我国饮用水水源地保护法规体系现状及建议

科学合理的水源地保护法规体系对于保障饮用水源水质安全和人民身体健康极为重要。从国家法律、行政法规、部门规章、标准规范和地方法规等层次,对我国饮用水水源地保护法规体系现状进行了分析,指出相关法规在管理体制、水源保护区划分、水质保护目标、水源地保护措施、水源监测预警、突发事件紧急预案和公众参与等方面的问题,借鉴国外饮用水水源地保护法规体系,提出了完善我国饮用水水源地保护法规体系的建议。     

论节水型社会的法律框架

根据节水型社会的内涵,可以将节水型社会的法律体系理解为旨在调整因节约、高效利用和保护水资源活动而产生的社会关系的各种法律法规、法律规范和法律渊源所组成的系统.我国节水型社会的法律体系框架结构包括:宪法、法律、行政法规、部门规章、地方性法规、地方政府规章和其他法律规范性文件.     

Right to Water: The Millennium Development Goals and Water in the MENA Region

It is difficult to imagine a more basic human need than water. Still, around one billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Among these, 15 million are in North Africa and 23 million in West Asia. Whether these people should have the right to water seems to be a cumbersome discussion that has lasted decades. This paper analyses the current situation in water services in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), by reviewing the status of achievement of the UN Millennium Development Goals. Although one Target (10) implicitly mentions water supply services, it is crucial to appreciate that water is related to almost all other Targets too. On average, the region is making relatively good progress in meeting Target 10. But the discrepancies between countries and between rural and urban areas are vast. Many countries have huge coverage shortcomings and show very little, if any, progress. The other Millennium Development Goals and Targets complicate the picture as they bring further, often massive strains to the water sector. The future outlook is somewhat cloudy since the MENA region has witnessed an economic and social development in the past decades which is far below the world's average, and this tendency may not change much in the near future. Therefore, the right to water seems to remain a distant dream to several tens of millions of people in the MENA countries in coming years.     

浅论水行政过程中的正当法律程序

水行政执法是水行政管理工作的主要内容之一,依照正当的法律程序进行水行政执法可以充分保障行政相对人的合法权益,并对水政执法机关的执法行为形成必要监督,使水行政执法更加高效、有序.在法律的框架内严格依照法律程序实施水行政执法,推动水利改革发展,是水行政主管部门必须认真对待的问题.     

Governance of aquaculture water use

Successful aquaculture depends on access to sufficient water of adequate quality, and should not significantly degrade water quality or damage ecosystems in receiving waters. While water management technologies have received a lot of attention as potential solutions, many of the outstanding challenges are collective-action problems that depend on improving aquaculture governance. In high-income countries, aquaculture is often subject to multiple regulations that constrain the development of the sector, whereas in most low- and middle-income countries, regulations are fewer, less demanding or not implemented. Many of the promising and innovative governance initiatives involve a combination of rules, information and incentives, as well as negotiation among multiple stakeholders.     

Conflicts over Water Resource Management in Brazil: A Case Study of Inter-Basin Transfers

Developing countries such as Brazil, with limited track-records in dealing with environmental conflicts on a participatory basis, or whose legal frameworks establishing water resource management practices have been introduced only recently, need mechanisms that streamline and strengthen democratic negotiating and decision processes. Increasingly common worldwide, transferring water is developing into a specific source of disputes whose solutions are becoming significant, particularly in the developing countries. This paper analyzes the application of the strategic choice methodology in a dispute over transferring water between two river basins, which is a situation not covered by specific legislation in Brazil. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the application of this methodology is particularly relevant in cases such as this, where decisions are taken on an incremental basis over time, within a context of political, administrative and legal uncertainties.     

