小麦肽改善慢性疲劳综合征大鼠认知功能障碍

目的：探讨小麦肽对慢性疲劳综合征（chronic fatigue syndrome，CFS）大鼠认知能力的改善作用与机制。方法：70 只雄性SD大鼠随机选取10 只作为正常对照组（N），其余SD大鼠通过慢性束缚结合冷水力竭游泳的方式构建CFS大鼠模型，然后将CFS模型大鼠随机分为模型对照组（M）、低剂量小麦肽喂养组（M＋L）、中剂量小麦肽喂养组（M＋M）和高剂量小麦肽喂养组（M＋H）。M＋L、M＋M以及M＋H组大鼠分别灌胃给予剂量为0.2、0.4、0.8 g/（kg mb·d）小麦肽，N组与M组大鼠均给予同等体积生理盐水，每天1 次。经过8 周饮食干预后，采用水迷宫实验考察大鼠认知能力；水迷宫实验结束后处死大鼠，采用酶联免疫吸附试验法检测大鼠血清神经细胞因子以及Th1型和Th2型细胞因子的水平，海马组织中氧化应激水平和5-羟色胺（5-hydroxy tryptamine，5-HT）含量。结果：与N组相比，CFS模型大鼠的逃避潜伏期时间及丙二醛、色氨酸、5-HT、Th2细胞因子白细胞介素（interleukin，IL）-4和IL-10水平均显著增加（P＜0.05），穿越平台象限次数和平台逗留时间、超氧化物歧化酶活力、神经生长因子和脑源性神经营养因子浓度以及Th1细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子β、干扰素γ水平显著降低（P＜0.05）。而经8 周口服小麦肽干预后，CFS大鼠上述指标得到显著改善。结论：口服小麦肽可通过激活抗氧化系统、调节神经细胞因子分泌以及促进Th2型向Th1型细胞免疫反应转变而有效地改善CFS大鼠认知功能。     

固定化Enterobacter agglomerans脂肪酶生产菜籽油生物柴油的研究

用硅藻土对实验室筛选得到的成团肠杆菌脂肪酶干燥酶粉进行固定化,固定化酶在有机溶剂体系下催化生产生物柴油。在最佳反应条件,即菜籽油15.47 mL,固定化脂肪酶用量1 000 U,甲醇为酰基受体(7.15 mL,3次等量加入),5 mL正己烷,振荡速度180 r/min,35℃反应48 h时,转化率达91.03%。实验结果表明,油酸含量高有利于生产生物柴油,而芥酸有不利影响。固定化酶稳定性好,重复使用8次,转化率仍大于50%,同时还具有一定的适应性,可催化大豆油和葵花籽油生产生物柴油。研究表明,固定化酶可用于催化生产生物柴油,并有效降低酶催化法的生产成本。     

Biological control of postharvest pear diseases using a bacterium, Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2.

Epiphytic microorganisms isolated from the fruits and leaf surfaces of apples and pears were screened for antagonistic activity against Penicillium expansum on pears. From 247 microorganisms tested for antagonistic properties against P. expansum, a bacterium strain identified as Pantoea agglomerans (CPA-2) was selected. This bacterium was very effective against Botrytis cinerea, P. expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer. Complete control at the three tested concentrations (2 x 10(7), 8 x 10(7) and 1 x 10(8) CFU ml(-1)) was obtained on wounded pears inoculated with 10(3), 10(4) and 10(5) conidia ml(-1) of P. expansum and R. stolonifer. At 8 x 10(7) CFU ml(-1), Pan. agglomerans reduced B. cinerea decay by more than 80% at the three concentrations of the pathogen. In over 3 years of experiments in semicommercial trials, Pan. agglomerans provided excellent control against B. cinerea and P. expansum under cold storage, either in air or in low oxygen atmospheres. Equal control was obtained with Pan. agglomerans at 8 x 10(7) CFU ml(-1), as with the fungicide imazalil at commercial doses, against both pathogens. Pan. agglomerans grew well inside wounds on pears at both room and cold temperatures and under modified atmospheres. In contrast, it grew poorly on the surface of intact fruit.     

