变形量对铜包铝复合扁线轧制变形的数值模拟与实验研究

采用刚塑性有限元法,研究了变形量对铜包铝复合棒材由圆断面到扁平断面的轧制变形行为的影响,并对模拟结果进行了实验验证。结果表明:铜包铝棒材平辊轧制的宽展率和延伸率与压下率之间存在较为明显的线性关系;随压下率的增加,宽展指数先增大后减小,在压下率为40%时达到最大,为1.9;在后续轧制道次中,扁形断面铜包铝复合材料的压下率对轧制延伸变形的影响比宽展变形更显著;有限元计算结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性。     

冷拉拔铜包铝细丝的退火工艺与组织性能研究

研究了冷拉拔铜包铝细丝合理的退火工艺及其对材料力学性能、铜包覆层组织及界面扩散层厚度的影响规律.结果表明:铜包铝细丝的最佳退火工艺为300℃×60min.低于200℃退火时,铜包铝细丝铜包覆层处于回复阶段,细丝强度从冷拉态的361MPa急剧下降到236MPa,延伸率略有降低;300℃退火后,铜包覆层的再结晶完成,细丝的抗拉强度下降至约152MPa,延伸率升到最高,达到16.3%;400℃退火后,铜包覆层晶粒显著长大,界面处生成脆性金属间化合物,延伸率急剧下降.界面扩散层的厚度随退火温度和保温时间的增加而增大,当退火温度低于300℃时,扩散层厚度随退火时间增加缓慢;当退火温度高于350℃后,扩散层厚度快速增大.延伸率随扩散层厚度的增加先升高后降低,当界面扩散层厚度为2μm时,铜包铝细丝的延伸率最高.     

高温下Al/Cu/Al复合材料界面扩散规律及对导电性能的影响

针对热电池内部导线易腐蚀问题,采用冷轧的方法制备了Al/Cu/Al复合带作为新型导线,应用SEM,XRD,EDX等技术研究了热处理工艺对复合带金属间化合物增长速度以及电导率的影响。结果表明,铜铝复合带抗蚀性和导电性均优于现在广泛使用的纯镍带;高温下复合带有显著的互扩散,扩散层厚度的平方(h²)与保温时间为线性关系,界面的迁移过程受原子的扩散控制;复合带中扩散层相分别是Cu-Cu₉Al₄-Cu₃Al₂-CuAl-CuAl₂-Al,这些低电导率金属间化合物的存在使复合带电导率降低;复合带电导率随扩散层厚度增加而降低表现为3个阶段：(1)快速下降区(<25μm)、(2)减速下降区(25～35μm)、(3)加速下降区(>35μm),导致现象的原因为复合带界面化合物相总含量和其中CuAl₂与Cu₉Al₄含量的相对变化。     

超薄铜铝复合电缆带的制备及其力学性能研究

针对电缆带以铝节铜的市场需求和超薄铜铝复合板带制备技术缺乏的现状,提出了包含叠轧的多道次累积轧制复合工艺,同时采用快速在线退火工艺成功制备了厚度为0.12 mm的超薄铜铝复合电缆带,并对其不同道次和不同退火工艺下的拉伸力学性能进行了分析.研究表明:采用高温短时在线热处理可以达到低温长时退火处理的效果;超薄铜铝复合带的力学性能对厚度特别敏感;改变初始坯料状态和降低中间退火温度可以改善最终复合带的力学性能.     

铜包铝复合材料轧制变形过程模拟及轧制力计算公式

基于对铜包铝双金属复合材料轧制变形过程进行的有限元模拟,建立了双金属复合材料轧制变形分区模型,可分为弹性区、单材料塑性区、后滑区、揉轧区和前滑区.以铜的体积分数为变量,对不同铜含量的铜包铝复合材料的轧制过程进行模拟,在单一材料轧制力理论计算公式的基础上,提出了双金属复合材料轧制力的理论计算公式,通过对铜包铝复合材料轧制的试验和不同压下率下的铜包铝双金属复合材料轧制成形的有限元模拟,对所推导出的轧制力公式进行了验证.     