珠江流域水生态保护的法律思考

珠江流域水生态环境问题日益严重,治理刻不容缓。立法上要修订和完善现有的水生态防治法律法规、制定专门的《珠江流域管理条例》,设立权威的流域管理机构,明确其法律地位和管理职权;执法上要严格落实管理珠江流域的各项政策和措施;司法上要做到“违法必究”,充分体现法律的权威。     

突发性水污染应急措施有关机制研究

随着我国工农业生产和经济建设的快速发展,环境污染事故,尤其是重大突发性水污染事故,不仅在发生次数上,而且在污染的危害程度上均有增加的趋势.在分析突发性水污染事故应急处理现状和存在问题的基础上,对目前我国突发性水污染事故防范和应急有关机制进行探讨,有针对性地提出建立相关应急机制的若干措施:完善现行法律法规、建立相关部门的协调机制、明确信息通报和公布制度、建立突发性水污染事故预警系统和完善事故处理预案、健全环境污染损害赔偿法律制度等,以期为我国减少突发性水污染事故及其损失提供一定的理论分析依据.     

Water Demand Management In The Middle East And North Africa: Observations From the IDRC Forums And Lessons For The Future

Abstract

In 2002 and 2003, Canada's International Development Research Centre, in partnership with other donors, organized four regional Forums to facilitate the exchange of information, results and lessons learned on water demand management (WDM) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Over 500 decision-makers and water practitioners from 11 countries participated in Forums on wastewater reuse, water valuation, private-public partnerships, and decentralization. A large amount of valuable information on the above topics was gathered, and is available by entering www.idrc.ca/wadimena and clicking on WDM Forums.

The WDM Forums demonstrated that water demand management is occurring in MENA, but without the breadth or strength that is required by the increasingly difficult water situation throughout the region. There is therefore great scope for further analytical work on water demand management and even greater scope for work on ways to promote its adoption in all nations and sectors. This review extracts lessons from the Forums, and suggests short- and long-term entry points for research and practice. The most striking conclusion is that in no MENA nation is WDM the main impetus for action. With wastewater the need to deal with growing volumes of sewage is the main force, and with the other three forums it is the need to reduce government budgets. Future work to promote water demand management in MENA must be oriented towards identifying and strengthening linkages to other water policies or programs, notably by distinguishing the role of WDM as a tool for greater water use effciency from its role as a tool for greater water use equity. Equally important will be efforts to strengthen multi-stakeholder participation, transparency and accountability in policy-making processes and to promote dialogue with water-users, particularly women and the rural poor.     

我国水土保持工作特征及其展望

我国是一个多山国家,水土流失极其严重,保护水土资源是我国的一项基本国策。总结了我国水土保持的基础理论、组织机构、法律、技术等,并比较了与其它国家的不同之处,得出我国水土保持已自成体系、教学科研机构齐全、水土保持技术相对完善、组织机构健全、政策法律有充分保障的结论。在此基础上,指出了我国水土保持存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策。     

WTO条件下的农业水价调整研究

加入WTO后,我国的经济社会环境将会发生重大变化。在WTO大背景下,我国农业水价必须借鉴有关国家的做法进行政策性调整,以提高农产品的国际竞争力。而农业水价的调整,应遵循以下4个基本原则:WTO规则原则,承受能力原则,节水高效原则和水利经济运行规律原则。     

苏州水务特许经营法律制度之构建

在阐述水务特许经营制度意义以及有关水务特许经营法律依据的基础上,建议制定《苏州市水务特许经营管理办法》,以解决苏州市实施水务特许经营存在的法律保障不足问题。从水务市场准入、水务市场退出、被授权水务企业的权利保障、政府监管以及外部监管等5方面对水务特许经营制度加以细化,从而为苏州水环境改善和长效运行提供有效的法律保障。     

Setting up microbiological water reuse guidelines for the Mediterranean.

Water reuse is a widespread practice in most Mediterranean countries. Some countries have no wastewater treatment facilities and direct reuse of raw wastewater is occurring while others have a well-established national reuse policy. Water reuse microbiological standards, when existing, significantly differ from one country to another. Some countries have adopted regulations close to the California's Water Recycling Criteria whereas other countries have chosen criteria based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. California standards are technologically based requirements aimed at eliminating the presence of pathogens. The WHO guidelines relied on epidemiological evidences though few were available. Their revision on the basis of new epidemiological investigations and quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) provided by Blumenthal et al., together with added QMRA data, helped proposing Mediterranean guidelines. Acceptable annual risks related to bathing and potable water drinking were taken as benchmarks. This proposal is designed to protect individuals against realistic maximum exposures and to provide minimum and affordable requirements which should constitute the basis of water reuse regulations in every country of the region. Inadequacies of the actual knowledge do not allow a definitive position regarding the guideline limits; other scientific and technical basis are still required.     

