THE CHILD IN THE CITY: A RESEARCH AGENDA

Children are an important part of urban life. Although the birthrate is declining, there are still a large number of children living in cities. But we have devoted little effort to designing our cities to take children's needs into account. This paper presents a four-part research agenda. This agenda would provide the sort of information that decision makers need to create urban environments that foster the growth of children.     

LEGEND AND THE AGENDA FOR URBAN REFORM: A Response to Daniel J. Monti

ABSTRACT: Fascination with the language of economics, combined with an overwrought/ear about engaging in speculation that fellow social scientists will deem too soft, has depleted and made brittle the lexicon with which scholars try to account for central city decline and from which they hope to construct remedies. Monti's paper performs a service by building on the concept of local citizenship and by introducing the concept of legends into the serious dialogue about urban redevelopment. Citizenship is part of the glue that holds communities together when models premised on narrow self-interest predict fragmentation and flight. Urban legends may provide a window into the psychosocial processes that have eroded the optimism and sense of shared interests that are prerequisites to a collective movement for urban revitalization. By overinvesting in the redemptive power of urban legend, however, Monti risks providing false encouragement to those who would like to believe that the deep problems affecting our cities can be washed away without hard work, resources, and political will.     

MODELING THE CONTEXT AND CONTINGENCY OF GENTRIFICATION

ABSTRACT: Recent criticisms of the coherence of theories of gentrification, the potential for its continued expansion in the 1990s, and methods for assessing its extent and significance have cast doubt on the utility of further research on the subject. This paper presents an empirical analysis of how gentrification altered the socioeconomic profile of the inner areas of four US cities between 1960 and 1990. Field surveys are conducted to delineate areas of visible housing reinvestment in Chicago, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and Washington, DC. Stepwise discriminant analysis of tract-level census data indicates that the degree to which gentrification reverses the urban status gradient is mediated by the context in which the process occurs. While restricted in magnitude, gentrification inscribes remarkably similar changes in socioeconomic composition in different cities and signifies a new and distinct dimension of urban socio-spatial structure.     

软土地基上筑堤技术研究

针对入海水道沿线不同工程地质情况 ,采用比奥固结理论有限元分析方法 ,研究了软土地基上筑堤堤基的沉降及其发展规律和影响因素 ,提出了合理的填筑速率     

GENTRIFICATION AND THE RIGHT TO THE CITY: COMMUNITY CONFLICT AND CASINOS

Henri Lefebvre's right to the city concept is increasingly used to challenge the development prerogatives associated with neoliberal development. These challenges are more common as gentrification becomes a global urban strategy. This article is an empirical investigation that examines competing claims to community legitimacy and authenticity in a conflict over gentrification in a Philadelphia neighborhood. This conflict emerged in Fishtown when long‐time established residents went head to head with upper‐income gentrifiers over the location of a casino in the neighborhood. Place‐based identities and the temporal connection individuals had to Fishtown contributed to the differences in perspectives on the costs and benefits of the casino and on the legitimacy of long‐time residents versus newcomers to be representative voices on behalf of Fishtown. The findings illuminate problems in applying the right to the city to neighborhood struggles when communities are divided over what constitutes a benefit to the community. The right to the city may not be a universal claim, particularly within a neoliberal urban context.     

LOCAL REPRESENTATION AND THE POLICY AGENDA*

The effect of a change from at-large to district representation on the agendas of local councils is examined in five cities. Based on analysis of roll-call votes and members' verbal interactions (as coded from official minutes), it is determined that this change in representation does not affect the proportion of the agenda devoted to such routine matters as streets and sanitation, nor to social minimum (welfare) or police and other protective issues. It may result in greater controversy concerning zoning and planning, and may make conflict more evident over any issue if it has been a subject of controversy in the community before the change to districts.     

