Determination of mechanical parameters for jointed rock masses

Combining with empirical method, laboratory test and numerical simulation, a comprehensive system was presented to determine the mechanical parameters of jointed rock masses. The system has the following four functions: (1) Based on the field investigation of joints, the system can consider rock mass structures, by using network simulation technology. (2) Rock samples are conducted by numerical simulation with the input engineering mechanical parameters of rocks and joints obtained from laboratory tests. (3) The whole stress-strain curve of jointed rock masses under certain normal stress can be plotted from numerical simulation, and then the shear strength parameters of jointed rock masses can be obtained from the whole stress-strain curves under different normal stresses. (4) The statistical values of mechanical parameters of jointed rock masses can be determined according to numerical simulation. Based on the statistical values, combining with engineering experiences and geological investigations, the comprehensive mechanical parameters of jointed rock masses can be achieved finally. Several cases are presented to prove the engineering feasibility and suitability of this system.     

岩体尺寸效应及其特征参数计算

 岩体的尺寸效应包括完整岩块的尺寸效应与节理岩体的尺寸效应,但两者之间还缺乏有机联系。基于物理力学试验与细观参数统计分布理论,建立试样尺度的随机概率模型。通过统计宏观节理分布,建立包含随机分布节理的岩体尺度模型。将实验室获得的岩块强度应用于岩体的计算中,提出一种从细观层次、宏观层次的多尺度岩体工程计算方法,建立2种尺度效应的联系。最后,就非均匀性、围压与节理密度对岩石尺寸效应的影响问题展开探讨。随着均值度的增加,试样的特征尺度逐渐减小。随着围压的增大,岩体特征强度逐渐增大,而岩体力学参数的特征尺寸增大不明显。随着节理密度的增大,特征尺寸和相应的特征强度都是减小的。本方法试图建立细观与宏观力学参数之间的桥梁,获得岩体计算的力学参数,为解决工程岩体参数取值与计算提供一条思路。     

Responses of jointed rock masses subjected to impact loading

Impact-induced damage to jointed rock masses has important consequences in various mining and civil engineering applications. This paper reports a numerical investigation to address the responses of jointed rock masses subjected to impact loading. It also focuses on the static and dynamic properties of an intact rock derived from a series of laboratory tests on meta-sandstone samples from a quarry in Nova Scotia, Canada. A distinct element code (PFC2D) was used to generate a bonded particle model (BPM) to simulate both the static and dynamic properties of the intact rock. The calibrated BPM was then used to construct large-scale jointed rock mass samples by incorporating discrete joint networks of multiple joint intensities into the intact rock matrix represented by the BPM. Finally, the impact-induced damage inflicted by a rigid projectile particle on the jointed rock mass samples was determined through the use of the numerical model. The simulation results show that joints play an important role in the impact-induced rock mass damage where higher joint intensity results in more damage to the rock mass. This is mainly attributed to variations of stress wave propagation in jointed rock masses as compared to intact rock devoid of joints.     

随机节理岩体变形与强度参数及其尺寸效应的数值模拟研究

节理岩体力学参数及其尺寸效应一直以来都是岩体研究的热点和难点,但对于基于结构面网络模型进行数值模拟的研究尚未见报道。笔者以小湾坝基卸荷岩体为例,在对现场节理进行大量统计的基础上,分析出节理特征值的分布函数,再运用蒙特卡罗方法建立了其结构面网络模型。在此基础上,利用编制的接口程序和现有的FLAC3D岩土分析软件,实现了对随机节理结构面网络模型的不连续位移数值模拟。模拟结果表明:小湾坝基卸荷岩体变形模量与岩体尺寸的关系服从负指数分布,而强度参数与岩体尺寸的关系基本服从负幂函数分布,其结果与现场斜面载荷试验及经验评估参数结果较为接近。     

Advances in statistical mechanics of rock masses and its engineering applications

