基于激光诱导炽光法的柴油喷雾燃烧碳烟生成特性

采用激光诱导炽光法(LII),对高温高压定容燃烧弹内柴油喷雾燃烧火焰及碳烟生成的二维分布图像进行了测量分析,研究了在不同定容室环境温度、环境压力和喷射压力下燃烧火焰和油气混合特性对碳烟生成与分布的影响规律.结果表明:柴油燃料滞燃期会随环境温度和环境压力的升高而缩短;扩散燃烧火焰的浮起长度内空气卷吸量是影响碳烟形成过程的一个重要因素,高的环境温度和环境压力,以及低的喷油压力会产生较短的柴油火焰浮起长度;高的柴油喷射压力、低的环境压力和温度所产生的LII信号强度较弱,即此时激光片光内的碳烟体积分数较小.在喷雾混合中自然形成的混合气浓度分层和温度分层,既影响到混合气的着火和燃烧过程,又诱发碳烟颗粒的产生,研究结果对优化燃烧系统设计,验证燃烧模型提供了有价值的依据.     

不同压力下燃油溶气量的研究

燃油溶气喷雾燃烧对同时降低柴油机的氮氧化合物和碳烟微粒有明显效果,为了了解不同压力下燃油的溶气量,对不同压力下二氧化碳分别溶入C14H28和柴油的量进行了测试研究。试验表明：燃油溶气量主要取决于气体的性质、燃油的物性、溶气压力和溶气时的环境温度,随着溶气压力的提高,柴油和C14H28溶入的二氧化碳量呈上升趋势。     

环境温度对掺水乳化柴油喷雾燃烧特性的影响

柴油机中燃用掺水乳化柴油有提高燃烧热效率的潜力,并同时降低碳烟和NOx排放.利用定容燃烧弹台架,对比试验了纯柴油和掺水乳化柴油的燃烧特性,并重点研究了环境温度对掺水乳化柴油喷雾和燃烧特性的影响.结果表明:相比于纯柴油,掺水乳化柴油能明显降低燃烧过程中碳烟的生成量;掺水乳化柴油中水的蒸发和微爆作用随环境温度的升高逐渐增强,能有效促进喷雾雾化和油、气混合过程;随着环境温度的升高,掺水乳化柴油的滞燃期及火焰升举长度均减小,燃烧火焰亮度增大.高环境温度工况下,碳烟前期生成速率和后期氧化速率均增大,使得不同环境温度工况下掺水乳化柴油最终碳烟的排放量相差较小.     

柴油燃烧火焰中碳烟生成的特性试验

基于装配单孔喷嘴孔径为0.18,mm的定容燃烧弹系统,采用脉冲LED二维消光法,以国Ⅴ的0号柴油为研究对象,对其在给定工况下喷雾燃烧火焰中形成的碳烟进行了定量测试,同时采用增强器电荷耦合相机同步测量了火焰浮起长度.试验过程中,保持定容燃烧弹内气体密度恒为20,kg/m3,研究了不同喷油压力、氧体积分数和环境温度对碳烟分布、初始形成时刻的影响,结果表明:采用的二维消光法对国Ⅴ柴油有较好的适用性;国Ⅴ柴油喷雾燃烧中碳烟的KL值、生成的初始时刻随着喷油压力升高而降低,随着氧体积分数升高而升高,随着环境温度的升高而升高.     

用光导纤维多色法对柴油机燃烧室内火焰温度与碳粒生成的研究

本文介绍了作者研制的分叉光导纤维４色法测量装置和采用它对直喷式４１３５型柴油机燃烧室内火焰温度和碳烟浓度测量的结果。以双色法为基础的４色法，通过数学方法可优化试验结果，减小测量误差。测量结果表明：在燃烧过程中，碳粒生成时间落后于温度上升时间，持续高温产生碳粒高浓度，后燃烧使碳粒浓度增加。随着负荷的增加，燃烧火焰温度及碳粒浓度增加，它们持续的时间也延长。燃烧终了破粒浓度和排气烟度增大。在喷注区会产生很高的碳粒质量浓度值，稀混合气区火焰温度上升较早。过后燃烧或供油提前角减小，使燃烧终了碳粒浓度增大。     