1990年代以来国内大都市区研究回顾与展望

对1990年以来国内大都市区的研究从概念、界定、形成机制、发展阶段及总体特征、空间结构、规划等10个方面作了回顾,对这些研究进行了简评,并对大都市区未来的研究进行了展望。     

GENTRIFICATION AND THE GRASSROOTS: POPULAR SUPPORT IN THE REVANCHIST SUBURB

Abstract: Most existing research on neighborhoods facing gentrification has portrayed residents as resistant or politically quiescent. Drawing from a year of fieldwork in Dundalk, MD, I argue that developers and the neoliberal state will probably find popular support for gentrification as they reinvest in the politically divided industrial suburbs of the United States. Local homeowners and community associations have emerged as gentrification supporters for three interrelated reasons. First, many of them have drawn from a resurgent national conservatism to explain decline as an effect of government subsidies and “people from the city;” their desire to reclaim suburban space—a “suburban revanchism”—although avoiding accusations of racism makes gentrification‐induced displacement appealing. Second, the rebirth of urban neighborhoods and other industrial suburbs provides visual evidence of gentrification's success. Third, the neoliberal state's retreat from social programs and its emphasis on private‐sector redevelopment allay suspicion of government and enable collaboration between the local state, developers, and homeowners. The redevelopment efforts of two local organizations illustrate how residents have become indispensable partners in Dundalk's emergent pro‐gentrification coalition.     

SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC SEGREGATION IN THE 1990s

ABSTRACT: Suburbanization is changing the face of urban America. A common claim is that suburban sprawl has contributed to increasing levels of economic segregation, but few studies have directly tested this hypothesis. Using U.S. Census data for 1990 and 2000, this paper examines the trends in and the relationship between suburban development patterns and economic segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas. We find that economic segregation, as measured by the Neighborhood Sorting Index (NSI), declined during the 1990s, reversing the earlier trend. However, results from cross‐sectional and fixed‐effects regression models at the metropolitan level suggest that suburbanization, as measured by five different indicators, was a countervailing influence during the decade. Metropolitan areas that were suburbanizing more rapidly had smaller declines in economic segregation than comparable metropolitan areas.     

GENTRIFICATION,SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGE,AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF DISPLACEMENT

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the effect of continuing gentrification on household displacement in London. The author analyzes the geography and selectivity of migration. She found that long-range displacement from gentrifying areas affects progressively higher status households. Migrations over short distances are characteristic of low status households. This bifurcation is exploreed in relation to the integration of structure-based and agency-based approaches to the explanation of gentrification.     

西方绅士化研究进展

从绅士化概念的提出与发展入手,回顾了西方绅士化现象的阶段特征与趋势、西方绅士化研究的四个重要阶段,从绅士化的类型衍化、绅士化概念工具的再发展、绅士化效应与抵抗、新自由城市主义与绅士化、尺度转向与星球绅士化等方面分析当代西方绅士化研究的新特点。在展望西方绅士化实证研究、理论建构、后效应对与研究方法的基础上,认为中国绅士化的研究应当重点关注本体论与认识论、前置条件、结构动力与制度条件的独特性。     

冻融后疲劳寿命影响系数模型研究

为探索预应力结构在侵蚀环境作用下的工作机理和寿命,对冻融后疲劳侵蚀环境下结构疲劳寿命的主要因素及相对关系进行研究。在试验研究的基础上,采用统计分析的理论,推导出多元曲线关系式;通过大量试验数据,测定和分析经受不同冻融次数T、预应力等级S的试验构件的疲劳寿命,并建立预冻融疲劳寿命影响系数C的模型。结果表明:随着冻融次数T的增加,同一系列预应力构件的预冻融疲劳寿命影响系数C不断下降;而当冻融次数T一定时,预冻融疲劳寿命影响系数C与预应力度S表现出较为复杂的往返性关系,高冻融次数对较高预应力构件的预冻融疲劳寿命影响系数C的影响较大。所得模型可在已知环境和结构等条件下,求出给定可靠概率的疲劳寿命影响系数值和疲劳寿命预测值。     

