电极插入不同深度下稀土电解槽电热场耦合模拟

运用数值模拟软件COMSOL研究了不同电极插入深度下3kA钕电解槽的电热场。结果表明,电解槽槽电压随着阴阳极插入深度的递增而降低,槽体的整体温度随着阴阳极插入深度的增加而下降。结合实际生产经验与本研究结果,认为电极插入深度220mm比较适宜,且整个电解过程相对稳定,能够达到槽体电压、温度分布等方面的要求。     

稀土熔盐电解槽电场的仿真模拟

利用有限元软件ANSYS具有的多重单元、多重属性的特点,建立了稀土电解槽的电极及熔体整体电场数学模型。对电解槽的电极插入不同深度及不同极间距的电场进行了仿真模拟,得出了槽电压及电位分布与电极插入不同深度及不同极间距的关系。     

阴、阳极结构优化对稀土电解槽电热场的影响

针对稀土电解槽中阳极消耗后变形及阴极棒底部电流密度过大导致电热场分布不合理的现象,本文以某企业8 kA稀土电解槽为研究对象,运用COMSOL多物理场耦合软件对阳极倾角和阴极结构同时优化后的模型进行了三维电热场的模拟,并对电解槽的电热场分布进行分析研究。结果表明：在阴极棒底部优化成半球形结构后,阴极底部电流密度降低,且电解槽的下半部分电场分布更为均匀,改善了电解槽的局部过热的情况;阳极倾角适当增大,可以使槽内电压降低,高温区域向槽底转移;在阴极底部半球形结构条件下,当阳极倾角为8°、插入深度为320 mm时,电热场分布最为合理。     

稀土电解槽不同阴极结构的电解特性分析

针对柱式阴极稀土电解槽内电热场分布不均匀,导致电解效率降低的问题。以15 kA大电流稀土电解槽为研究对象,对板式阴极和柱式阴极结构电解槽分别进行三维电热场的模拟,得到两种结构下电解槽的电热场分布云图,并进行对比分析。分析结果表明,板式阴极稀土电解槽结构优于柱式阴极稀土电解槽。然后对板式阴极结构电解槽电极插入深度进行研究,以电极底部到槽底的距离为参数,选取一组合适的数据进行电解过程模拟分析并进行优选,为板式阴极稀土电解槽的结构优化提供理论依据。     

基于Comsol的稀土熔盐电解槽电场分析

采用Comsol Multiphysics 有限元软件,基于麦克斯韦原理,在电流不变的情况下,研究建立3 kA稀土钕熔盐电解槽电场数学模型,考察电极插入深度和极距对槽电压、电流密度等电场特征的影响。结果表明,模拟结果与实际生产数据吻合度高,所建立模型能较好地反映钕熔盐电解生产实际;随着电极插入深度的增大和极距的缩短,电解槽电压下降,利于降低电能消耗,但阴极电流密度比阳极电流密度下降快,不利于电流效率提高。应综合考虑能耗和效率,合理调整电极插入深度和极距,以降低钕熔盐电解单位能耗。     

60kA沉浸式稀土电解槽电场的数值模拟

通过计算设计开发新型60kA沉浸式稀土电解槽的基本尺寸结构,并采用数值模拟软件建立了该电解槽的三维电场计算模型。对60~100mm几种不同极距工况下电解槽电场分布情况进行模拟。通过对电场电压的分析可以发现最佳电极间距为70mm,为该槽型的推广应用提供了理论基础。     

不同工艺参数下电渣重熔过程的数值模拟

为研究工艺参数对电渣重熔过程的影响,建立了能够考虑电磁现象并耦合动量和热量传输的三维瞬态数学模型,运用商业软件Fluent进行了模拟研究,计算值与测量值吻合较好。模拟结果表明:在极间距相同的2种工况下,监测点的电流密度值基本相同,说明当渣池深度变化时,可以通过调节电极浸入深度,以符合设定的操作制度。电势降主要发生在渣池区域,渣金界面处的电压仅为0.1V;焦耳热最大值出现在电极端角与渣池接触区域,最小值出现在渣金界面;电磁力最大值出现在电极边角附近,随着纵向深度增加,轴向分量越来越小。极间距为20mm时,电极端角与渣池接触区域的速度和温度均出现最大值,金属熔池深度也最大,其大小分别为0.045m/s,2 250K,41.5mm。     