To efficiently link the continuum mechanics for rocks with the structural statistics of rock masses,a theoretical and methodological system called the statistical mechanics of rock masses(SMRM)was developed in the past three decades.In SMRM,equivalent continuum models of stressestrain relationship,strength and failure probability for jointed rock masses were established,which were based on the geometric probability models characterising the rock mass structure.This follows the statistical physics,the continuum mechanics,the fracture mechanics and the weakest link hypothesis.A general constitutive model and complete stressestrain models under compressive and shear conditions were also developed as the derivatives of the SMRM theory.An SMRM calculation system was then developed to provide fast and precise solutions for parameter estimations of rock masses,such as full-direction rock quality designation(RQD),elastic modulus,Coulomb compressive strength,rock mass quality rating,and Poisson’s ratio and shear strength.The constitutive equations involved in SMRM were integrated into a FLAC3D based numerical module to apply for engineering rock masses.It is also capable of analysing the complete deformation of rock masses and active reinforcement of engineering rock masses.Examples of engineering applications of SMRM were presented,including a rock mass at QBT hydropower station in northwestern China,a dam slope of Zongo II hydropower station in D.R.Congo,an open-pit mine in Dexing,China,an underground powerhouse of Jinping I hydropower station in southwestern China,and a typical circular tunnel in Lanzhou-Chongqing railway,China.These applications verified the reliability of the SMRM and demonstrated its applicability to broad engineering issues associated with jointed rock masses.     

节理岩体力学参数的选取与应用

在岩块的变形和强度参数及岩体结构面的野外统计窗资料的基础上，利用损伤力学和Hook-Brown准则进行节理岩体力学参数的选取，从而为岩体工程数值模拟提供较可靠的参数。最后，给出了该方法应用于浙江三门核电厂人工边坡数值计算的实例。     

刀具动态作用下节理岩体破坏过程的数值模拟

基于细观损伤力学和动力有限元方法,模拟分析了节理岩体在刀具动态荷载作用下的损伤破裂过程,探讨了节理间距和节理角度的影响。在动力分析模型中,通过考虑黏弹性边界以排除边界应力波反射的影响,提高了计算精度。数值模拟结果表明,节理的存在改变了岩体中应力波的传播模式。一方面,节理面反射的拉伸应力波加剧了节理与刀具间岩体的碎裂;另一方面,软弱节理面破坏吸收了应力波能量,阻碍了应力波向下的传播,减弱了下部岩体的破坏程度。模拟结果还表明,节理间距越小,岩体破坏程度更加明显。倾斜节理的存在使刀具下部的裂纹出现不对称性扩展特征,影响了主裂纹向下扩展的能力,限制了其伸展的空间。节理岩体在刀具动态作用下的破坏过程研究还很少见到,研究结果对于节理岩体动态破坏的机理以及地下工程开挖等实际应用,具有一定的参考价值。     

含优势断续节理组的工程岩体等效遍布节理模型强度参数研究

岩体经历的成岩和构造改造等作用通常使其优势节理组发育,使得工程岩体呈现各向异性特征。本文首先说明当大尺度工程岩体含断续节理组时,岩桥对各向异性强度特征的影响突出。进而指出在采用遍布节理模型描述含优势随机节理的岩体各向异性时,模型中结构面参数为贯通节理的参数,不能直接采用现场断续节理的测试结果,需要进行大尺度岩体各向异性参数等效。然后,提出基于连续方法FLAC3D遍布节理的参数变化吻合非连续方法3DEC揭示的宏观岩体各向异性特征的途径,完成由连续方法间接描述非连续节理岩体各向异性力学行为的等效过程。研究表明,在无法应用解析法估算含随机断续节理岩体宏观参数时,数值试验成为了更有效的途径。采用遍布节理模型描述断续节理岩体各向异性强度特征时,节理强度参数值受断续节理与岩桥的综合影响,等效节理参数高于节理真实参数。此外,在进行等效连续过程中,为保证等效贯通节理导致的岩体强度凹陷与断续节理作用的方向一致,遍布节理模型中节理走向取值应与断续节理走向呈( － )/2夹角。     

