BISPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF THE CUTTING PROCESS

A higher order spectral analysis of the cutting process is presented with the purpose of indicating the chatter. First, the information contents of the cutting force components are compared using a bicoherence estimator. The analysis reveals that all three components are equally informative. Additionally, the magnitude bispectrum's and the bicoherence's estimator efficiency in identifying chatter is studied with respect to three different cutting regimes. In two of the regimes, which are denoted as strong and weak chatter, several interactions between spectral components in both the magnitude bispectra and bicoherence estimators are outstanding. This suggests the presence of quadratic-type non-linearities in the dynamics of chatter. In the third chatter-free regime of cutting, the magnitude bispectrum and bicoherence estimators reflect almost insignificant interactions between spectral components. It is shown that both magnitude bispectrum and bicoherence estimators identify this reduction in the quadratic-type non-linearities. However, using the magnitude bispectrum is numerically slightly more efficient when compared to the bicoherence estimator, since calculating the magnitude bispectrum is numerically less demanding. Since only short time series of data are available for on-line characterization, the amount of averaging is often insufficient when calculating estimators. This leads to unreliable values of the estimators. In the present work we try to overcome this problem by utilising a combination of a standard segment and additional inner triangle averaging. This approach decreases the sensitivity of the estimator values to the small changes of input parameters. The presented combination is then applied in the bicoherence analysis of the cutting process.     

A novel chatter stability criterion for the modelling and simulation of the dynamic milling process in the time domain

The modelling of the dynamic processes in milling and the determination of chatter-free cutting conditions are becoming increasingly important in order to facilitate the effective planning of machining operations. In this study, a new chatter stability criterion is proposed, which can be used for a time domain milling process simulation and a model-based milling process control. A predictive time domain model is presented for the simulation and analysis of the dynamic cutting process and chatter in milling. The instantaneous undeformed chip thickness is modelled to include the dynamic modulations caused by the tool vibrations so that the dynamic regeneration effect is taken into account. The cutting force is determined by using a predictive machining theory. A numerical method is employed to solve the differential equations governing the dynamics of the milling system. The work proposes that the ratio of the predicted maximum dynamic cutting force to the predicted maximum static cutting force can be used as a criterion for the chatter stability. Comparisons between the simulation and experimental results are given to verify the new model.     

Permutation entropy based real-time chatter detection using audio signal in turning process

Machine tool chatter is an unfavorable phenomenon during metal cutting, which results in heavy vibration of cutting tool. With increase in depth of cut, the cutting regime changes from chatter-free cutting to one with chatter. In this paper, we propose the use of permutation entropy (PE), a conceptually simple and computationally fast measurement to detect the onset of chatter from the time series using sound signal recorded with a unidirectional microphone. PE can efficiently distinguish the regular and complex nature of any signal and extract information about the dynamics of the process by indicating sudden change in its value. Under situations where the data sets are huge and there is no time for preprocessing and fine-tuning, PE can effectively detect dynamical changes of the system. This makes PE an ideal choice for online detection of chatter, which is not possible with other conventional nonlinear methods. In the present study, the variation of PE under two cutting conditions is analyzed. Abrupt variation in the value of PE with increase in depth of cut indicates the onset of chatter vibrations. The results are verified using frequency spectra of the signals and the nonlinear measure, normalized coarse-grained information rate (NCIR).     

Chatter stability prediction for high-speed milling through a novel experimental-analytical approach

Chatter prediction is crucial in high-speed milling, since at high speed, a significant increase of productivity can be achieved by selecting optimal set of chatter-free cutting parameters. However, chatter predictive models show reduced accuracy at high speed due to machine dynamics, acquired in stationary condition (i.e., without spindle rotating), but changing with spindle speed. This paper proposes a hybrid experimental-analytical approach to identify tool-tip frequency response functions during cutting operations, with the aim of improving chatter prediction at high speed. The method is composed of an efficient test and an analytical identification technique based on the inversion of chatter predictive model. The proposed technique requires few cutting tests and a microphone to calculate speed-dependent chatter stability in a wide range of spindle speed, without the need of stationary frequency response function (FRF) identification. Numerical and experimental validations are presented to show the method implementation and assess its accuracy. As proven in the paper, computed speed-dependent tool-tip FRF in a specific configuration (i.e., slotting) can be used to predict chatter occurrence in any other conditions with the same tool.     