小麦蛋白肽的研究及应用进展

综述了从小麦麦麸、麦胚、面筋中提取的不同小麦蛋白肽的生物活性功能的研究,对现有的活性肽制备方法进行比较,特别是对各种酶水解小麦蛋白得到小分子量肽的方法比较,发现几种酶的综合使用更有利于提高小麦肽的得率。提出了目前活性肽研究存在的一些问题,并对未来发展进行了展望。     

口腔益生菌的研究现状

口腔是一个复杂而完整的微生态系统。生活方式、外源性致病菌等外源因子可扰乱口腔微生物组与其宿主之间的共生关系引发龋齿、牙周炎、牙龈炎、口臭等口腔疾病。益生菌是一类活的并对人类机体局部或全身性健康都具有有益作用的微生物。传统上,益生菌被广泛用于功能性食品、医药保健、饲料等各个领域,最常见的用途是治疗或预防胃肠道感染和疾病,改善肠道健康。近十年,各种研究表明益生菌可通过抑制致病菌生长,改善口腔微生物菌群,调节口腔免疫力等方式对各种口腔疾病产生积极的防治效果。作为一种新兴的机体健康维护概念,维护口腔健康的益生菌及其作用机制日益受到国内外学者的密切关注,综述了口腔益生菌在常见口腔疾病中的潜在作用机制,阐述了利用口腔益生菌在防治口腔疾病时所面临的重要问题,同时在口腔益生菌未来的发展趋势和开发方向等方面剖析如何更好地利用口腔益生菌驱动健康食品产业发展,以期为口腔益生菌的深入研究及其在食品工业中的开发应用提供相应参考。     

牛类芽孢杆菌BD3526发酵麦麸抑制变形链球菌的特性

研究牛类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus bovis)BD3526抑制变形链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)ATCC35668的特性,拓宽P.bovis BD3526代谢产物的抑菌用途。主要研究P.bovis BD3526在麦麸培养基中的发酵特性和发酵上清液对蛋白水解酶和过氧化氢酶的敏感性、不同pH耐受性和热稳定性,以及对口腔中常见乳杆菌属生长的影响。结果表明,P.bovis BD3526发酵12 h后进入稳定期,在36 h时活性达到4.58×10⁸ CFU/mL、pH值5.20,对Streptococcus mutans ATCC35668抑菌圈直径为(21.27±0.71)mm。该发酵上清液对口腔中常见的有益菌(植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌)无抑菌活性,但对链球菌属微生物抑制作用明显。目标抑菌物质具有良好的热稳定性和pH稳定性、对消化系统蛋白水解酶和过氧化氢酶不敏感;经链霉蛋白酶处理后抑菌活性消失,表明该抑菌物质的化学结构中含有肽类成分。P.bovis BD3526代谢麦麸合成的抑菌物质对S.mutans ATCC35668具有强烈抑制且稳定的抑制效果,这为将来开发特异性功能食品配料或口腔护理产品奠定了理论基础。     

Enzyme-derived deer velvet extract activate the immune response in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mice

Deer velvet (DV) is an oriental traditional medicine used to treat various diseases. The present study examined the effect of flavourzyme-derived DV extract (YC-1101) on macrophages and an immunosuppressed mouse model. YC-1101 induced activation of macrophages as measured by nitric oxide production, cell proliferation, and cytokine release via concentration-dependent phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and AKT, and nuclear translocation of p65 in macrophages. In addition, oral YC-1101 administration significantly increased splenocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity in the immunosuppressed mouse model. Moreover, the levels of immune-related cytokines such as tumor necrotic factor-α, interferon-γ, and interleukin-2 were significantly increased by YC-1101 treatment comparable to the control group. Thus, these results suggest that YC-1101 is an efficient natural ingredient that has an immune-enhancing effect, and it might be a potential functional food for improving immunity.

     

小麦胚芽提取物的抗肿瘤活性研究进展

小麦胚芽是小麦粉加工的副产品,其中含有多种生理活性物质,已被报道具有抗氧化、抗衰老、抗疲劳和抗肿瘤等活性。近年来,小麦胚芽的抗肿瘤活性得到了越来越多的关注。对近年来国内外关于小麦胚芽提取物抗肿瘤活性的研究进行归纳总结,发现它能够抑制多种肿瘤细胞的生长,具有潜在的抗肿瘤价值,小麦胚芽活性提取物的深入研究和开发可进一步为恶性肿瘤的临床辅助治疗提供新的思路。     

