单牙轮钻头井底切削仿真分析

单牙轮钻头在小井眼钻井中具有良好的经济效益，本文通过在单牙轮钻头上分别建立钻头坐标系，牙轮坐标系及牙齿坐标系，建立起单牙轮钻头井底切削仿真模型。用计算机绘制出反映单牙轮钻头结构参数和钻井参数的井底轨迹和井壁刮痕，对单牙轮钻头的设计和钻井参数选取具有重要意义。     

气体钻井牙轮钻头井底流场特性分析

基于CFD技术,通过建立井底流场计算模型,运用数值模拟的手段,对气体钻井的三牙轮钻头井底流场进行了数值模拟,并分析了喷嘴侧倾角、前倾角和后倾角对井底流场的影响。结果表明:三喷嘴不同侧倾角设置比相同侧倾角设置更利于井底清岩;三喷嘴复合前倾角比复合后倾角的井底清岩能力更强,但对牙轮切削结构的清洗效果较差;在不改变气体排量的情况下,通过三喷嘴混合复合前倾角和后倾角的方式,可以在保证一个相对较好的井底清岩能力的情况下,提高射流对牙轮切削结构的清洗能力和环空的携岩能力。分析结果为气体钻井系列牙轮钻头的设计、评价以及现场气体钻井的技术措施提供了理论指导。     

空气冲旋钻井冲击力和机械钻速仿真研究

在钻井机械钻速预测研究中，以前常根据现场数据或试验数据统计拟合得出经验或半经验方程，方程一般含有一些很难确定的系数甚至是不可靠的。为此，借鉴三牙轮钻头仿真理论，建立了冲击旋转钻井系统仿真模型，包括冲击器动力学模型、冲旋钻头真实仿真模型、动态变化的真实井底模型和牙齿与井底岩石相互作用模型，用计算机仿真方法预测出冲击器活塞的冲击力、冲击功和空气冲旋钻井机械钻速。仿真结果和试验数据吻合较好，模型可靠，研究成果可用于冲旋钻头、冲击器设计和钻井参数优选。     

环脊式PDC钻头破岩机理实验研究

环脊式PDC钻头是一种采用不连续布齿原理在井底形成易破碎岩石环脊的钻头技术新思想。在不同岩性、不同岩脊尺寸等条件下,开展了针对岩脊的牙轮牙齿的单齿静压和PDC齿刮切破岩单元实验,以及针对平整表面岩石的对比实验;设计制造了全尺寸可变参数实验钻头,并进行了环脊式PDC钻头与常规PDC钻头的室内钻岩对比实验。实验研究结果表明:与平整岩样的实验相比,牙轮牙齿和PDC齿在岩脊上的切削破碎载荷和破碎比功均显著降低;在全尺寸钻头钻岩实验中,与同等布齿密度条件下的常规PDC钻头相比,环脊式钻头的破岩比功显著降低,破岩效率明显提高;环脊式PDC钻头在钻进过程中有明显的体积性破碎现象,岩屑的尺寸或粒度显著增大,有利于地质录井。     

井底牙轮钻头的钻速方程及现场应用

以岩石侵入理论为基础,在考虑井底压力的条件下,建立牙轮钻头的钻速模型。结果表明:在地层由软、中硬到硬地层过渡过程中,钻速方程能够解释不同破岩方式下牙轮钻头的机械钻速问题;随着刃尖角的增大,锥形齿和楔形齿的牙齿侵深都呈指数递减趋势;随着井眼内钻井液柱压力的增大,侵入深度呈指数递减趋势,其中锥形齿递减趋势大于楔形齿;模型理论钻速计算结果与实际钻速数据接近,最小欧式距离为25.8。     

旋切方式作用的新型钻头破岩特性与试验分析

在分析传统三牙轮钻头破岩特性的基础上,提出一种旋切方式破岩的新型钻头(旋切钻头)。运用柱坐标与复合运动原理,建立破岩过程切削齿的位置方程、速度方程和加速度方程。同时结合算例参数,分析不同齿圈切削齿破岩过程接触段上的速度和加速度分布规律。根据加速度计算结果进行切削齿破岩工作力学和失效机制研究。结果表明:在钻进过程中,旋切钻头的切削齿以冲击、旋切方式破岩,不同齿圈切削齿同时切削井壁,且大齿圈切削齿过井眼中心,运动速度快,可有效地提高钻头心部破岩效率。试验结果验证了算例分析和计算方法的正确性,建立的计算方法修正了现有研究的部分错误,且适用于其他牙轮钻头与复合钻头的研究。     

