Plasmonic Oxygen-Deficient TiO2-x Nanocrystals for Dual-Band Electrochromic Smart Windows with Efficient Energy Recycling

Dual-band electrochromic smart windows capable of the spectrally selective modulation of visible (VIS) light and near-infrared (NIR) can regulate solar light and solar heat transmittance to reduce the building energy consumption. The development of these windows is however limited by the number of available dual-band electrochromic materials. Here, plasmonic oxygen-deficient TiO_2-x nanocrystals (NCs) are discovered to be an effective single-component dual-band electrochromic material, and that oxygen-vacancy creation is more effective than aliovalent substitutional doping to introduce dual-band properties to TiO₂ NCs. Oxygen vacancies not only confer good near-infrared (NIR)-selective modulation, but also improve the Li⁺ diffusion in the TiO_2-x host, circumventing the disadvantage of aliovalent substitutional doping with ion diffusion. Consequently optimized TiO_2-x NC films are able to modulate the NIR and visible light transmittance independently and effectively in three distinct modes with high optical modulation (95.5% at 633 nm and 90.5% at 1200 nm), fast switching speed, high bistability, and long cycle life. An impressive dual-band electrochromic performance is also demonstrated in prototype devices. The use of TiO_2-x NCs enables the assembled windows to recycle a large fraction of energy consumed in the coloration process (“energy recycling”) to reduce the energy consumption in a round-trip electrochromic operation.     

W掺杂二氧化钒的水热晶化机理及其相变性能

以硫酸氧钒为钒源,采用沉淀-胶溶法制备VO_2溶胶。然后向溶胶中加入偏钒酸铵,利用溶胶水热晶化制备出W掺杂二氧化钒(W-VO_2,M相)粉体。通过XRD,FESEM和DSC对合成产物的物相组成、形貌和相变性能进行研究。结果表明:在280℃条件下水热处理4~48h,VO_2溶胶经过水热晶化生成长约1~2μm、直径约100~200nm棒状W-VO_2(B)晶体,伴随着B相向M相晶型转变,W-VO_2(B)逐渐消溶,而W-VO_2(M)逐渐长大,形貌由棒状转变为片状或雪花状;W-VO_2(M)相变温度随着W掺杂量增加而降低,当名义掺杂量为6.0%(原子分数)时,相变温度降低到28℃。根据水热晶化和形貌演变过程,提出了W-VO_2(M)可能的"形核-生长-转化-熟化"形成机理。     

VO2/TiN Plasmonic Thermochromic Smart Coatings for Room‐Temperature Applications

Vanadium dioxide/titanium nitride (VO₂/TiN) smart coatings are prepared by hybridizing thermochromic VO₂ with plasmonic TiN nanoparticles. The VO₂/TiN coatings can control infrared (IR) radiation dynamically in accordance with the ambient temperature and illumination intensity. It blocks IR light under strong illumination at 28 °C but is IR transparent under weak irradiation conditions or at a low temperature of 20 °C. The VO₂/TiN coatings exhibit a good integral visible transmittance of up to 51% and excellent IR switching efficiency of 48% at 2000 nm. These unique advantages make VO₂/TiN promising as smart energy‐saving windows.     

水热法一步合成VO2粉末及其微观形貌调控

采用水热法,钒源选择V_2O_5,在使用还原剂草酸,不使用其他表面活性剂及模板的条件下,制备了具有不同微观形貌的VO_2(B)和VO_2(M)粉末,主要研究了草酸溶液浓度变化对产物微观形貌的影响。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对粉末的晶型结构和物相组成进行分析,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对粉末的微观形貌进行表征。在180℃水热反应温度下,制备出了具有多种特殊微观形貌的VO_2(B)粉末,典型的如"雪花"状、"杨桃"状以及均匀短棒状等,全面系统地对粉末所出现的不同微观形貌进行了总结。采用蓝电电池测试系统对不同微观形貌VO_2(B)粉末制备的锂离子电池进行充放电测试,结果表明,"杨桃"状VO_2(B)锂离子电池性能较优,比容量峰值可达4 683.8mAh/g,但电池循环特性较差。同时,在水热反应温度260℃下,合成了微观形貌分别为短棒状、"雪花"状、"核桃"状以及球状的VO_2(M)粉末。DSC测试结果显示,VO_2(M)粉末形貌对其相变温度影响较小。     