高掺比ABE/柴油混合燃料的喷雾与燃烧特性

针对丙酮-丁醇-乙醇(ABE)/柴油混合燃料的喷雾蒸发和燃烧过程展开了试验研究.试验在预燃加热式定容燃烧弹中进行,燃料为体积分数80%的ABE和20%,的柴油混合物,且ABE溶液中丙酮、丁醇、乙醇的体积分数分别为30%,、60%,和10%,.试验过程中燃烧弹内喷雾环境温度分别控制在1,100,K和900,K以代表普通燃烧模式和低温燃烧模式,环境氧体积分数分别控制在21%,、16%,和11%,以对应发动机不同的EGR工况.由高速摄相机配合激光束的使用,拍摄喷雾及其燃烧过程中瞬时喷雾米氏散射和自然火焰发光图像,同时由压力传感器测取喷雾燃烧压力.结果表明:燃料中ABE体积分数较高时,喷雾贯穿距离较小,同时火焰强度显著下降,表明碳烟生成量有减少的巨大潜力;结合低温燃烧,高掺比ABE/柴油混合燃料几乎可实现无碳烟燃烧.因此,高掺比ABE/柴油混合燃料被认为是可直接应用于柴油机并降低碳烟排放的一种潜在替代燃料.     

温度条件对柴油机燃烧过程影响的研究

本文在模拟直喷柴油机的定容燃烧装置上，利用激光阴影像和燃烧火焰像同时成像的高速摄影方法研究了温度条件对柴油机燃烧过程的影响，实验结果表明，高温条件下火焰对柴油喷雾包围严重。     

挥发分火焰对碳粒燃烧的影响

建立了球坐标系下传热、传质、化学反应全耦合的煤粉燃烧数值模拟程序．通过煤粉与事先脱除挥发分的焦炭的对比实验及数值模拟,研究了挥发分火焰对碳粒表面一次产物CO火焰的点燃及碳粒燃烧的影响．傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)测温实验及煤粉燃烧动态过程的数值模拟结果不仅进一步验证了碳粒着火初期CO火焰所引起的颗粒高温现象,而且给出了挥发分引燃表面反应一次产物CO的直接证据．由于挥发分火焰的引燃作用,碳粒可以在较其非均相着火温度为低的温度下被点燃,阐明了Juntgen提出的联合着火方式的物理本质．     

稀释气体组分和浓度对柴油喷雾燃烧特征影响

通过一台高温、高压可视化定容燃烧弹,采用高速摄像技术研究了不同稀释气体(Ar、N2和C02)在10％～40％的氧体积分数范围内对柴油喷雾着火和火焰发展过程的影响;采用羟基自发光成像和双色法研究了低氧体积分数下稀释气体组分(Ar和N2)对火焰发展特征和碳烟分布的影响.结果表明:随氧体积分数增加,柴油机喷雾火焰自发光亮度增...     

柴油喷雾火焰中碳烟颗粒形貌及纳观结构特性

在定容燃烧弹内模拟柴油机上止点工作环境,进行喷雾燃烧试验.在环境氧体积分数为15%和21%时,用热泳探针在喷雾火焰不同轴向位置进行碳烟采样,用高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)对样本进行观测和分析,研究不同环境氧体积分数对柴油碳烟颗粒形貌与纳观结构的影响.结果表明:环境氧体积分数从21%降低到15%,碳烟基元颗粒的氧化过程受到抑制,基元颗粒平均直径和团聚物回转半径增大,微晶碳层片段长度减小,扭曲度增加,基元颗粒石墨化程度降低;在同一氧体积分数下,随着采样位置远离喷孔,基元颗粒直径和团聚物回转半径减小,微晶碳层片段长度增加,扭曲度降低,基元颗粒石墨化程度增加.     