电沉积法从硫氰酸盐浸金液回收金的试验研究

针对硫氰酸盐浸金液金回收效率低且成本高等问题，利用电沉积法从硫氰酸铵浸金液中回收金。采用单因素法研究了阳极材料、阴极材料、极间距、槽电压、溶液pH值和温度对金沉积率的影响，结果表明：以石墨棒作阳极、自制电极作阴极，在极间距为10 mm、槽电压为4 V、溶液pH=12和温度为35℃的条件下，电解2 h，金沉积率达到98.95%。采用响应面法研究了槽电压、溶液pH值与溶液温度之间的交互作用及其对金沉积率的影响，结果表明：各因素对金沉积率的影响程度依次为槽电压>溶液pH值>溶液温度，并建立了电沉积金响应面回归模型。在槽电压为4.10 V、溶液pH=12.40和温度为39.58℃的最佳条件下，模型预测值为99.06%，试验平均值为99.04%，二者结果非常接近，证明该模型能够对金沉积率进行准确的分析预测。本研究进一步完善了硫氰酸盐提金工艺理论体系。     

2.3t电渣锭重熔过程电极插入深度的数学模型和应用

利用Fluent软件中的MHD模块模拟得到电渣重熔稳态冶炼条件下不同电极插入深度的渣池电阻值,通过将渣池电阻值与电力制度相联系,建立了电极插入深度的数学模型。在特钢厂2.3 t电渣锭重熔稳态冶炼条件下,电极插入深度模型计算值为14.4 mm,现场测量值为14 mm,相对误差很小,在轴承钢G20CrNi2Mo现有的电力制度(58 V,9000 A)情况下,维持正常冶炼的最小渣量为24.3 kg/t,2.3 t电渣锭重熔的合理工艺为电压58 V,电流9 000 A,渣量30 kg/t,电极插入深度14.4 mm。     

超重力场-电解液循环耦合强化水电解制氢

超重力场中使用大面积电极水电解,增大产氢量具有研究意义.文中自主设计了超重力场-电解液循环的水解系统,从而解决了采用大面积电极时无法在超重力场中降低槽电压的关键问题.利用该系统使用面积为4 cm2和9 cm2的镍平板电极在恒电流下电解,研究了超重力场-电解液循环耦合作用下水电解析氢过程的强化效果.结果表明,槽电压随着超...     

Application of centrifugal fields in fused salt electrowinning with a view to reducing electrolytic energy consumption

A high-temperature, laboratory scale electrochemical cell was designed, constructed, and commissioned to investigate the use of centrifugal fields in fused salt electrolysis production of light metals. Fused salt electrowinning of zinc was initially investigated due to the simpler physical and chemical nature of the Zn_(l)‖ZnCl_2(l):KCl_(l)‖Cl_2(g) system. Current efficiencies of 93 pct were obtained for an electrode spacing of 8 mm using 70-mm-diameter plane disc electrodes rotating at 100 rpm, significantly reducing the resistive contribution to the cell voltage. By reducing the immersion depth of the electrodes from 25 to 10 mm, current efficiencies of 88 pct were obtained for an electrode spacing of only 4 mm for the same operating conditions, further decreasing the resistive contribution to the cell voltage.     

三维电极处理氰化废水的研究

三维电极体系是一种非常有效的废水处理方法,相比于二维电极,其传质效率高、能耗低、设备简单易操作且处理效果好。本研究以活性炭为粒子电极,采用三维电极体系处理氰化废水,重点研究了外加电压、处理时间、粒子投加量和粒子粒径对离子去除率的影响。研究结果表明：当电压为4 V、极距为10 mm、时间为4 h、粒子投加量为2 g和粒子粒径为1 mm时,处理过程以电沉积为主,溶液中CNT、Cu2+、Zn2+、CN-和SCN-的去除率分别为93.94%、95.22%、97.23%、99.38%和94.93%。外加电压的变化会导致离子去除方式的转变,当电压为2 V时,以电吸附为主;而电压达到3 V以上时,以电沉积为主,Cu2+和Zn2+在阴极和粒子电极表面析出,而CN-和SCN-在阳极被氧化分解。     

基于正交实验的高电流密度铜电解槽结构优化

为减少高电流密度铜电解过程中阴极积瘤现象、降低残极率以及提高电流效率,本文基于多物理场耦合理论与正交实验方法,研究了进液管半径、阳极板底部圆角半径以及极间距对铜电解精炼效果的影响。单因素分析发现,随着进液管半径的增大或阳极圆角半径的增大,电流效率和阴极铜沉积厚度均匀性均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;随着极间距的增大,电流效率逐渐减小,阴极铜沉积厚度逐渐均匀。进行正交实验分析出使铜电解精炼效果优异的电解槽结构参数为：进液管半径3.5 mm,阳极底部圆角4 mm,极间距110 mm。本文为优化电解槽提高生产效率的研究提供理论指导。     