发酵麸皮多糖对大鼠空肠组织抗氧化能力、形态结构和紧密连接蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究发酵麸皮多糖对断奶大鼠空肠组织抗氧化能力、形态结构和紧密连接蛋白表达的影响。方法：将40 只雄性断奶Wistar大鼠随机分为5 组,包括对照组、VC组及发酵麸皮多糖低、中、高剂量组（每天分别灌服生理盐水、100 mg/kg mb VC及20、40、80 mg/kg mb发酵麸皮多糖,灌胃剂量均为0.4 mL）,实验期为21 d。检测大鼠空肠组织中总抗氧化能力（total antioxitant capacity,T-AOC）,过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）活力以及谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG）含量;采用苏木素-伊红染色法分析大鼠空肠测定绒毛高度和隐窝深度,计算绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值;并采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应法测定空肠Claudin-1、Occludin和ZO-1 3 种紧密连接蛋白的mRNA表达量。结果：与对照组相比,灌胃40 mg/kg mb发酵麸皮多糖能显著提高断奶大鼠空肠组织中T-AOC、CAT、SOD和GSH-Px活力以及GSH含量（P＜0.05）,显著降低8-OHdG含量（P＜0.05）;提高空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度,降低隐窝深度;提高Claudin-1、Occludin和ZO-1 3 种紧密连接蛋白的mRNA表达量。结论：发酵麸皮多糖可以改善断奶大鼠空肠抗氧化能力和形态结构,提高紧密连接蛋白的表达,起到保护肠道健康的作用。     

Effect of fructo-oligosaccharides on intestinal microflora

Fructo-oligosaccharides are widely distributed in plants such as onions, asparagus, wheat etc., and obtained from sucrose by the action of fructosyltransferase. They are not hydrolyzed by human digestive enzymes, but are utilized by intestinal bacteria such as bifidobacteria. Bacteroides fragilis group, peptostreptococci and klebsiellae. In the experiment with 23 patients (73 +/- 9 years old), improvement of fecal microflora was observed by oral administration of fructo-oligosaccharides 8 g per day for two weeks: the population of bifidobacteria in feces increased about 10 times compared before the administration; average pH of stool showed 0.3 lower than that before administration.     

Intestinal uptake and immunological effects of carrageenan--current concepts

Carrageenans are a group of high molecular weight sulphated polygalactans which find extensive use in the food industry as thickening, gelling and protein-suspending agents. Although there is no evidence to suggest that the persorption of small amounts of carrageenans across the intestinal barrier poses an acute toxic hazard, they are known to be biologically active in a number of physiological systems and extended oral administration in laboratory animals has been shown to modify both in vivo and in vitro immune competence. Whereas this effect could be attributed to carrageenan having a selective toxic effect on antigen-processing macrophages, additional studies suggest that macrophages can also influence immune responses by the timed release of immunoregulatory mediators. Evidence in support of this comes from in vitro studies which demonstrate that carrageenan-treated macrophages can, depending on conditions and time of administration, release either stimulatory or inhibitory factors. The former is known to be the immunostimulatory agent interleukin 1 (IL-1). The inhibitory factor, which is produced at an early stage following exposure to non-toxic doses of carrageenans, has yet to be formally identified but it is believed to be a prostaglandin because of its specific mode of action and short biological half-life. At present it is impossible to relate these studies to the human situation. Although it is established that carrageenans can cross the intestinal barrier of experimental animals, there is no evidence to suggest that the limited uptake that may occur in man in any way interferes with normal immune competence. Nevertheless, increased exposure may occur in the neonate during weaning, and adults and children following allergic reactions and episodes of gastrointestinal disease. Further studies under such conditions now seem warranted in order to elucidate the possible immunological consequences which may be associated with enhanced uptake of carrageenans in vulnerable groups.     

麸皮多糖微生物发酵工艺优化及其抗炎活性

对麸皮多糖发酵制备工艺进行优化,并对其抗炎活性进行研究。以酿酒酵母以及枯草芽孢杆菌为发酵菌种固态发酵制备麸皮多糖,通过响应面法优化发酵工艺条件（发酵温度、发酵时间、总接种量和料水比）,并研究其对敌草快攻毒大鼠血浆和肝脏组织中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-2和IL-1β炎性因子水平的影响。结果表明,1）麸皮多糖最佳固态发酵工艺条件为发酵温度35.4?℃、发酵时间52.7?h、总接种量10.4%、料水比1∶1.16（g/mL）,该条件下麸皮多糖产量为130.21?mg/g;2）腹腔注射敌草快显著升高大鼠血浆和肝脏组织中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-2和IL-1β炎性因子水平（P＜0.05）;3）在敌草快引起的应激状态下,灌胃麦麸多糖可以显著降低大鼠血浆和肝脏组织中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-2和IL-1β炎性因子水平（P＜0.05）,并且随着灌服剂量的升高,大鼠血浆和肝脏组织中炎性因子水平可恢复到正常生理状态。综上所述,以响应面法优化后发酵工艺制备的麸皮多糖有一定的抗炎作用。     

红曲发酵谷物麸糠提取Lovastatin的研究

Lovastatin是一种强力抑制胆固醇合成的活性物质,,能够预防动脉粥样硬化和冠心病的产生.目前市场上大部分Lovastatin是从红曲米中提取出来的.本试验采用农副产品-麦麸为基质,来发酵提取Lovastatin,找出了适合本试验的提取溶剂:75%乙醇.然后经中性氧化铝吸附脱除红曲色素,最后采用增量法,成功地检测了红曲麸中的Lovastatin的含量.     