Study of the characteristic of diesel spray combustion and soot formation using laser-induced incandescence (LII)

In this paper, the planar images of diesel spray combustion flame and soot formation were measured and analyzed by using LII, in a constant volume combustion vessel. The effects of combustion flame and fuel–air mixing characteristics on soot formation and distribution of soot concentration were studied at different conditions. The result indicates that, with increase in ambient temperature and pressure, the ignition delay of diesel fuel is shorter. The increase of ambient temperature and pressure and the reduction of injection pressure shorten the diesel flame lift-off length. The lower the ambient temperature and pressure, the weaker LII signal intensity. At the same ambient temperature and pressure condition, the higher the diesel injection pressure, the smaller the soot production in diesel jet spray, and soot particles are primarily produced in the relative fuel-rich region, which is encompassed by the flame surface front at the downstream of the diesel jet.     

柴油机缸内火焰辐射传热新模型

柴油机缸机的火焰辐射受诸多因素的影响,用理论分析法来确定它是相当困难的,由于柴油机缸内火焰辐射特性依赖于缸内的燃烧过程,而燃烧过程中的实际热力状态又可用示功图来分析,因此借助于火焰辐射与缸内热力参数之间的这种间接关系,建立了一种计算柴油机缸内火焰辐射传热的新模型,利用该模型对一台直喷柴油机缸内火焰辐射热流量随曲轴转角的变化情况进行了计算,将计算结果与实测结果进行了比较,表明该模型能较好预测缸内火焰     

Radiative heat transfer during turbulent combustion process

We investigate the radiative heat transfer in a co-flowing turbulent nonpremixed propane-air flame inside a three-dimensional cylindrical combustion chamber. The radiation from the luminous flame, which is due to the appearance of soot particles in the flame, is studied here, through the balance equation of radiative transfer which is solved by the Discrete Ordinates Method (DOM) coupling with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the flow, temperature, combustion species and soot formation. The effect of scattering is ignored as it is found that the absorption dominates the radiating medium. Assessments of the various orders of DOM are also made and we find that the results of the incident radiation predicted by the higher order approximations of the DOM are in good agreement.     

Effects of variable O2 concentrations and injection pressures on the combustion and emissions characteristics of the petro-diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil-based fuels under the simulated diesel engine condition

This experimental research investigates the effects of variable O₂ concentrations and injection pressures on the combustion and emissions characteristics of the diesel (B7) and the hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)-based fuels. The O₂ concentrations included 21%, 15% and 10% O₂, while the injection pressures were 80 and 120 MPa. The experimental fuels were the diesel fuel (B7), the neat HVO, the 20%, 50% and 80% HVO (by mass fraction) blended with the diesel. The experiments were carried out in a rapid compression-expansion machine (RCEM) under the direct injection (DI) diesel combustion condition. The analysis was undertaken using the two-color method. The experimental results indicated that the ignition delay, the heat release rate, the flame temperature, the soot density-KL factor, the NO_x and soot-out emissions were inversely correlated to the HVO fraction in the blend. In addition, the findings revealed the similar flame profiles in which the higher flame temperature region and the darker KL density were concentrated around the spray flame upstream, regardless of the HVO mixing ratio. Besides, the decrease in the O₂ concentration resulted in the lower heat release rate, integral heat release, flame temperature, KL factor and NO_x emissions but the longer ignition delay and higher soot concentration, with the highest soot concentration observed under the 15% O₂ environment. Nevertheless, the higher pressure differential (i.e. between the injection pressure and the ambient pressure) contributed to the shorter ignition delay, higher heat release rate, early peak of the flame temperature, wider combustion area, faster soot oxidation rate and higher NO_x production.     

柴油温度对燃烧火焰温度和碳烟生成的影响

通过定容燃烧弹,采用双色法研究不同柴油温度对冷起动过程中燃烧火焰温度和碳烟生成特性的影响,获取缸内燃烧火焰温度分布和表征碳烟分布的KL因子.结果表明:在喷油后3.5 ～ 6.0 ms的燃烧稳定时期,柴油温度为40℃的火焰中大于2 200 K的区域约占60％,柴油温度为20℃的火焰中大于2 200 K的区域约占55％,柴...     

