世界生态城市——上海东滩生态城的规划实践

文章在中国城市化危机的背景下提出生态城市是中国城市发展的必然选择,同时对东滩在全球化视野以及地域维度下应用生态城市理论进行批判性思考。并审慎乐观地认为通过东滩实践,可以渐进式地实现可持续的、多元价值的社会经济秩序,最终达到生态城市的理想。     

Utilisation of underground pedestrian systems for urban sustainability

Underground pedestrian systems (UPS) have emerged as an urban phenomenon in the city centres of mega-cities, providing alternative walkways that are safe, accessible, efficient and pleasant for pedestrians. Despite many successful UPS in operation around the world, the application and performance of UPS are not yet well understood by local authorities. While previous studies debated the impacts on cities and people that the development of UPS would bring, an understanding of how to develop UPS to contribute to sustainable urban development, including economic viability, environmental livability and social equity, should be improved. This paper presents a detailed discussion of potential contributions and challenges in developing UPS within the context of sustainable urban development. It contains a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between UPS and urban development with regard to urban planning concepts such as the compact city, city resilience, sustainable transport and urban renewal, within the context of contemporary challenges such as the need to achieve economic sustainability, managing a non-renewable and vulnerable underground resource, and humanisation and social sustainability. It demonstrates why UPS development presents opportunities for and challenges to achieving economic viability, environmental livability and social equity, how to develop UPS so that they make effective contributions to sustainable urban development, and how the challenge of each issue has been addressed in light of the experiences of cities with UPS developments globally.     

A review of the role of urban agriculture in the sustainable city discourse

The debate on the role of urban agriculture in the sustainable city discourse remains unresolved in the conventional literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review relevant literature to clarify the role of urban agriculture in sustainable cities. The search for literature was guided by themes such as: a) urban agricultural practices, b) indicators for the measurement of sustainable cities, c) economic, social and environmental benefits of urban agriculture, and d) negative effects of urban agriculture on the city. The results from a synthesis of the literature indicate that urban agriculture supports the economic, social and environmental sustainability of cities. However, if the discussion gives credence to only the economic dimension of sustainability, then urban agriculture loses the debate. This is because the economic benefits of prime city land that is used used for non-agricultural purposes (such as commercial or industrial) is profound. However, the social and environmental functions of responsible urban agriculture, particularly in reducing the rift between urbanisation and nature, may be difficult to quantify. These social and environmental functions underscore the importance of urban agriculture in the city landscape. The paper concludes by arguing that focussing on only economic sustainability in the urban agriculture-sustainable city discourse is a travesty of the idea of sustainable development. The paper presents practical steps that can be taken to preserve agriculture in cities towards their sustainability.     

China's Eco-Cities as Variegated1 Urban Sustainability: Dongtan Eco-City and Chongming Eco-Island

Proliferating environmental sustainability policy frameworks suggest that sustainability and economic competitiveness are essentially interdependent and mutually enhancing. Under these policy discourses, cities are designated as strategic geographical locales for fulfilling the green capitalist goal of reconciling the contradictions between the environment and development that have long bedeviled capitalism. While most urban sustainability agendas are crafted based on the experience of post-industrial countries, the promise of green capitalism and sustainability faces different challenges where industrial production still dominates the economy. However, research on whether and how urban sustainability policies are geographically variegated is still sparse, particularly beyond western (post)industrial capitalism. Examining the Dongtan eco-city project and the associated Chongming eco-island project in Shanghai, we interrogate how sustainability is imagined and practiced on the ground within the distinctive Chinese context. The meanings of sustainability in Dongtan and Chongming reflect the context of Chinese urbanization in the Shanghai area. Both Dongtan and Chongming seek to develop green technologies as a way to resolve the dilemma of being caught between urbanization and agriculture. This approach is also shaped by Chongming's island geography as enabling a self-sufficient development trajectory, and its desire to attract a cosmopolitan population. Through these place-specific contexts, the ecology and economy of Dongtan and Chongming become intertwined, producing and reproducing a variegated form of urban sustainability, and of “green capitalism.”     