Prediction of regenerative chatter in the high-speed vertical milling of thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy

With the wide application of high-speed cutting technology, high-speed machining approach of titanium alloy has become one of the most effective ways to improve processing efficiency and to reduce the processing cost, but the cutting chatter which often occurs in the cutting process not only affects the machining surface quality but also reduces the production efficiency. Regenerative chatter is a typical phenomenon during actual cutting, and it has the greatest impact on the cutting process. With the purpose of avoiding regenerative chatter and selecting appropriate cutting parameters to achieve a steady cutting process and a high surface quality, it is necessary to determine the critical boundary conditions where chatter occurs. Built on the work of previous theoretical researches of regenerative chatter, this paper utilized Visual C++ software to calculate the chatter stability domain during the finish machining of titanium alloy. It was shown that the border between a stable cut and an unstable cut can be visualized in terms of the axial depth of cut as a function of the spindle speed. Using the result, it can find the specific combination of machining parameters, which lead to the maximum chatter-free material removal rate. In order to verify the result, the high-speed milling experiment of an I-shaped thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy was conducted. It revealed that the actual machining result was consistent with the calculation prediction. This study will offer a useful guide for effective parameter selection in future CNC machining applications.     

切削颤振模型及机理研究

提出了同时考虑工件系统和刀具系统对切削颤振影响的２自由度切削系统模型,用此模型解释了双频颤振和单频颤振产生的机理,提出了产生的条件,并进行了试验验证。     

Image processing for chatter identification in machining processes

Identifying chatter or intensive self-excited relative tool–workpiece vibration is one of the main challenges in the realization of automatic machining processes. Chatter is undesirable because it causes poor surface finish and machining accuracy, as well as reducing tool life. The identification of chatter is performed by evaluating the surface roughness of a turned workpiece undergoing chatter and chatter-free processes. In this paper, an image-processing approach for the identification of chatter vibration in a turning process was investigated. Chatter is identified by first establishing the correlation between the surface roughness and the level of vibration or chatter in the turning process. Images from chatter-free and chatter-rich turning processes are analyzed. Several quantification parameters are utilized to differentiate between chatter and chatter-free processes. The arithmetic average of gray level G _a is computed. Intensity histograms are constructed and then the variance, mean, and optical roughness parameter of the intensity distributions are calculated. The surface texture analysis is carried out on the images using a second-order histogram or co-occurrence matrix of the images. Analysis is performed to investigate the ability of each technique to differentiate between a chatter-rich and a chatter-free process. Finally, a machine vision system is proposed to identify the presence of chatter vibration in a turning process.     

Fast prediction of chatter stability lobe diagram for milling process using frequency response function or modal parameters

Prediction of chatter stability is important for planning and optimization of machining process in order to improve machining efficiency and reduce machining damage. Based on the classical analytical solution of chatter stability for milling process and in-depth analysis of the impact of modal parameters on the stability lobe diagram, a straight forward procedure for fast predicting stability lobe diagram directly using modal parameters of machining system was put forward. In consideration of the fact that the modal parameters of milling system can be estimated directly from the frequency response function using single DOF modal parameter estimation method, stability lobe diagram can be plotted directly using the tool tip’s frequency response function. The machining performances of a machining center with three different cutting tools were evaluated and the corresponding optimized cutting conditions were determined. The correctness of the proposed method was validated by good agreement of the predicted stability lobe diagram with that using the classical analytical method, and simulation results show that its calculation speed had been improved by 2–3 orders of magnitude. As a result, the proposed method of plotting stability lobe diagram using frequency response function can be utilized as an effective tool to select chatter-free cutting conditions in shop floor applications.     

高速铣削时颤振的诊断和稳定加工区域的预报

给出一种通过测量加工过程中的噪声来诊断高速铣削时颤振的方法.先测量环境噪声,然后测量加工噪声.理论分析和试验结果表明,如果加工噪声的主谐振频率接近其中一个环境噪声主谐振频率或者是齿频的整数倍,那么系统无颤振,否则有颤振.建立系统结构和铣削过程动力学特征参数的数学模型.根据测出的颤振频率,通过所建模型可解出系统的固有频率、阻尼比和过程参数,并计算出稳定极限曲线.试验证明,该方法能较好地预报高速铣削时的稳定加工区域.     

分离型超声波振动切削消减颤振的机理

分析了分离型超声波振动切削动态切削力特征,提出了分离型超声波振动切削消减颤振的机理,并用实验验证了消减颤振的物理根源和切削动力学解析。     

FUZZY STABILITY ANALYSIS OF MODE COUPLING CHATTER ON CUTTING PROCESS

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Hybrid model- and signal-based chatter detection in the milling process

Chatter causes machining instability and reduces productivity in the metal cutting process. It has negative effects on the surface finish, dimensional accuracy, tool life and machine life. Chatter identification is therefore necessary to control, prevent, or eliminate chatter and to determine the stable machining condition. Previous studies of chatter detection used either model-based or signal-based methods, and each of them has its drawback. Model-based methods use cutting dynamics to develop stability lobe diagram to predict the occurrence of chatter, but the off-line stability estimation couldn’t detect chatter in real time. Signal-based methods apply mostly Fourier analysis to the cutting or vibration signals to identify chatter, but they are heuristic methods and do not consider the cutting dynamics. In this study, the model-based and signal-based chatter detection methods were thoroughly investigated. As a result, a hybrid model- and signal-based chatter detection method was proposed. By analyzing the residual between the force measurement and the output of the cutting force model, milling chatter could be detected and identified efficiently during the milling process.