Electrophoretic separations using sweeping fields

Sweeping-field electrophoresis is investigated as a method for increasing the resolution of low-voltage slab gel separations. In this technique a low direct current (DC) voltage is time multiplexed to an array of periodically spaced electrodes placed along the length of the slab in a manner that follows the band migration. Because the electrode spacing is smaller than the slab length, a larger field is generated, yielding an improved separation. The effect of the nonuniform electric field on band distortion is studied in some detail. Experimental band distortion results showed good agreement with theoretical predictions in a macroscopic sweeping-field electrophoresis system. Both analytical and numerical results show that band distortion can be effectively minimized when an appropriate sweep rate is selected for a narrow band range. Using this scheme we have achieved the same number of theoretical plates as a DC-driven system with one third of the drive voltage.     

A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of thermophilic Campylobacter spp

The purpose of this study was to determine the most appropriate method of normalisation for dual fine wire electromyography of shoulder muscles. Five healthy subjects were studied, with one muscle investigated in each subject (2 supraspinatus, 2 infraspinatus, 1 subscapularis). Three dual fine wire electrodes were inserted 1 cm apart around the recognised insertion points. Each subject performed five types of cyclic exercise on an isokinetic muscle dynamometer with an isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) being performed before and after the exercise protocol. The EMG signal was normalised using each of the MVC voltage, the peak voltage and the whole-cycle mean voltage. There was a considerable difference (5-143%) between the MVC signals pre- and post-protocol, although no systematic trend was demonstrable. The overall mean between electrode variation in the normalised signal measured at the peak of the cycle ranged from 48-71% when normalised to pre-protocol MVC, but only 4-13% when normalised to the peak voltage and 9-17% using the whole-cycle mean voltage. However the pattern of activation within the movement cycle, which was preserved by normalisation using the peak or mean signal, was consistent between different electrode positions. It was concluded that the EMG signal depended on electrode position even when near the recognised insertion point, and that the MVC signal is highly variable in magnitude between electrodes and between pre- and post-protocol measurements.     

Electrode pitting in resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy 5182

Electrode pitting was investigated in resistance spot welding of 1.5-mm-thick sheet aluminum alloy 5182 using a medium-frequency direct-current welder and electrodes with a tip face curvature radius of 50 mm and tip face diameter of 10 mm. Detailed investigation of the metallurgical interactions between the copper electrode and aluminum alloy sheet was carried out using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that electrode degradation, which eventually leads to weld failure, proceeded in four basic steps: aluminum pickup, electrode alloying with aluminum, electrode tip face pitting, and cavitation. Since pitting and cavitation result from Al pickup and alloying, periodic electrode cleaning could extend electrode tip life by limiting the buildup of Al on the tip face. This work is part of the effort to improve electrode tip life in resistance spot welding of aluminum alloys for automotive applications.     

稀土钨电极研究与应用

介绍了近年对TIG(钨极惰性气体保护焊)和PLASMA(等离子体)焊接、切割用钨电极材料的研究进展和应用情况 ,着重对稀土钨电极材料及稀土氧化物作用等有关研究问题进行了讨论。对W -La2O3、W -CeO2、W -Y2O3 电极材料的热电子发射能力和稳定性研究表明 :在中小电流时2.2-wt%La2O3-W电极具有较好的电子发射能力和稳定性 ,钇钨和铈钨次之 ;在大电流工作时 ,钇钨电极热电子发射能力和稳定性最好。对制备的二元复合稀土钨电极(W -La2O3-Y2O3、W -La2O3-CeO2、W -Y2O3-CeO2)和三元稀土钨电极(W -La2O3-Y2O3-CeO2)的性能与单元稀土钨电极材料(W -La2O3、W -CeO2、W -Y2O3)和钍钨电极材料进行了比较。结果表明 ,复合稀土钨电极材料的焊接电弧性能优于单元稀土钨电极和钍钨电极。但它们的性能又各不相同 ,可适应交流焊、薄板和中厚板不同焊接工作的需求。研究表明、电极的使用性能强烈依赖于稀土金属氧化物。燃弧过程中它们的行为是影响电极使用性能、电极温度、逸出功和电极稳定性的最重要的因素。