基于“生态城市”理念的城市空间与环境规划浅析

近年来,我国在城镇化建设过程中取得卓越的成就,与此同时,也伴随着城市空间环境问题的产生。为此,从“生态城市”的理念出发,对“生态城市”相关理论进行综述;进而通过总结国外多个生态城市建设案例的成功经验;针对我国在建设生态城市过程中遇到的问题以及城市空间环境特色规划自身的特点,提出了“生态城市”理念下城市空间与环境设计规划的策略;生态发展理念,擘画美丽中国,最终实现城市让生活更美好的理念。     

From income and housing wealth inequalities to emissions inequality: carbon emissions of households in China

The emerging notion of emissions inequality expands the idea of sustainability by incorporating economic opportunity as well as social needs and rights into environmental costs and benefits. In China, increasing inequality among urban households in terms of both income and housing wealth establishes a pattern of social stratification. An understanding of the association of social and environmental inequality is thus critical for urban sustainability. Based on the Chinese urban household survey from 2002 to 2009, this article employs the lifestyle approach to calculate and analyse the inequality of households by direct and indirect carbon emissions. The correlations among carbon emission inequality with income and housing wealth inequality are estimated with a Heckman procedure. We find that not only income distribution but also housing wealth distributionis an important consideration in understanding environmental inequality in China.     

Culture and creativity: A case study from the West of Ireland

Taking the dynamics of second tier city of Galway as a case study, this paper sets out to answer two simple and related questions: How important has culture been to the city’s economic and social development, and how integral is culture in maintaining the city’s economic and social sustainability? In order to provide answers, we look at the city’s development in relation to an emerging body of literature concerning creative cities. We focus on production of culture and gauge its assimilation into the economic life of the city by looking at various facets of the city’s economic structure, including the technology sector.The aim of this paper is to look at cultural policy in Ireland under three interrelated domains: Technology; Institutions; and Spatial Culture (encompassing the place of public performance in urban morphology). The case study of a second tier city provides interesting insights for policy and practice as well as cultural/creative activity arising out of place specific circumstances. The paper explores the changing role of culture and concludes by drawing attention to the tensions surrounding the perceptions of ownership of culture and questions to what impact this will have regarding the city’s sustainability into the future.     

山地低碳复合城市规划策略研究——悦来生态城规划模式

低碳生态城市是当前城市建设的主要方向,也已成为城市的主要规划模式。但目前我国生态城市建设仍处于起步阶段,并没有一套完整的方法与策略可以全面指导生态城市的建设。本文结合悦来生态城规划模式,从复合利用、集约高效的角度探索山地型复合生态城规划策略,力求探索出一些符合山地城市特点、适应山地条件、在城市开发中具有一定推广价值的规划策略。     

Plastic flowers and mowed lawns: the exploration of everyday unsustainability

In human-controlled environments and in cultivated landscapes, the plants accommodate social, cultural and economic needs. This article will focus on the use of plants for agriculture, urban planning, forestry, environmental education and indoor decoration in The Netherlands. This exploration, based on literature review and observations, reveals mostly anthropocentric, instrumental and unsustainable practices. In urban landscapes plants are pushed to the margins, if not entirely eradicated. This article shows that moral recognition of plants is an ethical imperative, which is also critically important to achieve environmental sustainability. In line with ecocentric ethics and in the interest of long-term sustainability, this article suggests alternative, more ethical and sustainable ways of relating to plants in The Netherlands and beyond.     

绿地图理念下的和谐城市规划管理策略

绿地图作为一种反映社区人文生 态景观的本土综合图谱,近2 0年来在全球 日益普及并引起社会的广泛参与。作为一 种审视和表达地理环境的新视角，绿地图 不但表达地理对象的客观存在，而且专注 于环境健康、经济完整性和社会和谐等。 文章通过分析绿地图理念与和谐城市的 共识，提出基于绿地图理念的和谐城市规 划管理策略建议，旨在通过城市环境与文 化特质发掘、城市地理设计和增强社会参 与等途径，提升城市的人文魅力和人地和 谐，塑造并保护城市的内涵美、意境美，促 进和谐城市的功能与效益的统一。     

City attachment and use of urban services: Benefits for smart cities

Increasing uses of urban services enhance urban management efficiency and also favor social, environmental, and economic sustainability. This research analyzes how users' city attachment levels and other personal determinants contribute to their uses of urban services. Focusing on the city of Zaragoza (Spain), the empirical study reveals that personal attitudes and needs, possession of user cards, and education levels have positive influences on the use of urban services. City attachment affects use indirectly through attitude. This study also presents some innovative approaches to advance the development of smart cities and suggests implications for managing citizen-oriented urban services to achieve higher living standards.     