旋转钻井中岩石破碎能耗的分形分析

 通过旋转钻井中破碎岩石的能耗分析,应用分形岩石力学理论,从钻井过程中钻头破碎岩屑的粒度分布、能量耗散等角度,建立旋转钻井中钻头破碎岩石所需能量的分形描述模型,详细分析影响钻头破碎岩石能耗的因素。该模型显示出旋转钻井岩石破碎能耗不仅与钻压、转速等钻井参数关,还与地层岩石破碎体的尺度和粒度分布分形维数等因素有关。应用该模型不仅可以确定钻井过程中破碎岩石所需的能量,还可以反演计算,根据所需岩石的破碎能量优选钻进参数。将所建立的模型进行适当简化,可得到经典岩石破碎比功三大学说表达式,说明该模型具有一定的普遍性。     

空气钻井中动态破岩有限元仿真研究

 空气钻井技术是以空气作为循环介质的欠平衡钻井技术,其钻头的破岩形式与常规泥浆钻井有很大的区别。在岩石力学和弹塑性力学的基础上,考虑岩石材料的各项异性、地层倾角、钻头与岩石间摩擦因数等影响因素,采用有限元方法建立空气钻井中全尺寸PDC钻头动态破岩的非线性动力学三维模型。通过对空气钻井中岩石的破坏机制和钻头动态破岩过程的研究以及对破岩后形成井眼、井壁和井底岩石应力应变的分析。结果表明：井底岩石受到较大拉应力的作用,使得空气钻井中破岩速度更快;干燥空气钻成的井眼井壁稳定性较好,但是一旦发生井壁不稳定性,井壁岩石将成块掉落。最后通过对钻头上随时间变化的位移分析,得到钻进各向异性地层岩石的井斜和方位的变化规律。本模型为空气钻井的破岩机制、井斜变化规律以及井壁稳定性研究提供一种新的方法,为钻头和钻具设备的研制、优化设计提供理论依据。     

气体钻井低温破岩机理分析

气体钻井有着较高的机械钻速在很大程度上归因于钻头水眼处的焦耳–汤姆森低温效应。这种效应对井底岩石产生了热冲击应力,使得井底岩石的强度降低,进而促进了机械破岩的作用。首先建立了非对称冷却条件下井底岩石的温度场的分布模型,并以此建立了井底岩石三维动态热应力分布模型,对气体钻井井底热冲击应力进行了深入的剖析。其次,通过莫尔–库仑准则,对岩石的黏聚力变化进行了分析,得出随着冷却时间的加长,岩石强度迅速降低,有利于岩石的破坏。最后,为验证理论模型,对砂岩岩样进行液氮冷却试验,并对其进行声波实时测量,声波的首波波幅也有明显的延迟,说明冷却处理对岩心内部结构产生了很大影响。     

反循环钻头底喷孔轴心距研究

为提高反循环钻井取样能力,增强反循环效果,采用理论分析和计算流体动力学方法研究底喷孔轴心距不同时的井底压力场和速度场,探讨轴心距变化与反循环效果间的相关规律,为优化设计反循环钻头结构提供理论依据.根据数值模拟分析可知,在特定钻井条件下,设计钻具时应尽可能增大底喷孔轴心距,底喷孔轴心距越大越有利于形成稳定的反循环效果.为便于分析数值模拟结果,引入反循环质量系数x,随着轴心距参数增大,反循环质量系数减小.     

打滑地层金刚石钻头制造工艺研究

分析了打滑地层打滑的原因,研究了采用弱包镶钻头钻进打滑地层的防滑机理和金刚石钻头胎体分层设计时破碎硬岩时胎体磨损状态,应用研究表明:由于采用了胎体分层设计的弱包镶金刚石新型钻头,在打滑地层钻进时,钻进效率良好,钻头寿命也得到明显提高.     

Drilling detritus and the operating parameters of thermally stable PDC core bits

A single rock type was drilled using two types of thermally stable polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) and an impregnated diamond core bit using a fully instrumented laboratory drilling rig at a fixed rotational speed, and over a range of weights on bit (WOB). Operating parameters of the bits such as WOB, rate of penetration (ROP), rotational speed (RPM), torque and drilling specific energy (SE) were continuously monitored during the drilling trials. The effects of these parameters on the performance of the bits were examined. Relations between the drilling variables are also described. At each set WOB for each bit, the drilling detritus were collected. The detritus sizes between 1180 and 53 microns were analysed using wet sieving and sub 53 micron was analysed using a Malvern particle size machine. Both data were combined to obtain a particle size distribution at set WOBs for each bit. The relations between the particle size of the drilling detritus and operating parameters, cutter size and wear of the PDC and impregnated diamond core bits, and original rock grain size were established. An increase in WOB, ROP, wear rates, pins or diamond size increased the drilling detritus size for the bits. No relation was found between the drilling detritus and the rock grain size due to the regrinding effect and the high proportion (> 30%) of matrix material in the rock.     

