthly evapotranspiration and monthly precipitation excess depths were estimated at seven weather stations distributed over the different climatic and geographical areas of the West Bank. GIS spatial analyses showed that the increase in temperature predicted by climate change could potentially increase agricultural water demands by up to 17% and could also result in reducing annual groundwater recharge by up to 21% of existing values. However, the effects of reduced precipitation resulting from climate change are more enormous as a 16% reduction in precipitation could result in reducing annual groundwater recharge in the West Bank by about 30% of existing value. When this effect is combined with a 6°C increase in temperature, the reduction in groundwater recharge could reach 50%.     

气候变化对海河流域水文特性的影响

本文应用大尺度陆面水文模型——可变下渗能力模型VIC(Variable Infdtration Capacity)与区域气候变化影响研究模型PRECIS(Providing Regional Climatefor Impacts Studies)耦合，对气候变化情景下海河流域水资源的变化趋势进行预测。结果表明：未来气候情景下，即使海河流域降水量增加，年平均径流量仍将可能减少，预示海河流域的水资源将十分短缺；若考虑21世纪人口增长因素，海河流域的水资源形势将更加严峻；未来气候情景下，汛期的径流量增加，说明海河流域发生洪水的可能性将增大。     

变化环境下“中华水塔”水资源及产流规律变化分析研究

受全球气候变暖的影响,“中华水塔”地区正面临着以“变暖变湿”为主的气候变化。受气候及下垫面条件的综合影响,区域水资源显著增加,各流域产流机理在空间上呈现出明显的地区差异特征。基于“中华水塔”区域1956—2020年水文气象资料,通过趋势、突变、距平等分析方法,分析其水文要素和产流规律的变化趋势、特征及相互之间影响关系。结果表明：近年来“中华水塔”区域气温显著升高,蒸发能力总体增强,区域进入丰水期,降水、径流显著增加,在同等降水径流尺度下,黄河源区产流能力有所降低,长江、澜沧江源区产流能力明显增强;气温升高、降水量持续偏丰以及流域前期影响雨量（蓄水量）增加、枯季径流比例提高、下垫面生态持水能力增强是引起区域产流规律变化、水资源量增加的主要原因。     

河南省主要河川径流变化归因

为相对全面客观地分析气候变化和人类活动对河南省主要河川径流变化的影响,基于河南省内卫河、伊洛河、洪汝河和唐河流域1961—2022年径流和降水资料,以及国家气候中心根据Penman-Monteith公式计算的年潜在蒸散发资料,比较4个蒸发对比站年潜在蒸散发和蒸发皿年蒸发值,运用Mann-Kendall突变检验法和累积双曲线法分析4个研究流域控制水文站年径流序列的变化趋势和突变年份,以及4个流域年降水和潜在蒸散发的变化趋势。采用基于Budyko假设的弹性系数法对径流变化开展归因分析。结果表明：4个蒸发对比站年潜在蒸散发与蒸发皿年蒸发变化趋势基本一致,4个水文站年径流深及4个流域年降水和年潜在蒸散发均呈下降趋势。4个水文站年径流深分别在1977年、1985年、2008年和2010年发生了突变。气候变化对径流减少的贡献率在卫河和伊洛河流域为7%以下,在洪汝河和唐河流域约为12%～18%,降水减少不显著和潜在蒸散发呈下降趋势是贡献率小的原因,可见人类活动是影响4个流域径流变化的主要驱动因素。     

Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrology of Upper Tiber River Basin Using Bias Corrected Regional Climate Model

The use of regional climate model (RCM) outputs has been getting due attention in most European River basins because of the availability of large number of the models and modelling institutes in the continent; and the relative robustness the models to represent local climate. This paper presents the hydrological responses to climate change in the Upper Tiber River basin (Central Italy) using bias corrected daily regional climate model outputs. The hydrological analysis include both control (1961–1990) and future (2071–2100) climate scenarios. Three RCMs (RegCM, RCAO, and PROMES) that were forced by the same lateral boundary condition under A2 and B2 emission scenarios were used in this study. The projected climate variables from bias corrected models have shown that the precipitation and temperature tends to decrease and increase in summer season, respectively. The impact of climate change on the hydrology of the river basin was predicted using physically based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The SWAT model was first calibrated and validated using observed datasets at the sub-basin outlet. A total of six simulations were performed under each scenario and RCM combinations. The simulated result indicated that there is a significant annual and seasonal change in the hydrological water balance components. The annual water balance of the study area showed a decrease in surface runoff, aquifer recharge and total basin water yield under A2 scenario for RegCM and RCAO RCMs and an increase in PROMES RCM under B2 scenario. The overall hydrological behaviour of the basin indicated that there will be a reduction of water yield in the basin due to projected changes in temperature and precipitation. The changes in all other hydrological components are in agreement with the change in projected precipitation and temperature.     