刍议生态城市规划建设

在城市的产生和发展建设过程中,人类在一定程度上不断探索并创造着满足自身意愿和文化理想的人工环境,以人类中心主义为原则的现代城市建设已经引起了严重的环境问题,生态城市的规划建设正是解决这一问题的理想途径。建立人与自然、人与经济、人与社会之间整体协调的发展观,是现代城市建设的思想之基,规划和建设和谐统一生态文明城市的实质就是建设一种美好的人居环境和人类文明与礼仪的居所。     

Monitoring trends of urban development and environmental impact of Beijing, 1999-2006

The high rates of environmental change and accelerated species loss in the urban development process should be quantified to rebalance the social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. In this study, an emergy-based environmental impact assessment model is designed according to the framework of the Eco-Indicator 99 for monitoring the negative effects on human well-being and ecosystem integrity in the urban development system of Beijing from 1999 to 2006. The environmental impact assessment model is based on the sustainability promotion perspective, and emphasizes the determinants of human health and ecosystem integrity in the urban development process. It is vital that the links among human health, ecosystem integrity and urban sustainability are therefore considered especially from the perspective of a supply-side environmental cost evaluation (including ecological service supply, ecological and economic losses and investment for treatment). Results suggest that: (1) out of all the pollutants, ecological services were mainly used to dilute sulfur dioxide and NH₃-N; (2) nitrogen dioxide and greenhouse gases released by the urban system contribute heavily to both ecological and economic losses evaluated in emergy terms; and (3) emissions impact, mainly from airborne pollutants, with small contribution from waterborne emissions, generally increases from 1999 to 2006, undermining the sustainability of Beijing. The emergy synthesis proves to be very appropriate to account for large-scale and indirect costs generated by pollution as side effects of economic activity. Such knowledge is a necessary pre-requisite to perform a reliable cost-benefit evaluation of urban sustainability strategies, and provide guidance for policy decision making to maximize benefits and minimize negative impacts.     

Sustainable development duties: New roles for UK economic regulators

When the utility regulators were established in the UK their primary duties and roles were focused on economic regulation – setting price controls for monopolies and promoting competition where possible. The increasing emphasis in government policy on sustainable development has led to pressures on the regulators to pay greater attention to social and environmental concerns alongside economic ones. Ofwat and Ofgem now have duties to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development. Why and how did this change come about, what impact will it have on how the regulators deal with sustainable development and on the nature of regulation?     

合肥滨湖低碳生态城区生态指标体系研究——中美低碳生态城市试点示范区

针对生态城市建设发展过程中的概念混论及发展目标不清晰等问题,从经济发展、生态环境、社会进步3个方面出发,结合国内外权威机构和国家各部委制定的指标体系和一些特色指标,建立了一套彰显滨湖特色且发扬滨湖优势的科学、合理与操作性强的评价指标体系,规范生态城市建设、定量评价生态城市发展程度,使城市管理决策部门明晰生态城市建设的方向,掌握城市发展现状及不足之处,为城市的规划和建设、管理和决策提供参考。     

Critical research on eco-cities? A walk through the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City,China

