西南山区河流河床结构及消能减灾机制

青藏高原的持续抬升导致青藏高原周边河流下切。河流下切造成河床河岸失稳,崩塌滑坡及泥石流等灾害频发。通过十余年野外调查和试验研究发现,崩塌滑坡泥石流堰塞河流形成的自然坝实际上是河流下切的负反馈的结果。自然坝稳定后控制河流下切,保持河流稳定并且改善生态。这样的功能主要来自于自然坝上发育的河床消能结构。本文总结了河床结构和自然坝消能减灾的机理,归纳以阶梯-深潭为代表的河床结构消能率的量化计算方法,并提出下切河流综合管理中能量概算的理念及基本思路。本文还介绍人工阶梯-深潭系统防治泥石流灾害的成功实践,强调人工模拟自然坝消能结构应用在防灾减灾领域的可行性及有效性。最后,以消能理念为基础,提出西南下切河流开发和管理中应建立"串糖葫芦"式中型坝群库坝体系,以实现水电开发、消能减灾和改善生态的综合目标。     

Desnagging to resnagging: new directions in river rehabilitation in southeastern Australia

Extensive desnagging (removal of large woody debris and living riparian vegetation) and associated river improvement works were conducted in rivers of southeastern Australia (Victoria and New South Wales) between at least 1886 and 1995. Swamp drainage, large woody debris removal and vegetation clearing were strongly supported by legislation, government funding and institutional arrangements in both states. As a result, large amounts of large woody debris were removed from rivers, regenerating indigenous vegetation was cleared from within designed alignment widths and, ironically, huge numbers of exotic trees, especially willows, were planted. The environmental impacts of desnagging have only been documented on a few impacted rivers but have included increased flow velocity, spatially extensive bed degradation, massive channel enlargement and loss of fish habitat. Recognition of the need for more integrated land and water management, and new research on the hydraulic, geomorphic, biogeographic and ecological significance of large woody debris and the values of indigenous riparian vegetation during the 1980s led to a major shift in river rehabilitation. We have drawn on our own and other published research to further develop a set of guidelines for the incorporation of large woody debris into river rehabilitation plans. Our guidelines extend those recently prepared for southeastern Australia and address site selection, where to place timber, the amount to be introduced, how to distribute it, techniques of introduction and woody debris sources. However, in the long term, riparian vegetation rehabilitation within the potential recruitment zone is essential to supply large woody debris. Given that our results demonstrate that very large woody debris makes a significant contribution to the total loading, it will be a very long time (>100 years) before natural recruitment can be recreated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对黄河多沙粗沙区治理的认识与建议

50多年来黄土高原地区水土保持工作成绩显著。黄河中游水土流失治理应按照“多拦沙、少拦水、兼顾淤地”的原则,继续开展“封山植树、退耕还林”,重点先治理粗泥沙集中来源区。对黄河多沙粗沙区治理提出的建议是:①先彻底治理一个完整的流域示范区;②在黄河的一级或二级支流上修建大型拦沙坝;③大力开展群众性的坡面治理;④拓宽水土保持投资渠道;⑤强化河道管理,实施依法治河;⑥加强内蒙古“十大孔兑”的治理等。     

Effects of levees on soil microbial activity in a large river floodplain

In recent years, large river floodplains have received attention because of their importance in water quality amelioration and biodiversity support. However, few studies have addressed the effects of the extensive anthropogenic modification of floodplains caused by levee construction. To assess the effects of levees on soil properties, we measured microbial activities (electron transport system and extracellular enzyme activities), soil properties (organic matter, pH, ions, soil texture, etc.), coarse woody debris and litter accumulations in a section of the Wisconsin River floodplain in 1999 and 2000, where levees were constructed more than 100 years ago. No significant differences in the amount of organic matter or coarse woody debris were observed outside the levee compared to areas inside the levee. However, significantly higher microbial activities (dehydrogenase, β‐glucosidase, phosphatase) per gram organic matter were found for soils inside the levee. These changes were attributed to (1) modified hydrology, which caused differences in water availability and soil chemistry, and (2) tree species composition (e.g. higher number of oaks outside the levee), which caused differences in substrate quality. These results suggest that modification of the hydrologic regime by levees may alter not only the structure of plant communities but also the organic matter dynamics of floodplain. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fish assemblage response to rehabilitation of a sand‐slugged lowland river