实践研究:创新知识和方法的范式

In this article, the author concluded the patterns and challenges of practice research by Peking University-Turenscape into the answers to three questions: 1) By conducting practice research, people can gain the knowledge and methodologies to address authentic practice issues with constant attempts; 2) College faculties and students, researchers, and planners / designers are the agencies of practice research, but they are in dilemma because of the over pursuit for paper publication and citation in academic performance assessment, and the insufficient time and budget for research leading a fact that generic planning schemes and stereotypes are popularly employed; And 3) the healthy development and long-term promotion of practice research relies on the growth of the market-oriented industry. As one type of the practice research, “prototype study” offers a paradigm for the innovation of knowledge and methodology. Oriented to future challenges and uncertainties, it would help extend the horizon of Landscape Architecture, providing designers and scholars with prospective design insights and flexible working methods.     

预制SP板楼盖体系计算机辅助设计系统研制

在预制SP楼盖体系中，计算机辅助设计系统还处于空白状态。在计算方面采用手算并依照计算结果查看图集使用，这使得设计效率十分低下。我们开发了一款严格按规范编制、可自动生成设计计算书、分析受力情况、智能选择使用板型、以及链接AutoCAD自动绘制施工图等功能的辅助设计系统，使得设计及分析效率极大的提高。     

建筑室外风环境优化分析研究

建立建筑物的物理和数学模型,采用计算流体动力学方法对两种建筑方案的建筑风场进行分析计算.根据人体舒适度指数来评价两个方案建筑物人行区域风环境.     

中硬场地概率反应谱研究

现代反应谱是以平均值作为设防水准的,但缺乏统一的概率保证,需要从概率意义上研究反应谱。搜集了中硬场地上反映最新地震活动情况的205条地震记录,建立了不同区间—周期下的三维分布概率图,发现概率图中反应谱与均值谱的比值难以集中在平均值附近,以均值确认反应谱的设防水准是不合理的。因此,建立了三维累计概率图,求得不同概率保证率下的反应谱;最后拟合8度设防水准下,不同概率保证的地震影响系数和周期之间的函数关系式。     

预制外挂墙板计算机辅助设计系统研制

预制外挂墙板的设计，目前在计算方面仍旧采用手算并依照计算结果查看图集使用，这使得设计效率十分低下。依据相关规范及规程，按照建筑工业化的原则，开发出能严格按规范及规程要求、分析受力情况、智能选择拉结件、自动生成设计计算书以及链接AutoCAD自动绘制施工图等功能的辅助设计系统，使得设计及分析效率得到极大的提高。     

技改工程桩基设计探讨

以上海某在产炼钢厂增建300 t LF炉工程桩基设计及其施工实践为例,探讨了在受到拟建场地环境狭小、工程地质条件差、桩基施工对在产厂房结构产生不利影响等特定条件下桩基设计及施工应重视的问题,可供类似工程项目借鉴。     

某大跨度空间悬挑结构支撑方案选型研究

以某大型商业综合体复杂建筑为例,针对大跨度空间悬挑结构支撑方案选型进行研究。结构采用钢筋混凝土框架-剪力墙结构形式,悬挑结构支承在框架柱上,悬挑部分的高度为12 m,挑出的长度为11. 9 m。用YJK和MIDAS软件分别建立分析模型,采用交叉斜撑、拉杆、拉压杆3种斜撑方案,分别对这3种方案用弹性分析的方法进行研究。对比重要指标,在各项指标均满足相关规范要求的前提下,通过对悬挑结构的位移和内力的分析,选择最合理的方案,调整斜撑布置,以达到结构优化的目的。     

历史文化名城保护制度建设再议

通过回顾我国历史文化名城制度创设的历程,梳理国家和地方历史文化名城保护的相关法规建设状况,探讨名城保护规划法规体系的不足,参照英国遗产保护与城乡规划高度融合的制度体系、意大利历史中心区和景观环境整体保护的实践经验,提出适应我国名城名镇名村历史环境整体保护要求、完善城乡规划法规制度的若干建议。