密云水库流域降水径流非平稳特征识别及归因

为更准确揭示和认识变化环境下密云水库流域水文过程的非平稳特征,选取该流域1960—2019年降水和径流资料,采用多种时间序列分析方法综合诊断其趋势、突变点和周期等非平稳特征并进行成因分析。结果显示：该流域降水变化主要表现出较明显的随机特性,径流相比降水的下降趋势更显著,且在1979年发生了向下跳跃的强变异;相比气候变异影响,人类活动是密云水库流域径流减少的主导因素;1980—1998年流域水土保持措施与水利工程兴建对径流变化的贡献率为-111.40%,抵消了气候变异11.4%的增水效应;1999—2019年,塘坝建造和用地类型转变对径流变化的贡献率为-66.60%,同时叠加气候变异-33.40%的减水效应,导致近20年来该流域径流呈现显著减少的态势。研究结果可为密云水库安全运行、洪水调度以及流域水资源管理决策提供科学支撑。     

信江流域水沙变化及其对降雨侵蚀力的响应

信江流域是鄱阳湖的第三大入湖流量支流,其水沙变化直接影响鄱阳湖水文情势。本文基于信江流域7个气象站降雨资料和梅港水文站1960-2014年的径流和输沙资料,采用Mannn-Kendall非参数检验、双累积曲线等方法,研究了流域水沙变化及其对降雨侵蚀力的响应。结果表明：信江多年平均径流量为179.8×108m3,年际呈不显著的上升趋势（P>0.05）。多年平均输沙量为198.9×104t,年际呈极显著下降趋势（P<0.01）。多年平均降雨侵蚀力11 270MJ·mm/（hm2·h）,年际呈不显著的上升趋势。输沙量与降雨侵蚀力双累积关系曲线在1999年出现拐点,与基准期（1960-1998年）相比,变化期（1999-2014年）降雨侵蚀力使年均输沙量增加14.0×104t,对输沙量变化的影响程度为10.8%;人类活动导致年均输沙量减少143.5×104t,对输沙量变化的影响程度为-110.8%,二者综合作用导致输沙量减少。水库建设和大规模水土保持措施的实施是信江流域输沙量减少的主要原因,研究成果可为流域水土流失防治、水土资源利用提供参考。     

Scenario Assessment of Streamflow Simulation and its Transition Probability in Future Periods Under Climate Change

The effect of climate change on water resources is an important challenge. To analyze the negative effects of this phenomenon and recommend adaptive measures, it is necessary to assess streamflow simulation scenarios and streamflow transition probabilities in future periods. This paper employs the HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3) model to generate climate change scenarios in future periods (2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099) and under A2 emission scenarios. By introducing climatic variable time series in future periods to the IHACRES (Identification of unit Hydrographs And Component flows from Rainfall, Evaporation and Streamflow data) hydrological model, long-term streamflow simulation scenarios are produced. By fitting statistically different distributions on runoff produced by using goodness-of-fit tests, the most appropriate statistical distribution for each month is chosen and relevant statistical parameters are extracted and compared with statistical parameters of runoff in the base period. Results show that long-term annual runoff average in the three future periods compared to the period 2000–1971 will decrease 22, 11, and 65 %, respectively. ?Despite the reduction in total runoff volume in future periods compared to the baseline period, the decrease is related to medium and high flows. In low flows, total runoff volumes for future periods compared to the baseline period will increase 47, 41, and 14 %, respectively. To further assess the impact of annual average runoff on flows, it is necessary to examine the correlation of time series using streamflow transition probabilities. To compare the streamflow transition probability in each of the future periods with base period streamflow in each month, streamflow is discretized and performance criteria are used. Results show a low coefficient of correlation and high error indicators.     