Medico-biological evaluation of sodium salt of nitrofurylacrylic acid as a food additive

Nitrofurylacrylic acid sodium salt is a substance of moderate toxicity. Its LD50 for male rats after oral administration comprises 1220 mg/kg, for female rats--1400 mg/kg. The minimal toxic dose, in case of long-term administration comprises 14 mg/kg. At the level of doses from 0.04 to 4.0 mg/kg no mutagenic effect was detected. Oral and subcutaneous administration of minimal tolerance doses of the agent induced formation of malignant neoplasms developing, predominantly, from the epithelial tissue, with localization depending on the route of the agent administration. A conclusion has been made on impossibility of using this substance as a food additive.     

Applications of photosynthetic bacteria for medical fields

The medical applications of photosynthetic bacteria are summarized. Photosynthetic bacteria can produce various types of physiological active substance such as vitamin B(12), ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10), 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), porphyrins and RNA. In particular, photosynthetic bacterial ALA was commercially applied to cancer diagnosis and treatment. Recently, ALA has been applied to the treatment of acne vulgaris and the suppression of the inflammatory response to coronary and iliac injuries. In addition, the recent applications of RNA from a marine photosynthetic bacterium as a medical supplement for immune improvement and suppression of infection are described. Furthermore, the feasible application of a biopolymer consisting of RNA from a photosynthetic bacterium as a drug delivery system (DDS) to cancer treatment is described.     

β-Casomorphin-7 cause decreasing in oxidative stress and inhibiting NF-κB-iNOS-NO signal pathway in pancreas of diabetes rats

β-Casomorphin-7 (β-CM-7) is a milk biological active peptide. The present study is aimed to investigate the protective effects of β-CM-7, against oxidative stress in pancreas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by assaying malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) level, the activity of enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and NF-κB, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression. A significant increase in the level of oxidative stress was observed in pancreas of the diabetic rats when compared to control rats. After 15 d oral administration of β-CM-7 (7.5 × 10(-8) mol/d), the pancreas MDA level was markedly reduced. Oral administration of β-CM-7 to diabetic rats showed an obviously increase in the activity of catalase in pancreas, oral administration of β-CM-7 to the diabetic group of rats also showed a reduction of NF-κB and iNOS gene expression in pancreas. The elevated pancreas NO level was markedly reduced by the oral administration of β-CM-7. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that β-CM-7 may cause protective effects such as pronounced decreasing in oxidative stress and inhibiting NF-κB-iNOS-NO signal pathway in pancreas of diabetes rats.     

Photoprotective effects of sphingomyelin-containing milk phospholipids in ultraviolet B–irradiated hairless mice by suppressing nuclear factor-κB expression

Ceramide-containing phospholipids improve skin hydration and barrier function and are ideal for use in skin care products. In this study, we evaluated the photoprotective effect of milk phospholipids on the skin condition of UVB-irradiated hairless mice. Skin parameters were assessed following oral administration of milk phospholipids. The UVB irradiation induced photoaging in mice. The animals were divided into 5 groups: a control group (oral administration of saline with no UBV irradiation), UVB group (oral administration of saline with UVB irradiation), and 3 UVB irradiation groups receiving the milk phospholipids at 3 different concentrations of oral administration, 50 mg/kg (ML group), 100 mg/kg (MM group), and 150 mg/kg (MH group), for 8 wk. An increase in skin hydration and transepidermal water loss were improved in the 150 mg/kg of milk phospholipid–administered group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed a decrease in epidermal thickness in the milk phospholipid–administered groups (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg of body weight). In particular, the 100 and 150 mg/kg groups showed significant changes in the area, length, and depth of the wrinkles compared with the UVB group. Moreover, the gene expression of matrix metalloproteins was attenuated, and that of proinflammatory cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor-α, was significantly reduced in the milk phospholipid–administered groups than in the UVB group. The reduced ceramide and increased sphingosine-1-phosphate levels in the skin tissue due to UVB exposure were restored to levels similar to those of the control group following milk phospholipid administration. These results were confirmed to be due to the downregulation of protein expression of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and phosphorylated IκB-α (inhibitor of κB α). Collectively, oral administration of milk phospholipids improves skin health through a synergistic effect on photoprotective activity.     

