Performance evaluation of medium access control for multiple-beam antenna nodes in a wireless LAN

We consider the medium access control (MAC) protocol design for nodes in a wireless LAN that use a wide-azimuth switched beam smart antenna system comprised of a multiple beam antenna array. The one-hop performance of carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) as well as slotted aloha for such a system is presented analytically and through simulation. The problem of synchronization of multiple beams in CSMA is investigated in our analysis. Our results show that, under heavy offered load conditions, CSMA is a good choice with nodes that have multiple-beam smart antennas, despite the performance loss due to the beam synchronization, providing a stable throughput that approaches unity and is invariant to fluctuations in the offered load. Slotted Aloha, on the other hand, is capable of higher peak throughput in a narrow range of offered loads as more switched beams are employed, but performance drastically reduces beyond optimum offered loads. We also introduce a method, expanded receive rule (ERR), whereby the tight synchronization among different beams of a receiver node in CSMA is relaxed, which is observed to provide better throughput. Finally, we also present performance results for a 4-way-handshake-type carrier sense mechanism using multiple beam antennas.     

一种新的介质访问控制方法

针对以太网流行的星形拓扑布线结构，提出了一种新的共享介质无冲突访问控制方法，这种方法在低负荷时等同于CSMA／CD，高负荷时效率比环网效率更高。特点是要发送数据则立即发送，由集线器避免冲突。     

Fuzzy logic-based performance improvement on MAC layer in wireless local area networks

There are many studies that have been done to improve the quality of service of wireless local area networks (WLANs). Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) WLAN are based on IEEE 802.11 protocol. The 802.11e medium access control (MAC) protocol is generally recommended for efficient quality of service in WLANs. There are many parameters in the MAC protocol that affect quality of services. Among these parameters, request to send threshold value (RSTV), fragmentation threshold value (FTV) and buffer size (BS) directly affect network performance. RSTV is used in the request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS) mechanism in the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol for collision prevention. This parameter specifies the threshold used to activate the CSMA/CA protocol. FTV is another parameter that is used to send large-sized packets by dividing them into appropriate fragments during CSMA/CA transmission and reduces packet loss in WLAN. BS is another parameter that has a significant cost in the CSMA/CA model and also directly affects the performance. In this article, to improve the performance of WLANs, OPNET Modeler was used and ideal values were obtained for RSTV, FTV and BS by using fuzzy logic-based method. The values obtained by fuzzy logic were re-tested in OPNET Modeler, and the achieved improvement was as follows: for delay 36–38%, for load 2–10% and for throughput 25–44%, respectively. Thus, in WLANs, performance was improved by using fuzzy logic-based method.

     

Performance evaluation of client-server systems

A client-server system is a distributed system where a server station receives requests from its client stations, processes the requests and returns replies to the requesting stations. The authors consider client-server systems in which a set of workstations access a file server over a local area network. The systems are modelled by a class of stochastic Petri nets. The mean response time, the throughput and the parametric sensitivities are evaluated for a client-server system based on token ring network and a system based on CSMA/CD network. These models are different from the prevalent performance models of token ring or CSMA/CD network systems because of the message interdependencies introduced by the clients-server structure. An approximate analytic-numeric method rather than simulation is used to solve the models. The solution method and the accuracy of approximation are also discussed     

基于工业以太网的实时控制性能分析

以太网应用于工业网络控制系统是控制网络的发展方向，但它采用的CSMA/CD媒体访问机理，对于一些时间要求严格的控制过程会造成响应时间的不确定性。在工业网络中采用交换以太网可以消除传统共享以太网中存在的网络操作的不确定性，从而有效提高网络控制系统的控制性能。该文从理论上分析并计算工业以太网的最大通信延时，通过伺服二阶PID数字网络控制系统实例，定量分析网络协议和网络负载对网络控制性能参数的影响，为网络控制系统的设计提供了理论分析依据。     

基于虚拟令牌的自适应实时以太网络构建

CSMA/CD型Token Bus分别是总线网络中采用的竞争策略、无冲突策略的经典信道获取技术。前者在轻载荷下时延较小，却在重载荷下因信道仲裁开销过大使各项性能急剧变差，后者虽在重载荷下有相对确定的时延，但在轻载荷时却时延较大。该文引入一种自适应机制,使网络在轻载荷下运行CSMA/CD协议，而在重载荷下自动转换为Token Bus策略，并通过在应用层配置所编写的协议模块，使传统的非确定性以太网成为自适应实时以太网。     

Multirate voice coding for load control on CSMA/CD local computer networks

A study of mixed voice and data on a local area network using Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is presented. The study determined the feasibility of applying multirate voice coding to control the traffic intensity on the network. By decreasing the voice coding rate for short periods of time (and thus the voice quality) when network traffic increases, a larger number of voice users can be realized. The premise is that short term voice quality can be traded for increased throughput on a CSMA/CD network. Collisions per millisecond was found to give a good indication of the traffic on the network. A feedback equation is used to set the voice coding rate, based on the measured collisions per millisecond. The coding rate determined from the feedback equation is rounded to one of four possible coding rates; other rates are clearly possible. The voice coding rates chosen were 48, 40, 32, and 24 kilo-bits-per-second. The simulation results show that additional voice users can be added to a 1 mega-bit-per-second network when the multirate algorithm is used.Results are given relating the packet delay to the collisions per millisecond. A comparison between multirate and non-multirate is given. An indication of the voice quality for the multirate system is also discussed. The multirate load control algorithm provides a way to increase the amount of voice traffic on a CSMA/CD network.     