最新颁布实施的《城市供水水质标准》的特点

2005年2月,建设部颁布了新的<城市供水水质标准>(CJ/T206-2005,以下简称<标准>),并于6月1日起开始实施.新<标准>分析了国内现行标准、规范和执行状况,参考了世界卫生组织、欧盟以及美、英、法、德等国际组织和发达国家的水质标准,既体现了国际先进水平的要求,同时也结合我国国情,充分考虑了供水行业的实际情况和发展趋势.     

南水北调中线水源地水质保护立法及建议

南水北调中线水源地水质保护法规建设,是中线水源地保护管理的重要内容和关键环节。通过分析中线水源地水质保护相关法规的现状,总结了现行法规在管理体制、水源保护区划分与污染防治、监测预警、突发事件应急管理、生态补偿、环境信息共享与公众参与、法律责任、保护经费投入等方面的规定对中线水源地水质保护管理的适用性,并指出了存在的问题。针对中线水源地水质保护法规建设需求和现行法规存在的不足,借鉴国外饮用水水源地保护立法的成功经验,提出了完善中线水源地水质保护法规的立法建议。     

湖北竹山松树岭水电站环境监理

通过采取有效的监督措施,按照工程施工期间的环境管理规定及有关的法律法规,督促承包商采取有效的环境保护措施,解决了工程范围内水污染、大气污染和噪声污染等问题,将项目建设期间对环境的不利影响降低到最低或可接受的程度,并有效地保护了施工人员和周围群众的身体健康。     

长江流域水资源保护法规体系建设与思考

目前,国家关于水资源保护制定了一系列的法规,初步形成了法规体系,但长江流域的水资源保护具有一些特殊性,如三峡工程、南水北调工程、上游梯级水电开发的累积影响等,因此,流域水资源保护需要有一些针对性强的法规。从实施有关法规的需要和从长江流域水资源保护实际需要出发,探讨了制定流域配套法规,以解决长江流域水资源保护中特殊问题。长江流域水资源保护立法应注重对长江及其水资源经济功能和生态功能的统一保护,遵循以流域为单元进行保护以及预防为主的原则,立法内容要体现长江流域的特点。     

太湖流域水污染治理的流域层面协商机制

在归纳太湖流域水污染治理体制存在弊端以及太湖流域水污染治理中存在的跨界问题的基础上,通过分析发达国家水污染治理模式,借鉴发达国家治理经验,提出通过加强流域层面协商来实施流域水污染治理,并据此从健全流域法律法规体系、设立流域管理委员会和构建协商保障机制等角度提出相关建议。     

Changing Ownership Structures in the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

Abstract

The development over time of the water supply and sanitation sectors in four countries is analyzed to reveal the changing role of the private sector. In some cases, local, small-scale private water supply and sanitation systems have been able to develop progressively into large-scale official systems, which may later be privatized. In other cases, foreign capital has been more significant in the development of modern water supply and sanitation systems, particularly where privatization has occurred much earlier in the national development process. In much of the developing world, domestic water supply and sanitation is dominated not by the official water supply and sanitation companies but by independent operators who function without subsidies but with enormous variability in terms of quality of service and prices offered. However, they are constrained generally by the absence of appropriate institutional and legal frameworks, including the lack of independent regulatory authorities. There is a need, where appropriate, to continue to encourage large-scale private sector involvement in the official water supply sectors of the developing world. At the same time though, it is only by promoting policies that also further the development (where appropriate) of the independent water supply and sanitation providers that access to water supply and sanitation services can be maximized since better use of local resources in many developing countries, both local human resources and capital, provide a key means for improving access to water supply and sanitation.     

浅析水法规中一般法理要务

本文根据一般法理学要务分析水法规的研究对象和体系、研究的方法论、基本特征、法律要素,阐述法理要务是水法规的理论基础和出发点。