Mn2O3纳米球的水热法合成及其应用

以CTAB作为模板剂,通过控制合适的浓度,得到尺度均匀的纳米级别的氧化锰颗粒,实验结果表明,当控制CTAB的浓度和反应物浓度在0．3mmol／L72．0．1mmol／L时,反应60min后得到的产物经过离心高温烘干后为均匀纳米球,形貌较为理想。将合成好的产物用于锂离子电池电极材料可得到较好的充放电效果。     

水源热泵综合节能技术的工程应用分析

水源热泵技术是可再生能源利用技术,具有提高机组效率和降低系统运行费用的优点。以实际工程为例,研究了地表水水源热泵空调系统设计中的具体问题。结合工程具体情况,探讨了在应用水源热泵技术的同时,将集中供冷供热技术、二次泵技术、变流量技术等其他多项节能技术综合应用,不但能更有效地发挥水源热泵技术的优点,并能大大提高空调系统的能效。对常规空调系统形式与水源热泵空调系统形式进行了技术经济比较,结果表明该工程水源热泵技术与其他节能技术综合应用可减少全年运行能耗约46%。     

CeO2纳米管的水热合成、表征及性能研究

以P123为表面活性剂,采用水热法合成CeO2纳米管.研究反应时间、反应温度、表面活性剂浓度对CeO2纳米管形成的影响规律.采用TEM、XRD、N2吸脱附仪对样品的微观结构进行表征.并考察CeO2纳米管对亚甲基蓝溶液的催化性能.结果表明,当反应时间为72 h、反应温度为160℃、n(P123):n(CeCl3.7H2O)=1:5时,可制备出单晶结构的CeO2纳米管.所制备的CeO2纳米管外径为40~60nm,内径为20 nm左右,长度为500~1000nm.CeO2纳米管是由Ce(OH)3晶种的溶解再结晶-异向生长-自我卷曲形成的.相对于CeO2纳米颗粒和CeO2纳米棒,CeO2纳米管对亚甲基蓝染料的脱色率有明显提高.这与CeO2纳米管孔道的吸附作用,暴露的高反应活性面(110)和表面有大量缺陷有关.     

Carbon Nanotube Yarn for Fiber-Shaped Electrical Sensors,Actuators, and Energy Storage for Smart Systems

Smart systems are those that display autonomous or collaborative functionalities, and include the ability to sense multiple inputs, to respond with appropriate operations, and to control a given situation. In certain circumstances, it is also of great interest to retain flexible, stretchable, portable, wearable, and/or implantable attributes in smart electronic systems. Among the promising candidate smart materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit excellent electrical and mechanical properties, and structurally fabricated CNT-based fibers and yarns with coil and twist further introduce flexible and stretchable properties. A number of notable studies have demonstrated various functions of CNT yarns, including sensors, actuators, and energy storage. In particular, CNT yarns can operate as flexible electronic sensors and electrodes to monitor strain, temperature, ionic concentration, and the concentration of target biomolecules. Moreover, a twisted CNT yarn enables strong torsional actuation, and coiled CNT yarns generate large tensile strokes as an artificial muscle. Furthermore, the reversible actuation of CNT yarns can be used as an energy harvester and, when combined with a CNT supercapacitor, has promoted the next-generation of energy storage systems. Here, progressive advances of CNT yarns in electrical sensing, actuation, and energy storage are reported, and the future challenges in smart electronic systems considered.     

