Valley floor landscape change following almost 100 years of flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river

Critical to restoring the nature conservation value of many river corridors is an understanding of how alluvial landscapes will respond to cessation of river management and land use practices that have previously degraded the environment. This paper analyses changes in valley floor landforms and vegetation patch dynamics, in relation to fluvial disturbance, over a period of almost 100 years following flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river, namely the River Tummel, Scotland. Such rivers were once typical of many draining upland areas of northern maritime Europe. Prior to abandonment the valley floor landscape was agriculturally dominated and the river for the most part was single thread confined between flood embankments. The pattern of landform change and vegetation patch development over time following a decision in 1903 not to maintain embankments was tracked by geomorphic and land cover mapping utilizing successive sets of aerial photography for the period 1946 to 1994. A historical context for these changes was also feasible because the channel planform in 1900 and earlier channel planform changes dating back to 1753 were known due to the availability of old maps and earlier geomorphic studies. The land cover mapping was validated by comparison of results produced from the interpretation work on the 1994 aerial photographs with the field‐based UK National Vegetation Classification protocol. The findings of the study illustrate that bordering the River Tummel fluvial landforms and vegetation patch mosaics, presumably resembling those that occurred before valley floor land use intensification, evolved in less than 50 years after flood embankment abandonment with a resultant increase in habitat diversity. The change relates primarily to flood‐induced channel planform change and moderate levels of fluvial disturbance. The general significance of this change to plant species diversity on the valley floor of the River Tummel and elsewhere is discussed as is possible implications of the upstream impoundment and scenarios for climatically induced changes in flood frequency and magnitude. The overall outcome is the strong possibility that simple changes in river management and land use practices could result in re‐establishment of the nature conservation value of similar river corridors in Europe over the medium term without active restoration efforts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CHANNEL ADJUSTMENTS AND ISLAND DYNAMICS IN THE BRENTA RIVER (ITALY) OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS

Many gravel bed rivers in the European Alpine area suffered different ranges and types of human pressure that modified their morphology and altered their processes. This work presents the case of the middle portion of the Brenta River, historically impacted by human activities such as floodplain occupations, bank protection, gravel mining, hydropower schemes and water diversion. Dam operation and gravel mining have produced considerable modifications in the natural sediment regime generating important morphological channel responses (narrowing and incision). Large areas of the former active channel have been colonized by riparian vegetation, both as islands and as marginal woodlands. Overall, the river changed its morphological pattern from braided to wandering. The present study analyses the timing and extent of the planform morphological changes that occurred over the last 30 years along the middle portion of the river (20 km long) through the examination of aerial photos, repeated topographic measurements and hydrological data. A series of recent aerial photos (1981, 1990, 1994, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011) have been used to assess the medium and short‐term morphological changes of the floodplains and the active channel area. As to the medium‐term modification, the recent changes in in‐channel gravel mining have determined a new trend of active channel widening through erosion of vegetated areas. The analysis has also allowed to assess the morphological effect of single flood events. Only floods with recurrence interval higher than 8–10 years appear to be able to determine substantial erosion of floodplain and island margins. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上荆江沙市至郝穴河段近期河床演变及过洪能力分析

在大量实测河道资料基础上，分析了上荆江临江河段演变的基本规律、发展趋势及河道过洪能力，通过分析上荆江主流变化与岸滩变化的关系，深泓纵向冲淤变化和护岸段近岸河床冲淤变化，初步预测了上荆江河道发展趋势，最近还分析了荆江近期过洪能力的变化，通过分析后认为在三峡工程建成之前，荆江仍然面临着大洪水的威胁，因此必须重视河道观测工作，因势利导加强河势控制工程，改善近岸河床冲刷的现状，保障荆江地区的安全。     

