中国环境保护产品认定技术条件《垃圾焚烧炉》（报批稿）简介

垃圾焚烧炉与一般余热锅炉相比，有其特殊性。垃圾焚烧炉主要焚烧高水分、高灰分、低热值的生活垃圾，其烟气具有腐蚀性并含有害物质。垃圾焚烧炉的设计，制造、运行及污染物处理均有严格的要求。本文简要地介绍了中国环境保护产品认定技术条件《垃圾焚烧炉》（报批稿）的主要内容及有关情况，供有关科技工作者参考。     

垃圾焚烧炉失效形式和风险评估综述

由于垃圾焚烧炉工作环境恶劣，设备运行存在安全隐患，为确保垃圾焚烧炉的安全高效运行，了解垃圾焚烧炉失效形式并建立科学的风险评估体系具有重要工程意义。本文通过对垃圾焚烧炉失效形式进行总结，将其分成腐蚀、热疲劳、磨损、应力变形四类并分析其产生机理，同时从数据驱动和模糊理论两个角度对现有的垃圾焚烧炉风险评估体系进行总结，发现现有的垃圾焚烧炉风险评估体系难以高效应对海量工业数据和复杂的故障模式。最后提出可以将数据驱动和模糊理论两种风险评估方式相结合，筛除多余数据信息，提高垃圾焚烧炉风险评估的效率和准确性。     

浅谈二段式垃圾焚烧炉燃烧自动控制技术

讨论了生活垃圾焚烧炉燃烧自动控制技术的原理,并以二段式垃圾焚烧炉自动化控制的实例流程说明它的技术应用。通过合理的参数控制,生活垃圾焚烧炉燃烧自动控制能达到成本控制的要求与绿色环保的要求。然而在该自动控制技术的应用中可以看到它的流程依然需要大量的人工干涉,人们需要生活垃圾焚烧炉燃烧自动控制技术向更加智能化方面发展。     

垃圾焚烧炉过热器高温腐蚀与防护的研究概况

在分析垃圾焚烧炉过热器管壁的高温腐蚀机理的基础上 ,总结了国内外研究者对垃圾焚烧炉采取的高温防腐措施 ,提出将耐高温防腐涂层技术应用到垃圾焚烧炉 ,解决过热器的腐蚀问题 ,这一技术具有良好的经济性 ,符合中国国情。     

内循环流化床垃圾焚烧技术

介绍了哈尔滨垃圾发电厂流化床垃圾焚烧炉技术特点及运行结果。对我国垃圾焚烧炉的设计及运行有一定指导作用。     

浅析垃圾焚烧锅炉受热面的高温腐蚀

通过对深圳市市政环卫综合处理厂２号垃圾焚烧炉过热器大面积损坏原因的分析,初步探讨了垃圾焚烧炉受热面高温腐蚀的机理,并从锅炉设计,运行等方面提出了防止高温腐蚀的措施。     

垃圾处理与循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉

用循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉处理垃圾既保护环境避免产生二恶英这样的剧毒气体,还能变废为宝。对循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉的可行性设计及应用的经济性进行了系统的论证。     

垃圾焚烧炉过热器防腐技术的选择与实践

针对电厂垃圾焚烧炉过热器的腐蚀现象,通过简述垃圾过热器腐蚀机理,并结合多个垃圾焚烧炉过热器防腐实践工程,对过热器防磨材料的选择进行分析并提出实施建议,以保证电厂垃圾焚烧炉安全经济运行.     

高温纳米陶瓷涂层在垃圾焚烧炉上的应用

为解决垃圾焚烧炉受热面发生的高温酸腐蚀、冲蚀磨损与沾污结渣等共性问题,提出采用喷涂高温纳米陶瓷材料进行防腐、防磨、防结渣处理。阐述了高温纳米陶瓷表面材料的性能指标和技术特点,以及喷涂施工工艺。该涂层在某垃圾焚烧炉中,经8 000 h现场服役后,涂层表面完好,检测结果表明该纳米陶瓷涂层对垃圾焚烧炉受热面具有优异的耐腐、抗磨和防结渣的作用。     

生活垃圾焚烧炉中二恶英的生成研究

二恶英是一种剧毒物质，应当更好地加以了解和控制。以垃圾焚烧炉为研究对象，在已有关于二恶英生成研究的基础上说明了二恶英在垃圾焚烧炉中各区域的生成，并给出了各个区域的计算方程。针对计算方程中各个变量进行了影响分析，结果表明良好的炉内燃烧反应是垃圾焚烧炉控制二恶英的关键；     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.