含交叉裂隙节理岩体锚固效应及破坏模式

 用相似材料制作含交叉裂隙岩体无锚及加锚试件,以主次裂隙之间角度、锚固位置及锚杆与加载方向之间角度为变化参数制作32组试件,对试件进行单轴压缩试验,研究含交叉裂隙节理岩体的锚固效应及破坏模式。研究表明：在主、次裂隙位置不变的情况下,锚固位置在裂隙交叉点上方或下方时能得到锚固强度最大值,当锚固位置通过裂隙交叉点时,锚固强度不是最大值,但此时锚后试件峰值强度最稳定;大部分含交叉裂隙加锚岩体强度高于含单一裂隙加锚岩体;主、次裂隙夹角影响节理岩体加锚后力学性能,主、次裂隙夹角为30°左右时节理岩体锚固效果最好;锚杆增强了含交叉裂隙节理岩体抵抗裂隙扩展的能力,降低了含交叉裂隙节理岩体劈裂破坏出现的突然性。     

田湾核电厂人工高边坡的三维数值模拟

在对岩体工程进行数值模拟分析时,岩体力学参数的确定是影响分析结果可靠性的关键步骤。由于岩体受结构面的控制,其变形和强度性质由岩块和结构面的性质共同决定。将岩块视为各向同性介质,其参数可由室内试验测得;将岩体中的结构面视为一种初始损伤,岩体变形参数通过岩块参数的损伤折减来确定。同时,利用Hoek-Brown岩体强度参数预测方程,结合RMR分类,通过弱化处理确定岩体的强度参数。将折减后的岩体变形参数和弱化处理后的强度参数用于田湾核电厂人工高边坡的三维数值模拟,对几种开挖方案进行分析对比,为最终设计提供了合理的挖坡角。     

基于原生节理统计和爆破裂纹模拟的堆石料块度分布预测

 水电工程堆石料爆破级配要求高、块度预测难,以岩体原生节理统计和爆破裂纹模拟为切入点,采用现场调查、室内试验、数值仿真和工程检验等方式,开展堆石料爆破块度分布研究,尝试建立一套堆石料爆破块度预测方法。通过现场调查,绘制研究区域的天然节理分布网络图,建立基于原生节理统计的三维节理岩体模型;通过SHPB试验装置获取岩石在冲击荷载作用下的动力学参数,利用Ansys/Ls-Dyna模拟了爆破裂纹的扩展范围;综合原生节理调查信息和爆破裂纹模拟成果,建立调查区域爆后三维节理岩体模型;利用ANSYS输出模型所有岩块的线–面–体数据并编制Matlab块度计算程序,采用基于爆破岩块第5条最长边的块度预测指标,得到调查岩体的预测级配曲线。工程应用表明,综合考虑原生节理和爆破次生裂纹联合切割作用的堆石料级配预测方法基本符合工程实际,且基于爆破岩块第5条最长边指标的级配预测结果要优于等体积球直径指标的级配预测结果,其在江咀料场级配预测中的整体误差为5.5%。研究可为类似工程的堆石料爆破开采提供可借鉴的级配预测手段。     

工程岩体力不参数确定方法的研究

工程岩体力他参数的合理确定是多年来岩石力学界存在的一大难题。为解决该问题,根据何满潮教授提出的工程岩体的连续性理论,建立了工程岩体连续性的概化方法。该方法不仅适用于微观力学和细胞力学介质的连续性判别,也适合于宏观工程岩体的连续性问题。在此基础上,提出了工程岩体学参数确定方法,即根据室内完整岩块实验参数,结合野外工程岩体结构特点进行计算机数值模拟实验,从而确定工程岩体力学参数的新方法。所给出的正交节理化岩体的实验结果,展示了新理论、新方法的广阔应用前景。     