The impact of excessive sediment supply on river channels has been described in many areas of the world. Sediment deposition disturbance alters habitat structure by decreasing channel depth, changing substrate composition and burying woody debris. River rehabilitation is occurring worldwide, but information is scant on fish assemblage responses to rehabilitation in sediment‐disturbed lowland rivers. Sediment removal and large woody debris (LWD) replacement were used to experimentally rehabilitate habitat along a 1500 m stretch of the Glenelg River in western Victoria, Australia. Using an asymmetrical before‐after control‐impact (BACI) design, fish were captured before and after the reach was rehabilitated, from two control reaches and from a ‘higher quality’ reference reach. After two years post‐rehabilitation monitoring, the fish assemblage at the rehabilitated reach did not differ from control reaches. Temporal changes in taxa richness and the abundance of Philypnodon grandiceps, Nannoperca spp. and three angling taxa occurred after rehabilitation (winter 2003) compared with the before period (winter 2002), but these effects did not differ between rehabilitated and control locations. Highest taxa richness and abundances occurred at the reference location. High salinity coincided with the timing of rehabilitation works, associated with low river discharges due to drought. The negative effects of other large‐scale disturbances may have impaired the effectiveness of reach‐scale rehabilitation or the effects of rehabilitation may take longer than two years to develop in a lowland river subjected to multiple environmental disturbances. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

密西西比河流域治理的措施及启示

密西西比河流域的自然灾害极为严重，美国对之的治理成效也举世瞩目，研究密西西比河治理开发工作的成功经验无疑对我国流域治理工作有限委好的借鉴意义，其治理的工程措施主要是在上游清除暗礁，堵塞支汉，修建梯级闸坝，中游修建防洪堤，丁坝群，护岸以及疏浚，干流下游建防洪堤，分洪区（道）、裁弯取直以及稳定河床，河口治理拦门沙，中游修建流堤，各支流则以综合利用水库为主，非工程措施的成功运用主要全现在管理，立法保障，防洪保险及对科研的重视等几个方面，在对密西西比河域治理措施和经验的认识基础上，得出了对于我国流域治理工作有指导作用的几点启示。     

MORPHOLOGICALLY RELATED INTEGRATIVE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT FOR RECONNECTING ABANDONED CHANNELS BASED ON AIRBORNE LiDAR DATA AND HABITAT MODELLING

Most of the large rivers are heavily degraded and lack near‐natural conditions due to high human pressure (agricultural use and settlements) especially on former inundation areas. Hence, it is rarely possible to ‘restore’ predisturbance conditions of rivers and their floodplains. Further, river or floodplain restoration programs are often based on type‐specific reference conditions. Those reference conditions are mainly determined on the basis of historical maps not giving any information of, for example, sediment supply, flood frequency and vegetation cover (density). Especially for improving the ecological status of rivers with abandoned channel features, key habitats for target fish species have to be restored by reconnecting floodplains and their secondary channel system. In addition, because of the necessity of improving the ecological status, there is growing interest in interdisciplinary river restoration techniques. Within the presented article, an integrative concept is derived based on Light Detection and Ranging measurements and numerical modelling with respect to river dynamics (hydrologic and morphological). Further habitat modelling, based on unsteady depth‐averaged two‐dimensional hydrodynamics, is applied with a focus on the mesounit scale. For testing the conceptual model, various river reaches at the Morava River were selected, featuring different morphological characteristics. It was found that the applied management concept allows considering the important issues of river dynamics (morphological/hydrologic) using a flow‐ and flood‐pulse approach for identifying bottlenecks of target species at the Morava River. The reconnection of abandoned channels will result in an increase of hydromorphological heterogeneity and/or woody debris within the study reach. This might be of high relevance for habitat features (e.g. backwater habitats) especially for flow pulses between low flow and mean flow and/or in reaches without abandoned channels between low‐flow and the bankfull stage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nature,mass and preferential sites of coarse woody debris deposits in the lower ain valley (Mollon reach), France

Coarse woody debris (CWD) has been examined in a section of the Ain, a sixth order piedmont river with an actively meandering channel and a wooded floodplain. The spatial distribution of CWD, its mass and forms of accumulation are controlled by the hydrodynamics and the retention capacity of the forest. A typology shows the relative importance of woody debris in the mosaic of patches and the essential role of the ecotonal zones. The mass of debris varies from 0001 t ha^?1, to more than 200t ha^?1, but is lower than those observed in certain American rivers. Most of the material is deposited in the margins and forms a narrow debris line. The restocking in woody debris is recent in Europe and tends to diversify the environment. This affects the researcher and the planner. The first considers this transit of material as a useful hydromorphodynamic and biodynamic tool which is easy to evaluate, and the second considers it as a restoring and generative vector, the ecological functions of which are recognized. Its effect is stronger today as the watershed area tends to be subjected to a decrease in agricultural activity.     