Effects of spray-dried bovine plasma protein in milk replacers fed at a high plane of nutrition on performance,intestinal permeability,and morbidity of Holstein calves

Spray-dried plasma protein (SDP) has been shown to improve growth and intestinal function in young calves when included in milk replacers (MR) fed at conventional rates. Use of an SDP and wheat protein blend to replace a portion of whey protein has been shown to perform similarly to using an all-whey protein control MR. However, a trend in the dairy industry is to feed calves for greater rates of growth during the preweaning period. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of increasing amounts of SDP inclusion in MR on growth and health of calves fed at a high plane of nutrition. Young (<7 d) Holstein calves were offered starter and assigned to 1 of 5 MR treatments: an all-milk protein (whey) control MR (0SDP, n = 26) or MR containing 5% SDP (5SDP, n = 20), 7.5% SDP (7.5SDP, n = 14), 10% SDP (10SDP, n = 20), or 12% of an approximate 1:1 SDP plus wheat protein blend (PW, n = 17). All MR were formulated to contain 26% CP and 16% fat and were fed at a maximum rate of 1 kg of powder (as fed) from d 8 to 36. Amounts of MR powder were decreased by 25%/wk from d 37 to weaning at d 57. Thereafter, calves were provided only starter feed until the end of the study at d 63. On d 4, 15, 36, and 57, intestinal permeability was assessed via oral administration of lactulose and d-mannitol followed by analysis of lactulose and mannitol in blood at 60 min after administration. Increasing SDP led to a small linear decrease in MR consumed. There was a tendency for a positive linear relationship between increasing SDP and average daily gain of body weight, and SDP had mixed effects on body frame variables. Increasing SDP tended to increase fecal scores and increased the amount of fluid therapy given. Diet had no effect on intestinal permeability. Increasing SDP led to an increase in serum total cholesterol and serum urea N and tended to have a quadratic effect on serum glucose concentration on d 36. Calves fed PW tended to have increased withers height, increased intestinal permeability on d 36, and an increased likelihood of being medicated for any reason or being medicated for respiratory illness, but growth and health were not different from the control diet otherwise. Feeding PW led to an increase in serum total cholesterol and tended to lead to increased serum glucose concentration on d 36. Results of this study indicate that SDP can be included at up to 10% as fed in the MR of calves fed at a high plane of nutrition (1 kg/d of MR powder, as fed) with improvements in average daily gain. Additionally, a 1:1 SDP plus wheat protein blend can be used at 12% inclusion with no difference in most health and growth parameters.     

Red bean extract reduces inflammation and increases survival in a murine sepsis model

This study used in vitro and in vivo experimental models to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of the butanol fraction of red bean ethanol extract (BF-RBEE), which contains the biologically active molecule catechin-7-β-d-glucopyranoside. Treatment with BF-RBEE inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages through suppression of extracellular signalregulated kinase and IκBα activation. In an in vivo murine sepsis model, oral administration of BF-RBEE improved mouse survival. Specifically, the survival rate of mice injected with LPS was 0 and 40% in ICR and BALB/c mice, respectively, whereas the survival of mice co-treated with BF-RBEE was 100% in both mouse types. This increase in survival with the BF-RBEE administration was correlated with decreased tumor-necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ and increased interleukin-10. Oral administration of BF-RBEE also inhibited total and ovalbumin-specific IgE production in experimental mice. These results suggest the possible usefulness of red beans in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.     

Characteristics of Bread Prepared from Wheat Flours Blended with Various Kinds of Newly Developed Rice Flours

ABSTRACT:  Characteristics of the bread prepared from wheat flour blended with the flour of various kinds of newly developed rice cultivars were investigated. Qualities of the bread made from wheat flour blended with rice flour have been reported to be inferior to those from 100% wheat flour bread. To improve its qualities, we searched for the new-characteristic rice flours among the various kinds of newly developed rice cultivars to blend with the wheat flour for the bread preparation. The most suitable new characteristic rices are combination of purple waxy rice, high-amylose rice, and sugary rice. Specific volume of the bread from the combination of wheat and these 3 kinds of rice flours showed higher specific volume (3.93) compared with the traditional wheat/rice bread (3.58). We adopted the novel method, continuous progressive compression test, to measure the physical properties of the dough and the bread in addition to the sensory evaluation. As a result of the selection of the most suitable rice cultivars and blending ratio with the wheat flour, we could develop the novel wheat/rice bread, of which loaf volume, physical properties, and tastes are acceptable and resistant to firming on even 4 d after the bread preparation.
To increase the ratio of rice to wheat, we tried to add a part of rice as cooked rice grains. The specific volume and qualities of the bread were maintained well although the rice content of total flour increased from 30% to 40%.