Effects of radiation on spray flame characteristics and soot formation

Two-dimensional numerical simulations are applied to spray flames formed in a laminar counterflow and the effects of radiation on spray flame characteristics and soot formation are studied. N-Decane (C₁₀H₂₂) is used as the liquid fuel, and the droplet motion is calculated by the Lagrangian method. A single-step global reaction is employed for the combustion reaction model. A kinetically based soot model with a flamelet model is used to predict soot formation. Radiation is taken into account using the discrete ordinate method. The results show that radiation strongly affects the spray flame behavior and soot formation. Without the radiation model, flame temperature and soot volume fraction are greatly overestimated. The soot is formed in the diffusion flame regime, and its radiation emission increases with the increase in the equivalence ratio of the droplet fuel. This trend is in good agreement with that of the luminous flame behavior observed in the experiments.     

Inverse influence of initial diameter on droplet burning rate in cold and hot ambiences: a thermal action of flame in balance with heat loss

Isolated droplet burning were conducted in microgravity ambiences of different temperatures to test the initial diameter influence on droplet burning rate that shows a flame scale effect and represents an overall thermal action of flame in balance with heat loss. The coldest ambience examined was room air, which utilized a heater wire to ignite the droplet. All other ambiences hotter than 633 K were acquired through an electrically heated air chamber in a stainless steel can. An inverse influence of initial droplet diameter on burning rate was demonstrated for the cold and hot ambiences. That is, the burning rate respectively decreased and increased in the former and latter cases with raising the initial droplet diameter. The reversion between the two influences appeared gradual. In the hot ambiences the burning rate increase with increasing the initial droplet diameter was larger at higher temperatures. A “net heat” of flame that denotes the difference between “heat gain” by the droplet and “heat loss” to the flame surrounding was suggested responsible for the results. In low-temperature ambiences there is a negative net heat, and it turns gradually positive as the ambience temperature gets higher and the heat loss becomes less. Relating to luminous flame sizes and soot generation of differently sized droplets clarified that the flame radiation, both non-luminous and luminous, is determinative to the net heat in microgravity conditions. In addition, the work identified two peak values of soot generation during burning, which appeared respectively at the room temperature and at about 1000 K. The increase in ambience temperature made also bigger soot shells. The heat contribution of flame by both radiation and conduction was demonstrated hardly over 40% in the total heat required for droplet vaporization during burning in a hot ambience of 773 K.     

喷雾锥角对柴油机燃烧过程影响的数值模拟

柴油机燃烧过程中喷雾内部的物理化学过程非常复杂,传热、蒸发、扩散、流动等物理过程控制着化学反应,影响着火和燃烧过程,进而决定着发动机的动力性、经济性以及排放性能。利用CFD分析软件FIRE对一台直列6缸增压柴油机的喷雾与燃烧过程进行模拟。研究了喷雾锥角对燃烧过程的影响规律以及喷雾锥角对碳烟和NOx生成的影响。     

不同海拔条件下柴油机撞壁喷雾燃烧特性的可视化研究

使用定容燃烧弹模拟一款重型柴油机在海拔0m、3 000m和4 500m条件下运行时缸内的热力学状态,利用多种成像技术实现了撞壁燃烧过程的可视化,研究了不同海拔对撞壁喷雾燃烧的高温着火、火焰传播和碳烟生成特性的影响。结果表明,海拔从0m升高到4 500m,撞壁着火延迟从0.55ms延长到0.88ms,撞壁着火距离从20.38mm增大到26.87mm,高海拔对撞壁着火过程有明显的抑制效果;撞壁火焰呈现圆盘状火焰形态,火焰发展进入稳定阶段后,由于前锋区域的涡流强度增大,撞壁火焰铺展高度、撞壁火焰铺展宽度和撞壁火焰面积都随海拔升高而增大,但在火焰发展初期,由于撞壁平板的冷却作用,撞壁火焰尺寸在海拔升高到4 500m时减小;空间积分火焰亮度和时间积分火焰亮度均随海拔升高而增大,海拔升高到4 500m时碳烟生成速率和氧化速率均增大。