汶川地震区大型泥石流工程防治体系规划方法探索

汶川地震后4年里泥石流非常活跃,暴发了数次大规模泥石流。分析了震后泥石流形成的三类起动机理,并结合拦挡工程溃决情况,进一步分析人工干预下的大型泥石流形成机理。在此基础上,针对大型泥石流成灾的两个显著特点,即泥石流进入主河形成堰塞湖产生二次灾害与泥石流携带的巨石冲击破坏能力巨大,提出了主河输移控制型泥石流防治规划设计原理、不同开孔的拦砂坝群分级拦淤泥石流方法、谷坊群稳定形成区泥石流物源方法,以及充分利用沟床巨石形成阶梯-深潭结构等系列泥石流工程防治体系规划方法。主河输移控制型泥石流防治规划设计原理以主河输沙能力作为控制条件,将泥石流的洪峰流量优先分配给排导工程,然后分配给拦挡工程或者停淤工程,各类工程合理分担的泥石流洪峰流量。这些方法的组合可望对大型泥石流进行有效的调控。     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市河道橡胶坝建设及其对防洪的影响分析

城市河道现状一直是影响城市环境的一大因素。以修建橡胶坝为基础,在河道上修建水上景观可以美化城市环境,改善城市河道两岸的小气候。但是橡胶坝修建一定要有水文设计和防洪规划依据,盲目修建橡胶坝可能导致城市防洪体系遭到破坏,影响乃至破坏城市防洪工作．甚至可能造成不可预计的人员伤亡和财产损失。     

Organic matter transport and retention in a blackwater stream recovering from flow augmentation and thermal discharge

Organic and inorganic seston, benthic organic matter and woody debris were studied in a blackwater stream/floodplain system recovering from flow augmentation and thermal discharges. The stream had received cooling waters from two nuclear reactors from the mid-1950s to 1968, resulting in flows over 10x greater than normal and temperatures that exceeded 70°C. Channel morphology was markedly altered, woody debris was removed or buried, and floodplain vegetation was destroyed. Fifteen years after termination of cooling water discharges, the stream continued to exhibit many characteristics of a disturbed system. Compared to an undistributed reference stream, the recovering stream had substantially less benthic organic matter, fewer snags and debris dams, and transported more organic and inorganic seston of all size fractions examined. Because of the importance of these biophysical factors in the structural morphology of blackwater streams, it is hypothesized that complete recovery will not be realized until the floodplain forest has matured and large woody debris is contributed to the stream channel.     

河流生态等级划分

我国目前没有河流生态等级的划分标准,通过借鉴国外标准,根据河道线和水流状况、河底、水-岸的交错状况以及河道宽度的多样性、河堤、木本植物5个参数,将我国的河流划分为7个生态等级.     

Floodplain forest dynamics: Half‐century floods enable pulses of geomorphic disturbance and cottonwood colonization along a prairie river

In dry ecoregions, trees are restricted to river valley floodplains where river water supplements the limited local precipitation. Around the Northern Hemisphere, cottonwoods, riparian poplars, are often predominant trees in floodplain forests and these ecological specialists require floods that create and saturate sand and gravel bars, enabling seedling recruitment. By pairing the interpretation of aerial photographs at approximately decade intervals with dendrochronology, we explored the coordination between river floods, geomorphic disturbance and colonization of plains cottonwoods (Populus deltoides) over eight meanders along the Red Deer River in the semi‐arid prairie of western Canada. This river has a relatively natural flow regime and minimal human alteration through the World Heritage Site of Dinosaur Provincial Park. We found that the 50‐year flood of 1954 increased channel migration and produced extensive accretion with downstream expansion of meander lobes and some channel infilling, which was followed by prolific cottonwood colonization. Those processes accompanied the major flood, while bank erosion and cottonwood losses were more gradual and continuous over the past half‐century. Results indicated even greater floodplain and woodland development after an earlier 100‐year flood in 1915. Each flood produced an arcuate band of mature cottonwoods and there were five to seven progressively older woodland bands across the floodplain, with each cottonwood age grouping increasing by about a half‐century. The 700 m wide floodplain was progressively reworked by the river through pulses of channel movement and floodplain and woodland development over approximately 250 years and correspondingly, the oldest cottonwoods were about 250 years old.     

