超临界CO2萃取鹤草芽浸膏的研究

研究利用超临界CO2从鹤草芽中萃取鹤草芽浸膏的工艺条件,考察了温度,压力,萃取剂用量等对浸膏收率的影响,结果表明,用超临界CO2从鹤草芽中萃取鹤草芽浸膏的最佳萃取工艺条件为：温度35－40℃,压力16MPa,萃取剂用量,每组实验300L左右。     

超临界二氧化碳萃取大蒜油实验研究

建立了一套超临界流体萃取实验装置,系统研究了超临界二氧化碳萃取大蒜油的实验工艺,考察了萃取压力、萃取温度、流体流量以及原料厚度对大蒜油收率的影响,确定了各因素对萃取率指标影响的主次程度依次为:压力、流体流量、原料厚度、温度;确定了实验范围内的最佳萃取工艺条件为:压力25MPa、温度40℃、CO2流量0.3～0.4m3·h-1、大蒜厚度1～0.5mm。     

超临界CO2流体萃取中华雪胆中齐墩果酸的研究

采用正交实验优化中华雪胆中齐墩果酸的萃取工艺条件,考察了萃取压力、温度、时间、CO2流量、夹带剂种类及用量对萃取率的影响,确定了超临界CO2流体萃取中华雪胆中齐墩果酸的最佳条件如下:萃取压力40 MPa,萃取温度55℃,无水乙醇为夹带剂,用量为5%,萃取时间为2 h,CO2流量为20kg·h1.与传统有机溶剂提取法相比,用超临界CO2流体萃取齐墩果酸,不仅方法简便、安全,而且提取的选择性与效率更高.     

超临界CO2萃取β-胡萝卜素的工艺研究

对超临界CO2萃取胡萝卜中β-胡萝卜素的工艺进行了实验研究.用L9(34)正交实验研究了萃取压力、CO2流量、原料粒径、萃取温度等因素对萃取效果的影响,且对夹带剂的用量进行了研究与探讨.实验结果表明,4个因素中对提取率影响大小依次为压力＞流量＞粒径＞温度,适宜的超临界萃取条件为萃取压力40 MPa,CO2流量10kg·h,原料粒径为40目,萃取温度40℃,此条件下的提取率为30.25×104.夹带剂可明显提高萃取率,适宜的夹带剂添加量为40 mL.此外还将超临界萃取与有机溶剂提取进行了比较,效果均优于有机溶剂.     

超临界萃取花生中主要成分的研究

采用超临界CO2萃取花生油脂中主要成分,研究了萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间和夹带剂用量等对萃取率的影响。结果表明,在CO2流量为10~12 L/h的前提下,最佳工艺条件是:萃取温度45℃,萃取压力30 MPa,萃取时间2.0 h,夹带剂用量20 mL。在此条件下,花生油脂的萃取率可达50.39%。影响提取率的主次因素为萃取压力萃取时间萃取温度夹带剂用量。     

提取花生壳中多酚类物质

采用超临界CO₂萃取技术,研究了从花生壳中提取多酚类物质的工艺。对影响超临界CO₂萃取多酚的各种因素进行了单因素试验研究,得到较适宜的萃取工艺条件为:萃取温度60℃、萃取时间2 h、萃取压力20 MPa、夹带剂用80%乙醇(体积分数,其用量为每克原料4 mL)。在上述较适宜的萃取工艺条件下,多酚类物质得率为6.19%。     

植物提取工艺

超临界CO2萃取大蒜油 福建卫生职业技术学院研究出超临界CO2萃取大蒜油的工艺。研究人员通过正交实验，确定了大蒜油的最佳提取工艺条件，即提取温度为35℃、提取压力为20mPa、CO2、每小时流量为30L、提取时间为3h是最佳的提取条件，其中，提取温度是关键的影响因素。在最佳提取条件下，大蒜油提取率达到0．35％，且杂质少，是有效的风味萃取方法。     

超临界CO2流体萃取大黄游离蒽醌的研究

研究了带夹带剂的超临界流体萃取大黄中的五种有效蒽醌类物质(大黄酚、大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸和大黄素甲醚)的工艺,考察了萃取条件(温度和压力)、CO2流量、萃取时间、夹带剂种类等对大黄游离蒽醌萃取率的影响.通过正交实验对萃取釜条件(萃取压力、温度和夹带剂用量)进行了优化;采用液相色谱对萃取产物进行了分析.结果表明,分离釜的温度和压力、CO2流量等对萃取效率影响较小;最佳工艺条件为静萃取时间为60 min、动萃取时间为30 min、以乙醇作夹带剂、乙醇用量300 mL·(100g大黄)-1、萃取温度45℃、萃取压力45 MPa.在此条件下大黄游离蒽醌的萃取量达1.15%.     

双频超声强化超临界流体萃取黄酮类化合物

通过单因素和正交实验研究,对双频超声交替强化超临界流体萃取黄酮类化合物的工艺进行了优化设计。实验结果表明,影响萃取得率的各因素强烈程度顺序是:夹带剂用量>超声频率>萃取温度>萃取压力>超声功率;本实验条件下的最佳萃取实验工艺条件为萃取温度50℃,萃取压力20 MPa,夹带剂用量2 mL/g,超声频率20 KHz,超声功率150 W。     

超临界CO2萃取西藏红景天有效成分的工艺研究

以西藏红景天根茎为原料,通过单因素与正交实验探讨了西藏红景天有效成分的超临界CO2萃取工艺.结果表明,超临界CO2萃取西藏红景天影响因素次序为夹带剂体积分数＞萃取温度＞萃取压力＞萃取时间.最佳萃取工艺条件为:夹带剂体积分数85%,萃取温度55℃,萃取压力30 MPa,萃取时间2 h.此条件下红景天萃取物得率为5.65%.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。