加磷高强IF钢的最优冷轧压下率确定

为了确定加磷高强IF钢的最优冷轧压下率,以工业生产的加磷高强IF钢热轧钢板为试验材料,在实验室进行了冷轧试验和盐浴退火试验,研究了冷轧压下率对试验钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:在试验条件下,试验钢冷轧压下率为50%～80%,退火温度为820～850℃时,再结晶完成;随着冷轧压下率的增加,晶粒变得细小均匀;冷轧压下率为50%～80%,退火温度为850℃时,屈服强度为160 MPa左右,抗拉强度为345 MPa左右,延伸率为35.0%左右,塑性应变比r值和应变硬化指数n值都较高,r值为1.5左右,n值为0.30左右。最终确定工业生产中最优冷轧压下率为60%～70%。     

不同压下率低碳铝镇静钢板再结晶实验研究

将不同冷轧压下率的低碳铝镇静钢进行不同保温温度和时间的退火再结晶实验研究,利用维氏硬度计、金相显微镜和X射线衍射仪研究了退火后试样的硬度、金相显微组织及织构的变化情况。结果表明:在相同的退火工艺制度条件下,随着冷轧压下率的增加,再结晶开始和结束温度降低,晶粒尺寸减小。当冷轧压下率升高到68%后,冷轧压下率的增加对再结晶晶粒细化的作用减弱,甚至没有细化作用;680℃保温退火时,一开始就发生了再结晶,基本不需要孕育期。随着保温时间的延长,晶粒均匀长大,晶粒饼形程度增加;退火温度由660℃升高到720℃时,{111}面有利织构增加,{100}面不利织构减少,720℃退火温度较为适宜。冷轧压下率为58%的试样在760℃退火时发生了二次再结晶对实验钢板的力学性能产生不利影响。     

AZ31B镁合金带材热轧过程组织均匀性及性能研究

本文开展了变形温度为300、350、400 ℃和总压下率分别为15%、30%、45%、60%的AZ31B镁合金带材热轧试验,分析了不同工艺参数对轧后带材的微观组织及力学性能的影响规律。研究表明:随着轧制温度的升高,再结晶百分数增加,晶粒细化显著,组织均匀性增强;当温度达到350 ℃时,由于中间退火保温导致再结晶晶粒长大,使温度进一步升高,对再结晶程度的影响减弱,轧后带材晶粒度和延伸率均有降低;相比温度参数,提升总压下率对晶粒细化效果更为显著,轧制温度为300 ℃,压下率为60%时近表面平均晶粒尺寸由10 μm细化至3.7 μm,中心层晶粒尺寸细化至4.9 μm,组织分布较为均匀;压下率的增加有效改善了组织均匀性,使轧后带材延伸率显著增加,拉伸断口的韧窝增多,且逐渐加深。     

C18150铜/1060铝层状复合材料铸轧工艺优化及组织性能研究

目的 通过有限元模拟方法探究铸轧过程中铜铝层状复合材料温度场和液相率的演变规律,确定铸轧过程中的最优走坯速度和浇铸温度,并制备一种具有高强高导的铜/铝/铜层状复合材料。方法 基于Ansys Workbench软件中的Design modeler模块建立二维模型,使用JMatPro软件模拟C18150铜和1060铝的热物性参数,通过Mesh模块进行网格划分并利用Fluent模块对模型进行求解。通过调整和优化走坯速度和浇铸温度等参数,研究其对液相率和温度场的影响。制备了高强高导铜/铝/铜层状复合材料,并通过场发射扫描电镜、电子万能试验机、手持式导电率测试仪和扫描电镜等手段对铜/铝/铜层状复合材料界面的微观组织、抗拉强度、导电率以及拉伸断口进行表征和分析。结果 当走坯速度和浇铸温度分别为1.2 mm/min和963 K时,铸轧效果最佳,制备的复合材料界面平整且结合良好,界面处存在Al2Cu和Al4Cu9双界面层。拉伸强度和延伸率分别为201 MPa和16%,铜侧导电率为87%IACS,铜铝断口处均出现了大量韧窝,表明为韧性断裂。结论 通过优化铸轧工艺参数制备的铜/铝/铜层状复合材料具有优异的强度和导电率。     

铜热浸镀铝扩散层生长动力学模型

采用一浴法对铜进行了热浸镀铝试验,热浸镀时间为10~25s,热浸镀温度为963~1 013K。研究了热浸镀温度和时间对铜铝复合材料界面扩散层厚度的影响,采用XPL-15型偏光显微镜(PM)测量铜铝复合材料扩散层厚度,并依据热浸镀铝试验建立了铜铝复合材料界面扩散层生长动力学模型。结果表明,铜铝复合材料界面扩散层的生长动力学符合抛物线扩散规律,与热浸镀温度的指数成正比,与热浸镀时间成抛物线增长关系;铜热浸镀铝扩散层生长动力学模型的修正系数k与时间t存在线性关系。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...