Hydrothermal Growth of TiO2 Nanorod Arrays and In Situ Conversion to Nanotube Arrays for Highly Efficient Quantum Dot‐Sensitized Solar Cells

TiO₂ nanorod (NR) and nanotube (NT) arrays grown on transparent conductive substrates are attractive electrode for solar cells. In this paper, TiO₂ NR arrays are hydrothermally grown on FTO substrate, and are in situ converted into NT arrays by hydrothermally etching. The TiO₂ NR arrays are reported as single crystalline, but the TiO₂ NR arrays are demonstrated to be polycrystalline with a bundle of 2–5 nm single crystalline nanocolumns grown along [001] throughout the whole NR from bottom to top. TiO₂ NRs can be converted to NTs by hydrothermal selective etching of the (001) core and remaining the inert sidewall of (110) face. A growth mechanism of the NR and NT arrays is proposed. Quantum dot‐sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) are fabricated by coating CdSe QDs on to the TiO₂ arrays. After conversion from NRs to NTs, more QDs can be filled in the NTs and the energy conversion efficiency of the QDSCs almost double.     

One‐Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Doped Conjugated Carbonized Polymer Dots with 31% Efficient Red Emission for In Vivo Imaging

Carbon dots with long‐wavelength emissions, high quantum yield (QY) and good biocompatibility are highly desirable for biomedical applications. Herein, a green, facile hydrothermal synthesis of highly efficient red emissive nitrogen‐doped carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) with optimal emission at around 630 nm are reported. The red emissive CPDs possess a variety of superior properties including excellent water dispersibility, good biocompatibility, narrow bandwidth emission, an excitation‐independent emission, and high QY (10.83% (in water) and 31.54% (in ethanol)). Further studies prove that such strong red fluorescence is ascribed to the efficient conjugated aromatic π systems and hydrogen bonds of CPDs. And the fluorescence properties of CPDs can be regulated by adjusting the dosage of HNO₃ before the reaction. Additionally, the as‐prepared CPDs are successfully used as a fluorescent probe for bioimaging, both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, biodistribution results demonstrate that most CPDs and their metabolites are not only excreted in urine but also excreted by hepatobiliary system in a rapid manner. Besides, the CPDs could easily cross the blood brain barrier, which may provide a valuable strategy for the theranostics of some brain diseases through real‐time tracking.     

智慧养老领域隐式交互的应用现状及前景

目的对隐式人机交互在智慧养老领域的应用现状进行梳理,分析其特征及发展前景。方法综合梳理智慧养老交互设计研究现状,分析老年群体的生理心理特征及隐式交互理论基础,结合智慧养老领域典型场景中隐式交互的应用现状及相关课题展开讨论。结论总结出智慧养老领域隐式交互的应用特点,包括涉及较多关键性操作、长期监护及个人数据实时自动采集、第三方介入交互、系统平台建设和社会的参与。推断智慧养老领域隐式交互未来发展方向,即在以物联网、大数据、人工智能为依托的智慧养老领域,隐式交互是满足以人为本设计开发的核心部分,它可以通过生物感应、环境识别、数据挖掘、机器学习、协同共创等方式来实现。新技术应用与落地,数据库建设与共享,将是未来应用研究的关键和热点。     

Smart Nanosystems for Overcoming Multiple Biological Barriers in Cancer Nanomedicines Transport: Design Principles,Progress, and Challenges

The development of smart nanosystems, which could overcome diverse biological barriers of nanomedicine transport, has received intense scientific interest in improving the therapeutic efficacies of traditional nanomedicines. However, the reported nanosystems generally hold disparate structures and functions, and the knowledge of involved biological barriers is usually scattered. There is an imperative need for a summary of biological barriers and how these smart nanosystems conquer biological barriers, to guide the rational design of the new-generation nanomedicines. This review starts from the discussion of major biological barriers existing in nanomedicine transport, including blood circulation, tumoral accumulation and penetration, cellular uptake, drug release, and response. Design principles and recent progress of smart nanosystems in overcoming the biological barriers are overviewed. The designated physicochemical properties of nanosystems can dictate their functions in biological environments, such as protein absorption inhibition, tumor accumulation, penetration, cellular internalization, endosomal escape, and controlled release, as well as modulation of tumor cells and their resident tumor microenvironment. The challenges facing smart nanosystems on the road heading to clinical approval are discussed, followed by the proposals that could further advance the nanomedicine field. It is expected that this review will provide guidelines for the rational design of the new-generation nanomedicines for clinical use.