含节理岩石试件的卸荷变形特性研究

 开展含节理岩石试件在主应力差卸载路径下的变形特性试验,试验发现：(1) 恒定s3减小s1卸载主应力差过程中,完整岩石卸载变形曲线与加载变形曲线基本重合,但节理试件加卸载变形曲线表现出较大差异,且卸载后试件轴向和环向均出现较大残余应变;(2) 按照2种不同路径卸载主应力差时,含节理试件变形特征存在很大差异。为从理论上研究含节理试件变形特征并解释上述试验现象,建立节理加卸载本构模型,并提出确定模型参数的方法。研究表明：用节理面加载与卸载变形特征的差异,从理论和试验结果两方面能很好地解释含节理岩石试件加卸载变形特性的差异以及在不同卸荷应力路径下的变形差异。研究成果可以反映含单组节理岩体的加卸载变形特性。     

不规则柱状节理网络随机模拟方法研究

现场调研发现,不规则柱状节理岩体柱列横截面为不同边数多边形镶嵌组合图形。为了生成不规则柱状节理网络,基于voronoi图生成原理建立了不规则柱状节理岩体柱列横截面镶嵌组合图形的随机模拟方法,即:先将不规则柱状节理岩体区域假设为矩形区域,确定该矩形区域的范围,然后在该区域内采用随机函数生成一定数量的随机点,通过控制镶嵌组合图形不同边数多边形的比例对随机点进行筛选,得到生成voronoi图所需数据点,然后采用delaunay三角剖分算法生成voronoi图,即为所需不规则柱状节理岩体柱列横截面镶嵌组合图形,再在CAD软件中对该镶嵌组合图形进行编辑处理,即可得到不规则柱状节理网络三维模型,可为后续3D打印柱状节理网络实体模型和建立不规则柱状节理网络数值计算几何模型提供支撑。最后,以Giant's Causeway典型柱状节理岩体为例进行其柱列横截面镶嵌组合图形随机模拟,初步验证了上述方法的可靠性。     

二维应力场作用下岩体弹性波速与衰减特性研究

基于岩体在二维应力场作用下的节理变形分析,运用节理变形对岩体中节理体积率的改变,建立节理对岩体中弹性波传播影响的等效模型,从而推导节理岩体在应力场作用下的弹性波传播速度和衰减随应力的变化关系。为检验理论公式的可靠性,对2组含裂缝的石膏模型进行弹性波测试,试验测试结果表明,理论计算结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性。     

YXSW–12现场岩体真三轴试验系统及其应用

 介绍了长江科学院与长春朝阳试验仪器有限公司联合研制的YXSW–12现场岩体真三轴试验系统,该试验系统具有如下功能：(1) 能够开展现场岩体真三轴试验(?2≠?3);(2) 可以提供15 MPa稳定围压,最大轴压达80 MPa;(3) 试样尺寸为50 cm×50 cm×100 cm,能表征现场大尺度岩体力学特征;(4) 能实现复杂应力路径伺服控制;(5) 能获取试样变形、破坏全过程曲线。将YXSW–12试验系统用于研究柱状节理玄武岩力学特性,取得良好的效果,成果如下：(1) 获得不同应力水平下岩体各向异性变形参数;(2) 得到原岩样在卸围压路径的峰值强度、屈服强度,获得试样在卸围压路径与加载路径下的残余强度,明确了不同类型强度参数之间的差异;(3) 了解柱状节理玄武岩在三维应力状态下的破坏机制,认识到岩体的破坏形式主要是在柱状节理面基础上的进一步扩展和贯通。YXSW–12试验系统的成功研制,为深入研究工程岩体在高应力、复杂应力路径条件下的变形、强度及破坏特征提供新的手段。     