长江中游沙卵石-沙质河床过渡带冲刷趋势研究

通过30余年特别是三峡水库蓄水以来水文、地形、地质等实测资料的系统收集,对长江中游枝城-陈家湾河段的沙卵石-沙质河床过渡带冲刷特性和发展趋势开展分析。结果表明：虽然河段内自上而下呈现出卵石逐渐减少而沙质比例逐渐增多的渐变特点,但以昌门溪-马家店一带为界,上下游的洲滩组成、深泓形态、河床冲淤、水位下降等方面存在突变现象。在三峡水库蓄水后的冲刷过程中,虽然全河段内均出现了汊道冲刷、枯期河槽扩大的现象,但可以预计的是,河段内河势不会发生大的变化,而昌门溪以下河段难以抵御水位下降的溯源传递,马家店以上在枯水期将出现比现状更为严重的坡陡、流急、水浅现象。     

A GIS‐based approach to mapping probabilities of river bank erosion: regulated River Tummel,Scotland

This study explores the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques for mapping river channel planform change and bank erosion probability. The method used is primarily based on an approach developed by Graf (Graf, W.L. 1984. ‘A probabilistic approach to the spatial assessment of river channel instability’, Water Resour. Res., 20 (7), 953–962), which proposed that bank erosion probability could be determined for any given cell on a floodplain by taking into account (i) its distance laterally and in the upstream direction to the active river channel, and (ii) a value representing flood magnitudes for the given period. In this study, Graf's method is refined by using a GIS approach and by incorporating the influence of geomorphic variables, such as river bank morphology, sediment type and floodplain vegetation, on bank erosion rates. In addition, the technique is applied to a wandering gravel‐bed river of roughly 80 m width, representing a different type and size of river to that used in Graf's study. Thus, the wider applicability of the technique is tested. In addition, the analysis here covers only a short time scale (1988–1994) compared with that used by Graf. The high temporal resolution of this study is enabled by the use of aerial photography and also by the substantial channel changes that occurred within this time period as a result of several high magnitude flood events. The results of the study indicate the usefulness and validity of the approach, particularly with regard to floodplain erosion hazard mapping and the assessment of the effects of altered flood regimes and land use. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

潼关高程下降对渭河下游防洪的影响

潼关高程抬升引起渭河下游大量泥沙淤积，给防洪带来一系列问题。本文针对这一问题，通过对渭河下游河道40多年的大断面地形资料进行分析和计算，探讨了潼关高程与渭河下游泥沙冲淤的关系，并分析了典型断面的水位变化。结果表明，潼关高程与渭河下游泥沙冲淤密切相关，潼关高程下降后，渭河会产生溯源冲刷。在大水少沙情况下，近槽滩地也会受到冲刷，但是洪水漫滩后滩地会发生淤积，由于主槽面积增加，过洪能力增强，中小洪水防洪压力减小；但如果发生高含沙漫滩洪水，滩地淤积，漫滩洪水水位反而有所抬高，大洪水威胁依然存在。     

三峡工程运用初期荆江河段调关弯道冲淤演变试验研究

三峡水库修建后,由于水库调蓄作用,进入坝下游荆江河道的水沙过程发生了显著变化。荆江河道产生较明显的冲刷,已引起局部河段的河势调整,将在相当长时期内对两岸堤防、已建护岸工程和河道整治工程及河道的稳定产生不同程度影响,进而影响该地区的防洪、航运、生态与环境,以及河流的综合服务功能的正常发挥。采用长江防洪实体动床模型试验,研究了三峡工程运用初期不同时期荆江重点险工段调关弯道的冲淤变化过程,并在此基础上预测河势调整趋势。研究成果可为该段河道的治理和河势控制工程规划、设计等提供技术参考。     

西福河大桥对河道行洪影响分析

西福河是增城市第二大河流,为当地的主要行洪、排水、排涝通道。某高速公路西福河大桥跨越西福河并在河道行洪区域内布置路基、桥梁等构筑物。为了减小建桥后对两岸河堤、农田、村庄造成影响,应分析桥梁建设对河道行洪影响。本文根据西福河大桥设计成果、所跨越西福河河道情况进行阻水分析,并通过建立数学模型进行壅水计算,根据分析结果就本工程建设对河道泄洪的影响、对河势稳定的影响、进行评价,并对设计方案提出调整意见或建议。     