基于冻土水文模拟的松花江流域水资源演变规律

为分析松花江流域水资源的演变规律,基于寒区水-热-氮素循环模型（the?water?and?energy?transfer?processes and?nitrogen?cycle?processes?model?in?cold?regions,WEP-N）和水资源评价方法,对径流发生突变的 1998 年前后（即 1999—2018 年和 1956—1998 年）进行比较,松花江流域年水资源总量减少 217.0 亿 m3,减幅达到 22.2%。其中, 地表水资源量减少是水资源总量减少的主要组分,占水资源总量减少的比例为 96.9%,不重复地下水资源减少量 占 3.1%。基于多因子归因分析方法分析可知,气候变化是松花江流域水资源减少的主要因素,对松花江流域全年 水资源总量、地表水资源量、不重复地下水资源量减少的贡献率分别为 81.6%、74.9%、286.6%,取用水的贡献率 分别为 18.4%、25.1%、－86.6%。从年内不同时期分析可知,非冻融期是全年水资源量减少的主要时期,占全年水 资源总量减少的 82.6%,冻融期占 17.4%。和北方的海河流域、黄河流域相比,水资源减少幅度和主要影响因素各 不相同,主要取决于气候变化和人类活动强度变化幅度的不同。与位于华北和西北的两大流域海河流域和黄河 流域对比,气候变化对松花江流域水资源衰减的影响与海河流域相当,明显大于黄河流域,而人类活动对松花江 流域水资源衰减的影响明显小于两大流域。     

土地利用变化对牤牛河流域径流的影响

土地利用变化对流域水资源配置及其循环过程有显著的影响,了解土地利用与径流的关系是流域水文学研究的重要内容。以牤牛河流域为研究区,基于SWAT分布式水文模型,利用流域DEM、土地利用、土壤、气象等数据,结合GIS和RS技术,并采用极端土地利用分析方法,对流域土地利用变化的径流响应进行定量研究与分析。结果表明:流域内1998年与2009年土地均以耕地、林地、未使用地为主,约占总面积的90%;相同的气象条件下,两期土地利用情景下年、月均径流量变化趋势一致,2009年土地利用情景下的年、月径流量较1998年略小,年均径流量减少605.5万m3;7,8月份月径流模拟减少量明显;土地植被覆盖度增大径流量减小,反之则增大;在极端土地利用情景下,径流量将发生剧烈变化。因此,在不考虑研究期间内气候变化等因素的条件下,土地利用变化是影响流域径流变化的主要因素。     

气候变化对汉江上游径流特征影响预估

为了预测水文站逐月径流,对该流域水资源变化进行评估,运用小波神经网络建立汉江上游流域气象因子与径流过程模拟预测模型,并依据未来气候变化增量情景,对石泉水文站以上流域径流变化响应过程进行不同时间尺度分析。由已知汉江上游流域的月降水量和月平均温度,经小波神经网络自动“学习”训练获得石泉水文站精度较高的逐月径流数据。模拟计算结果表明:在不同未来气候变化设定情景下,该区域径流变化过程较为明显,年平均径流量最大变化范围为-34.7% ~ 21.4%。在降雨量不变、气温升高的情况下,年平均径流的响应变化范围为-5.1% ~ -13.3%。温度升高引起冬季径流增加较为明显,春季及秋季径流则存在减小趋势,秋季明显减少,而降雨量变化对夏季径流的影响最显著。     

龙川江流域主要气象要素及径流变化趋势分析

采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法对金沙江一级支流龙川江流域1970年-2009年逐月气温、降水及1961年-2008年径流资料进行趋势检验,并运用R/S方法分析流域的年平均气温、降水、径流时间序列的持续性,估算各项指标的Hurst指数,以定量估计未来气候及径流的变化趋势。结果表明:(1)过去几十年来,流域内降水呈上升趋势但不显著,未来降水将持续增加且元谋站降水的增长趋势持续性较强;(2)几十年来,流域气温呈显著上升趋势,未来气温将会持续过去的上升趋势;(3)几十年来,流域径流呈减少趋势,但不显著,未来继续呈下降趋势,但持续性不强。     

新安江流域气候变化及径流响应研究

针对新安江流域新安江水库控制区域,构建新安江月水文模型,利用1979-2005年实测水文资料对模型进行率定和验证,并以CMIP5大气环流模式输出驱动水文模型,生成2006-2099年该流域在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下的逐月径流过程。在此基础上,研究气候变化背景下流域气温、降雨、蒸发和径流的变化趋势,并对其不确定性进行分析。结果表明:2006-2099年该流域年均气温与年蒸发深度均呈上升趋势,且对于辐射强度变化较敏感,呈显著正相关关系。流域年降雨量与径流深呈波动上升趋势,对于辐射强度变化敏感性并不显著。年径流深在丰水年和平水年相对基准期有所减少,而在枯水年和特枯水年则呈增加趋势。月径流深在秋、冬季呈上升趋势,在春、夏季则呈下降趋势。