节理岩体边坡模糊稳定性分析方法研究

节理岩体边坡失稳破坏同时受控于节理与岩体抗剪强度。在对具有两组平行节理的岩体边坡失稳破坏机制研究基础上，探讨节理岩体边坡几何物理参数为模糊数情况下边坡稳定性评价的分析方法，给出节理岩体边坡模糊安全系数的计算公式，编制基于潜在滑动面自动搜索边坡模糊稳定性研究程序。算例研究成果表明，采用模糊分析方法可以对节理岩体边坡稳定性有更全面客观的了解，能为潜在不稳定边坡的稳定性评价和锚杆设计等提供重要的参考依据，避免发生由于计算参数不确定性引起的加固节理岩体边坡破坏情况。     

节理岩体力学参数取值研究

本文提出了一种确定节理岩体力学参数的计算机模拟试验法。该法基于节理裂隙的野外勘探资料建立岩体的损伤断裂模型,可在计算机上模拟计算实际试验过程,获得应力-应变全过程曲线和岩体变形模量、抗剪强度参数的各自异性特征。文中具体研究了拉西瓦工程岩体参数的取值问题。     

Strength of massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses

The Hoek-Brown(HB) failure criterion and the geological strength index(GSI) were developed for the estimation of rock mass strength in jointed and blocky ground where rock mass failure is dominated by sliding along open joints and rotation of rock blocks. In massive, veined and moderately jointed rock in which rock blocks cannot form without failure of intact rock, the approach to obtain HB parameters must be modified. Typical situations when these modifications are required include the design of pillars,excavation and cavern stability, strainburst potential assessment, and tunnel support in deep underground conditions(around s1/s ci 0.15, where s1 is the major principal compressive stress and s ciis the unconfined compressive strength of the homogeneous rock) in hard brittle rocks with GSI ! 65. In this article, the strength of massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses is investigated, and an approach is presented to estimate the rock mass strength envelope using laboratory data from uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength tests without reliance on the HB-GSI equations. The data from tests on specimens obtained from massive to moderately jointed heterogeneous(veined) rock masses are used to obtain the rock and rock mass strengths at confining stress ranges that are relevant for deep tunnelling and mining;and a methodology is presented for this purpose from laboratory data alone. By directly obtaining the equivalent HB rock mass strength envelope for massive to moderately jointed rock from laboratory tests,the HB-GSI rock mass strength estimation approach is complemented for conditions where the GSIequations are not applicable. Guidance is also provided on how to apply the proposed approach when laboratory test data are not or not yet available.     

断续节理岩体强度与破坏特征的数值模拟研究

基于细观统计损伤数值模型,通过改变包含单组节理岩体的节理倾角、节理台阶角、层距d和岩桥长度l_r,建立不同节理分布的断续节理岩体数值试样,展开系列数值试验,模拟了节理岩体的破坏过程,探讨了节理结构几何参数和应力水平对破坏模式以及岩体力学参数的影响规律。研究结果表明,断续节理岩体破坏模式共分为4种：沿节理面破坏、转动块体破坏、台阶状破坏和混合破坏。沿节理面破坏与台阶状破坏的岩体峰值强度高、破坏应变大,转动破坏的岩体峰值强度低、破坏应变小。随着节理倾角的增大,岩体力学行为表现出脆性破坏—渐进破坏—脆性破坏的循环过程。随着应力水平的增加,岩体破坏区域由中间向端部扩展,并且对于强度的提高有显著作用,但提高水平随围压增加而降低。节理台阶角对于=90°时的破坏形式影响较大,由台阶状破坏转变为转动块体破坏,层距d对阶梯状破坏模式影响较小,对转动破坏模式影响较大,岩桥长度l_r不影响破坏模式,但对面破坏与台阶状破坏模式的峰值强度、破坏应变影响较大。通过对比,模拟结果与物理试验规律一致,但数值模拟结果可以清晰获得节理岩体中应力场分布、裂纹起裂点与扩展方向、破坏图像等,有利于分析其内在破坏规律与机理。