This article uses the narrative tool of a walk through Tianjin Eco-City, China, as an entry point in raising and discussing key questions in contemporary eco-city research. Eco-city projects are becoming increasingly prevalent in policy and political-economic discourses in a variety of locations as new urban spaces where blueprints for low carbon economies can be trialled. In light of this, the article highlights the key necessity of, firstly, considering scale when analyzing eco-city ‘futures’. Secondly, the article argues for the need to interrogate eco-cities’ definitions, as well as evaluation, performance and monitoring frameworks, as this will aid in critical analyses of the marketing, presentation and actually built urban environments in eco-city projects. Thirdly, the question of internal social resilience and the emergence of communities within newly-built eco-cities needs to be assessed: this is of crucial importance in light of the exclusive, gated nature of several flagship eco-city projects under construction at the time of writing. Lastly, the article argues that research on eco-city projects needs to consider not only the high-tech, new urban environments materialized as eco-cities, but also the production and reproduction of large, often transient populations of low-paid workers who build eco-cities and who form what the article calls the ‘new urban poor’, forming ‘workers’ cities’ on the edges of flagship ‘sustainable’ urban projects worldwide.     

Town centre management awareness: an aid to developing young people's citizenship

Young people have been identified as significant contributors to the social and economic fabric of town and city centres in the UK. This paper reports on how town centre managers inform young people about activities targeted towards them and how town centre managers think young people hear about events in their urban centre. The press, schools, radio, word of mouth and parents are all key elements of this system of communication. It is concluded that a progression of marketing and promotion which focuses on involving young people in their urban areas, not just informing them about activities, is a possible way forward in developing citizenship and for the future of our town and city centres.     

健康城市视角下国外可持续城市形态研究述评

为了缓解城市问题,实现城市经济、社会、环境的可持续发展,可持续城市形态自可持续发展理念提出以来备受国外学者的关注,因此梳理国外研究成果对我国健康城市建设和城市转型发展具有重要意义。基于健康城市视角,本文梳理了国外学者对理想城市形态的探索成果,试图回答可持续发展与城市形态的关系、什么是可持续城市形态以及如何实现城市形态的可持续发展等三个关键逻辑问题。文章分析了可持续发展与城市形态两者在经济、社会、环境三个维度的关系,从概念和特征角度回答了什么是可持续城市形态,又分别从设计模式、研究层面、量化评估方法和技术、模型和政策角度回答了如何实现可持续城市形态。在分析我国可持续城市形态研究现状的基础上,指出国外研究成果在设计关键原则、研究技术方法、重视空间规划和环境规划方面对我国研究的可参考借鉴性。     

The traditional shopping street in Tokyo as a culturally sustainable and ageing-friendly community

This paper reviews the cultural sustainability discourse and discusses how community culture, community cultural capital and the elderly play a key role in helping communities sustain themselves over time. It argues that the elderly are resources, transmitters and multipliers of culture and a key driver in promoting ‘ageing-friendly’ cities. In particular, it investigates how creative, bottom-up urban design and place-making initiatives by the elderly take shape in diverse urban contexts. It takes two traditional shopping streets (shotengai) in Tokyo as case studies and seeks to clarify in the highly-developed, high-density, high-rise, large-scale urban context, how the two low-rise, small-scale shotengai have been sustainable and thriving over centuries; and how community culture and the elderly have played a role in developing and sustaining them. Through urban historical study, site surveys and street interviews, the paper addresses these enquiries and suggests ways to achieve a more ageing-friendly community in an Asian context aiming towards social and cultural sustainability.     

Exploring the Relevance of the Eco-City Concept in China: The Case of Shenzhen Sino-Dutch Low Carbon City

While the original eco-city concept as developed by authors such as Richard Register is based on the ecological carrying capacity of the bio-region and has been fleshed out by others to include Western interpretations of good governance such as having a collaborative platform, constructive dialogue, a systems approach, and integrated policy-making, its practical implementation in China has taken a very different turn. Understanding this gap, the reason for its emergence, and its implications is the core of this article. It first reviews the demanding requirements for eco-city development as formulated in the literature. Then the political and administrative realities in China are discussed to illustrate how Chinese policy-makers incorporate the idea in their policy-making practice. Next, lessons learned from an eco-city project in Shenzhen are presented to compare the theoretical insights with realities on the ground the authors have observed. The authors conclude that an intercultural dialogue on international eco-city frameworks and standards is necessary, and that new, greener standards should be anchored to the institutional system in China for the performance assessment of political leaders responsible for the future of urban development in China.