Physiographic characteristics of bridge‐stream intersections

Bridges that cross streams can be greatly affected by channel instabilities, such as channel widening, lateral migration and channel bed degradation. Attention to channel conditions in the vicinity of bridges is an important aspect of bridge maintenance and safety. Channel stability is also critical to goals of multi‐objective river management. Given that channel stability is important for both river management and the structural stability of bridges, any river management scheme should consider the stability of bridge‐stream intersections. In this paper, the characteristics of bridge‐stream intersections across the United States are described based on existing literature and recent field observations. A set of recommendations for addressing and improving channel stability at bridges is suggested, including: (1) controlling water and sediment discharges at the catchment level; (2) revegetating channel banks with woody vegetation; (3) reshaping the channel cross‐section to a more stable, configuration; (4) removing disturbances from the stream channel, such as cattle and (5) using structures to control flow near channel beds and banks. The physiographic setting is a factor in the solution of at least the first three suggestions in this list. Attention to the physical characteristics of bridge‐stream intersections in the various physiographic regions can lead to sustainable solutions for stabilizing channels at bridge‐stream intersections. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

当前黄河干流治理的策略

根据多年来黄河治理开发的实践及社会关注的重大问题,提出了当前黄河干流治理的策略和建议:尽早兴建桃花峪、古贤等梯级枢纽工程,为更好地开展黄河调水调沙创造条件;建设蓄能蓄电设施,使无法充分利用的低谷电能,通过储存转换实现更新和持续利用;对干流主要梯级枢纽下游河槽冲淤地形,采取合理有效的调水调沙措施进行治理,并通过数模仿真计算,生成各种风险图,获知今后各时段和各河段水流流态、流速、河床淤积、主槽变迁等情况,从而对黄河治理方案进行论证和优化。黄河干流梯级枢纽工程的校核洪峰较大,对小浪底等重大工程下游河道中的堤坝、冲淤沟槽变迁和安全尤应关注。     

POTENTIAL LARGE WOODY DEBRIS RECRUITMENT DUE TO LANDSLIDES,BANK EROSION AND FLOODS IN MOUNTAIN BASINS: A QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION APPROACH

In‐depth knowledge of the fluvial corridor and surrounding slopes and forest vegetation is needed for a better understanding of wood recruitment or inputs to rivers. The information available in Central Spain on hydrogeomorphic processes and forest distribution enabled the evaluation of potential wood recruitment from three sources: landslides, bank erosion and fluvial transport during floods on a regional scale. The method presented here is based on a geographical information system (GIS) and on multi‐criteria and multi‐objective assessment using fuzzy logic principles. First, the areas potentially affected by landslides, bank erosion and floods were delineated, and a vegetation analysis was carried out to obtain the vegetation resistance and forest density. Several scenarios were proposed based on the process frequency and severity. Using this method, the volume of potentially available wood can be estimated for each scenario. Fourteen river basins in populated areas were selected for further analyses and field survey. Observations of in‐stream storage of woody debris and tree disturbances were used to interpret the woody debris dynamics throughout the watershed and validate the obtained results. This method offers a suitable approach to define a watershed's capacity to recruit wood material to streams by delineating the source areas and estimating the order of magnitude of the wood volume in each case. The results may be useful to characterize the dynamics of woody debris from the perspective of the potential hazard of its transport during floods, and they can also be used for forest and river management and restoration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京山区小流域主沟道水文地貌特征调查与分析研究

为了摸清北京山区小流域沟道的生态现状及受人类干扰程度,对沟道开展水文地貌普查十分必要且富有指导意义。针对北京山区567条小流域的主沟道,根据北京山区沟道水文地貌分级标准,对各沟道的水文地貌要素包括水文、地貌与沟道连续性等状况开展野外调查,在室内开展评价、实现对沟道的分类定级,为生态清洁小流域建设和河流生态修复发挥重要的指导作用。     

大凌河流域生态治理措施与成效分析

分析了辽宁省大凌河流域存在的水资源严重短缺、水环境不断恶化、生态环境脆弱、防洪工程体系不完善、治理与保护管理薄弱等诸多问题。提出了划分封育区退田还河、建设生态林、修筑橡胶坝、拦河潜坝形成人工湿地、疏浚河道等治理保护措施。