CSMA/CD LANs with overload detection and protection

Classic Markovian models for CSMA/CD LANs are modified to handle a finite number of stations with dissimilar arrival rates among the stations. Simple rules are derived for overload detection and protection of a CSMA/CD LAN. It is demonstrated that a station can correctly determine the total network load and decide whether the medium is currently overloaded or not. A fair share algorithm is suggested for every station in a CSMA/CD LAN to protect the medium from being overloaded. With proper overload protection, it is shown that the expected penalty due to collisions for each successful transmission is geometrically distributed. In conclusion, this analysis shows that the performance of CSMA/CD LANs is significantly better than predicted by simpler models and it can be improved by a simple modification to the standard CSMA/CD protocol.     

实时通信系统的网络存取协议

本文提出一种基于ＣＳＭＡ／ＣＤ方法新型网络存取协议,为了评价本协议的性能做了大量的仿真实验,并将传统的ＣＳＭＡ／ＣＤ,ＶＴＣＳＭＡ／ＣＤ－Ｌ和ＰＢＣＳＭＡ／ＣＤ三种协议的性能进行了比较。结果表明,ＰＢＣＳＭＡ／ＣＤ协议性能良好。     

基于令牌的无线工业控制网络的信道接入控制

针对无线工业控制网络(WICN)的实时性和可靠性要求,在分析了几种常见的无线局域网的MAC协议(MACA、MA-CAW和IEEE802.11)的不足后,提出了一种基于令牌控制的MAC协议.并且还详细介绍了该协议中的令牌恢复机制、优先级机制和数据帧确认机制,并利用离散事件仿真平台OMNeT 对该协议和CSMA/CA协议进行了仿真对比试验.仿真结果表明,该协议保证了信道接入的公平性,减少了数据传输时延,增强了数据传输的可靠性,适用于无线工业控制网络.     

DLSOMAC:一个面向分布式无线链路调度技术的MAC协议

无线网络分布式链路调度技术通过发掘无线传输间的复用达到提高吞吐量的目的. 链路调度策略的形成需要节点间公平地交互含有如节点ID、队列长度等信息的短报文,并且这些短报文同步传输,导致信道拥挤.由于存在信道空闲侦听开销,在拥挤信道中频繁后退,以及隐藏终端和暴露终端的问题,传统的CSMA/CA (Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance)协议传输性能低下,难以为分布式无线链路调度技术服务. 针对链路调度策略形成期间报文短、信道拥挤以及公平性要求的挑战.提出了一个简单的随机MAC (Media access control)协议DLSOMAC (Distributed link scheduling oriented MAC). DLSOMAC协议没有信道侦听过程,以降低短报文的传输延迟开销;基于分布式息票收集算法,均匀分散传输时刻来降低冲撞概率和提高公平性,以满足分布式链路调度技术对MAC层的需求.用排队论分析了DLSOMAC的报文传输延迟性能.仿真实验表明, 在短报文情况下,无论网络负载轻重与否, DLSOMAC协议的报文传输延迟明显优于CSMA/CA,并且报文越短,性能相对越好.即使在长报文的情况下,当网络负载很重时, DLOSMAC协议也稍优于CSMA/CA协议,适合于为自组织网络的分布式链路调度技术服务.     

A priority media access control protocol for video communication support on CSMA/CD LANs

Real-time multimedia communication applications demand performance requirements which differ significantly from conventional data communication applications. Current local area networks (LANs) provide efficient transport for bursty data traffic; however, they cannot necessarily provide quality of service guarantees for real-time communications. In this work we introduce and investigate an experimental priority protocol for supporting real-time communication on Ethernet, a popular implementation of multiple-access broadcast bus LANs. We examine the new protocol, known as Priority Mode-CSMA/CD (PM-CSMA/CD), providing a high priority (HP) class with CSMA/CD employed for standard priority (SP) traffic. PM-CSMA/CD performance is examined through computer simulation of videotelephony workstations operating over the shared bus LAN. Over all observed traffic conditions, the priority protocol provides performance satisfying real-time packet transport requirements of audio and video streams. The primary advantage of our protocol over similar priority schemes is its physical layer compatibility with standard CSMA/CD. The protocol also provides improved channel utilization with increasing high priority load, with no penalty in SP class performance at low to medium network loads.     