Analysis of steering in horizontal directional drilling installations using down-hole motors

Horizontal directional drilling is becoming an increasingly popular technique for the installation of pipes in urbanised environments or in locations where trenching is difficult, such as under rivers or railways. This technique utilises down-hole bits to create the bore before it is expanded with back-reamers to allow installation of the product pipe. Controlling the path of the bore is critical to the success of many horizontal directional drilling installations and the potential inability to maintain such positional control is a factor that prevents the widespread adoption of this technique in place of traditional open cut methods.Two types of drill bit are commonly used in horizontal directional drilling; shaped jet-cutting bits and bits mounted on bent-subs and driven by mud-motors, the former being utilised in weak ground conditions and the latter in stronger formations. This paper analyses a dataset of survey data from pilot bores for fifty-four HDD installations that used mud-motors to investigate the parameters that impact upon the control of the position of the drilling bit. The drives are broken down into sections of rotary and slide drilled borepath and these are investigated separately. Drilling practice, drilling equipment, length of drive and the geology in which the bore is being established will have an effect upon the ability to control the position of the drilling bit.     

冲击取样钻头与土体相互作用的有限元分析

针对冲击取样器在土中的面–面接触问题,运用Drucker-Prager屈服准则为判据,将土体视为DP材料,通过钻头与土之间的接触及施加冲击载荷来模拟取样过程,从而建立了冲击取样钻进的有限元模型。利用非线性瞬态动力学有限元分析手段,对取样过程中钻头的进尺及对所取土样的扰动情况进行了模拟分析。结果表明,土体的轴向压缩量在土样中心部位最小,而钻头底唇面处最大,土样压缩率约为17.7%,冲击对土样的扰动仅在钻头底唇面附近较小的区域内。     

Use of digital image processing techniques for evaluating wear of cemented carbide bits in rotary drilling

This paper presents the use of image processing techniques in monitoring of bit wear, especially, WC/Co cemented carbide bits that are commonly used in rotary drilling in mining, civil and petroleum engineering. Image of the bits was acquired using a CCD camera. The background was subtracted from the image to reduce noise effects. A Laplacian filter has been used to enhance edge contrasts. Structural elements have been applied to dilate, erode and close boundary edges. Edge detecting was conducted using a canny edge detector. Image processing approaches; first order surface metrics, gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) based texture analysis and minimum distance based classifiers have been used to estimate wear of tricone drill bits in rock drilling. A digital balance was used to obtain weight loss of the bits and also wear of their heel row and gage row (dimension loss) was measured using a micrometer in different directions. Results showed that, of the surface metrics, bit area and major length axis could be good measures for bit wear estimation. The entropy and contrast features of the GLCM method showed good correlations with bit weight loss. Of the minimum distance based classifiers just Euclidean, City block and Chebychev distances had reliable correlations with weight loss and heel row wear rather than other features.     

润渭冲洗液对胎体材料的润滑作用

本文用试验的方法证实了润滑剂对胎体的润滑性是影响金刚石制品工作效率与寿命的一个重要因素，并得出结论：钻进硬岩时，润滑剂应对胎体的润滑性较差，以保证新金刚石不断出露、提高时效；而钻进研磨性较大的岩层时，所用润滑剂对胎体的润滑性应较好，以减少胎体的磨损达到提高寿命的目的。根据以上结论本文提出了一种新型、高效润滑剂—Ｓ－１型润滑剂，并在室内进行了试验，证实了Ｓ－１型润滑剂有明显提高时效的作用。     

弱风化硬岩中大口径旋挖钻机钻进新工艺实例分析

对旋挖钻机在硬岩(如弱风化砂岩、灰岩)地层中进行大口径钻进的方法进行了研究。设计了筒式和螺旋式两种截齿钻头,创新并应用了以截齿钻头为主的多钻头组合工艺方法。工程实践证明,这些方法成功地解决了上述条件下弱风化硬岩中大口径钻进的难题。     

用声波法评价地层可钻性各向异性的实验研究

地层可钻性各向异性的评价对井眼轨迹控制具有重要意义。通过室内实验分别测定了岩芯垂直于和平行于地层层面方向的可钻性及声波速度，得到了岩石可钻性各向异性指数和波速各向异性系数，并对结果进行了讨论。用数理统计方法研究分析了牙轮钻头岩石可钻性各向异性指数、牙轮钻头垂直于和平行于地层层面方向岩石可钻性差值和PDC钻头岩石可钻性各向异性指数与纵波波速各向异性系数的相关关系，建立了用纵波波速各向异性系数评价地层可钻性各向异性的模型。利用所建立的模型，采用地震资料或测井资料可以方便地对地层可钻性各向异性进行评价。对河南油田AN2004井进行评价，其结果表明，用该方法评价出的地层可钻性各向异性能正确反映被评价地层的特性。