     

切削的稳定界与颤振预报

在文献[1]的基础上,本文导出了无再生颤振、再生颤振及特殊情况下再生颤振的切削稳定界及绝对稳定界公式。指了Tobais公式、Tlusty公式不妥文中指出,k的研究是不完备的。目前许多关于k的说法与事实和实验不符。文中提供了切削与磨擦颤振的统一问题。根据本文给出的公式,作者较成功地预报了切削颤振的发生,因而公式对建立CAM数据库有指导意义。     

Chatter stability of micro end milling by considering process nonlinearities and process damping

The micro end milling uses the miniature tools to fabricate complexity microstructures at high rotational speeds. The regenerative chatter, which causes tool wear and poor machining quality, is one of the challenges needed to be solved in the micro end milling process. In order to predict the chatter stability of micro end milling, this paper proposes a cutting forces model taking into account the process nonlinearities caused by tool run-out, trajectory of tool tip and intermittency of chip formation, and the process damping effect in the ploughing-dominant and shearing-dominant regimes. Since the elasto-plastic deformation of micro end milling leads to large process damping which will affect the process stability, the process damping is also included in the cutting forces model. The micro end milling process is modeled as a two degrees of freedom system with the dynamic parameters of tool-machine system obtained by the receptance coupling method. According to the calculated cutting forces, the time-domain simulation method is extended to predict the chatter stability lobes diagrams. Finally, the micro end milling experiments of cutting forces and machined surface quality have been investigated to validate the accuracy of the proposed model.     

变速切削的研究

本文主要讨论变速切削的减振原理以及变速参数对减振效果的影响。     

变速切削方法的减振原理

在深入研究机床加工系统在变频激励力作用下振动响应规律的基础上,系统地论述了变速切削方法的减振原理。理论分析和试验结果表明,变速切削过程的振动响应是机床加工系统在变频激励力作用下的振动响应,它远比在恒频激励力作用下的振动响应小,这是变速切削方法之所以具有显著减振效果的最为本质的减振机理。     

Chatter stability prediction in milling using time-varying uncertainties

The chatter stability in milling severely affects productivity and quality of machining. Tool wear causes both the cutting coefficient and the process damping coefficient, but also other parameters to change with cutting time. This variation greatly reduces the accuracy of chatter prediction using conventional methods. To solve this problem, we consider the cutting coefficients of the milling system to be both random and time-varying variables and we use the gamma process to predict cutting coefficients for different cutting times. In this paper, a time-varying reliability analysis is introduced to predict chatter stability and chatter reliability in milling. The relationship between stability and reliability is investigated for given depths and spindle speeds in the milling process. We also study the time-varying chatter stability and time-varying chatter reliability methods theoretically and with experiments. The results of this study show that the proposed method can be used to predict chatter with high accuracy for different cutting times.     

一种新的临界稳定公式及其绝对稳定切削判据

1. The transfer function of .chatter and its extend results. Experiments show that when chatter is excited, the dynamic cutting forces in cross directions are linearly related, i. e. Fc (S) = aFd (S). Here Fc (S) and Fd (S) are individualy the cross force and direct force, a is the linear factor. So the transfer function of the structure is Gd(S)+aGc(S), Gd(S) and Gc(S) are individually direct dynamic compliance and cross one. Therefore, the transfer fuction of the cutting chatter loop should be A system which can be calculated as a single degree of freedom has been designed by the authors for the test. Its damping ratio can be adjusted from 0.03 to 0.8. When chatter is just excited, μ = 0 and the natural damping ratio of the structure just offset by the cutting damping ratio. The results of measuring shows the latter ratio is-0.18. According to the for-mula (3), we can get critical cutting width 21.9mm, and the test value is 20.5mm. But the value of Tlusty formula is 26.97mm.The confirming test has proved the theory and the formulas in this paper are correct. They show that the absolutly stability criterion is not only related to the maxmum dynamic negative part of the real compliance of the structure but also to the maxmum negative coefficient of cutting damping force and the frequency of the chatter. The test show the formula (3) can be used for forecasting the cutting clatter.     

OPTIMAL CONTROL OF CNC CUTTING PROCESS

The intelligent optimizing method of cutting parameters and the cutting stable districts searching method are set up. The cutting parameters of each cutting pass could be optimized automatically, the cutting chatter is predicted through setting up the dynamic cutting force AR(2) model on-line, the spindle rotation speed is adjusted according to the predicting results so as to ensure the cutting system work in stable district.