IEEE802.15.6无线体域网CSMA/CA接入机制建模与性能分析

无线体域网是由附着在人体表的可穿戴传感器或植入人体内的生物传感器组成的无线网络.IEEE 802.15工作组于2012年正式发布了用于无线体域网的IEEE 802.15.6通信标准.该标准面向窄带通信主要采用支持QoS区分服务的时隙CSMA/CA接入机制.为深入理解该机制的内在特性,利用Markov链对饱和状态下的退避过程进行建模,并在此基础上分析了各个优先级的吞吐量、成功收包率和延迟等性能.仿真结果验证了模型分析的准确性.分析和仿真结果表明,该标准为不同优先级提供了区分服务,但在饱和状态下最高优先级会抢占大部分信道资源,造成其他优先级的资源短缺.     

WLAN中隐藏站点和暴露站点问题研究

MAC层的工作机制是决定局域网整体性能的关键因素。针对WLAN MAC层存在的隐藏站点和暴露站点两个主要问题．提出了分布式协调功能（DCF）和点协调功能（PCF）两种有效的解决方法．并结合CSMA／CA介质访问控制协议分别分析了每一种解决方法的实现原理．最后通过一个应用实例说明了其应用特点。     

有效减小时延的自适应p-坚持CSMA协议研究

针对一些对实时性要求较高而数据吞吐量不高的网络服务,提出一种有效减小时延的自适应p-坚持CSMA/CD协议算法。依据与网络性能相关的关键参数之间的关系,提炼出能有效反映网络负载的状态监测量,基于对监测量的联合判断结果,将网络分为轻负载、较轻负载、较重负载和重负载四种状态,并针对不同负载状态调整发送概率[p]和最大避退上限值[Bm]。通过对协议的时延、吞吐量和总线利用率进行仿真,与一般的p-坚持CSMA/CD协议相比,自适应p-坚持CSMA/CD协议能较有效降低时延、减小抖动。     

总线控制网络中基于优先级CSMA/CD协议的改进

总线控制网络的MAC层协议对网络实时特性具有重要影响。结合优先级CSMA／CD协议的等级原则与Token Bus协议的均衡思想，提出了一种改进的总线优先级轮循CSMA／CD协议。其高级别的总线优先级类似于Token Bus协议中的令牌，在各节点之间轮循传递；使控制网络在遵循整体分级的原则下，相同类型节点的性能局部能够相对均衡。详细阐明了该改进基本思想，概述其具体实现方式，并给出了对比仿真结果。该改进协议对于CAN等基于优先级CSMA／CD协议的总线控制网络具有一定实用价值。     

Network access protocol for hard real-time communication systems

Distributed hard real-time systems are characterized by communication messages associated with timing constraints, typically in the form of deadlines. A message should be received at the destination before its deadline expires. Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) appears to be one of the most common communication network access schemes that can be used in distributed hard real-time systems. In this paper, we propose a new real-time network access protocol which is based on the CSMA/CD scheme. The protocol classifies the messages into two classes as ‘critical’ and ‘noncritical’ messages. The messages close to their deadlines are considered to be critical. A critical message is given the right to access the network by preempting a noncritical message in transmission. Extensive simulation experiments have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the protocol. It is shown that the protocol can provide considerable improvement over the virtual time CSMA/CD protocol proposed for hard real-time communication by Zhao et al.¹.     

OFDM符号特性对DCF性能影响研究

认知无线网络由于使用信道频段的长时延特性,OFDM符号时间及Slottime均较大,使得CSMA/CA协议中的SIFS等参数值增大。另外,随着无线局域网络物理层速率的提高,每个OFDM符号携带的数据比特数加大。为评估物理层长时延及高速环境下的DCF性能,基于二维Markov模型得出了CSMA/CA系统吞吐量表达式,数学分析表明系统吞吐量主要由网络节点数、数据包长度、OFDM携带信息比特数、Slottime及OFDM符号时间长度决定。理论计算及仿真测试结果显示,OFDM携带信息比特数越多,Slottime越大,OFDM符号时间长度越长,CSMA/CA的吞吐量性能越低。     

基于自相似通信量的p-坚持CSMA/CD协议仿真

近年来,大量的通信量测量研究表明实际的网络通信量具有自相似或长范围相关特性。为了准确评估军用网络的性能,论文利用叠加多个ON/OFF信源的方法,建立了自相似通信量模型,并对该模型所产生的序列进行检测,验证了其自相似特性;在此基础上,基于自相似通信量,采用离散事件仿真技术对军用网络中的p-坚持CSMA/CD协议建立了排队模型,通过仿真测试了各种负载下p值对冲突次数、平均等待时间、平均队长以及吞吐率等性能指标的影响,仿真结果表明,根据信道负载的轻重,动态调整p的取值可以提高网络的性能。     

Timed Petri net model for the accurate performance analysis of CSMA/CD bus LANs

This paper discusses timed Petri net models that have been developed to investigate the performance of a local area network with a linear topology, in which the bus is accessed by a finite population of stations, randomly located along the bus, using the 1-persistent CSMA/CD protocol. A detailed model is first constructed, mainly for specification purposes. From such a model, results can be obtained only through simulation. A compact, analytically tractable model is then developed, which is validated by comparing its results with those obtained by simulation of the detailed model. Performance curves show that the proposed compact model can be used to obtain accurate performance estimates in the considered case, which had previously been considered intractable.