长江中游沙卵石-沙质河床过渡带冲刷趋势研究

通过30余年特别是三峡水库蓄水以来水文、地形、地质等实测资料的系统收集，对长江中游枝城-陈家湾沙卵石-沙质河床过渡带冲刷特性和发展趋势开展分析，其结果表明：虽然河段内自上而下呈现出卵石逐渐减少而沙质比例逐渐增多的渐变特点，但以昌门溪~马家店一带为界，上下游的洲滩组成、深泓形态、河床冲淤、水位下降等方面存在突变现象。在三峡水库蓄水后的冲刷过程中，虽然全河段内均出现了汊道冲刷、枯期河槽扩大的现象，但可以预计的是，河段内河势不会发生大的变化，而昌门溪以下河段难以抵御水位下降的溯源传递，马家店以上在枯水期将出现比现状更为严重的坡陡、流急、水浅现象。     

浅析改革开放30年长江防洪体系的变化

结合改革开放30年来长江防洪体系发生的巨大变化,阐述了长江堤防、水库、蓄滞洪区、河道整治、平垸行洪等防洪工程体系和防汛指挥调度系统、水情信息系统、防洪通信预警系统、防洪法律法规、防汛组织等防洪非工程措施的变化,提出了加快标准适度、功能合理的长江防洪工程体系建设和继续强化防洪非工程措施建设的思路.     

Patterns of channel adjustment to impoundment of the upper River Spey,Scotland (1942–2000)

Over the last 30 years, understanding of how river channel morphology adjusts to upstream impoundment has been improved considerably with clearwater erosion close to the dam and aggradation downstream of unregulated tributary confluences being identified. In a UK context our understanding of channel response to impoundment has been based principally on analysis of a number of regulated rivers using a time–space substitution approach but the temporal pattern of channel change was not fully observed. This paper details channel change over almost six decades following impoundment of the River Spey, Scotland, primarily via the use of cartographic and aerial photographic evidence. Channel change initially involved the formation of tributary confluence bars followed by bench development and vegetation colonization and development on the benches and gravel bars. Sixty years after impoundment, the channel is still adjusting its form at distance from the dam to be in quasi‐ equilibrium with its regulated flow regime; indeed adjustment was most rapid between 1989 to 1995. This accelerated adjustment is due to the occurrence of a greater number of large and geomorphologically significant flood events in this period. Sediment supply limitation from unregulated tributaries will have stemmed the rate of narrowing and bench development prior to 1989. This spatial and temporal pattern of adjustment supports, for the most part, the model advocated by Petts (Progress in Physical Geography, 1979, Vol. 3, pp. 329–362). The wider implications of the channel change for river conservation and management are addressed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渭河临潼河段河床物质层理淤积结构分析

在分析渭河临潼河段渭淤20—27断面河床组成特点的基础上,对典型断面河床物质的层理结构特征、层理淤积结构的成因进行了分析。结果表明:①1960—2009年河段累计淤积泥沙0.728 7亿m3,其中汛期淤积0.838 7亿m3,非汛期冲刷0.110 0亿m3,河槽淤积0.214 0亿m3,滩地淤积0.514 7亿m3;②河槽部分多年平均河床质中值粒径为0.098 1～1.252 8 mm,滩地部分为0.036 8～0.079 7 mm;③渭河高漫滩从上至下呈上粗下细的二元结构特征,按沉积相可分为漫滩相沉积物与主槽沉积物,渭淤24—26断面河床物质主要为粉土、粉质黏土、沙砾石、圆砾,粉质黏土层中0.010 mm以下的细颗粒含量为20.0%～42.5%;④临潼、咸阳、张家山三站悬移质年均中值粒径均呈细化趋势,悬移质0.025、0.010 mm以下沙重百分数明显增大;⑤临潼河段河床物质层理结构是来沙级配差异并产生淤积而形成的,形成粉质黏土层的泥沙可能来源于渭河咸阳或泾河张家山以上的不同区域。     

潼关高程下降对渭河下游河床演变的影响

潼关高程变化与渭河下游累计淤积关系密切。潼关高程下降后 ,渭河下游主槽会产生溯源冲刷 ,在大水少沙情况下 ,近槽滩地会受到冲刷 ,洪水漫滩后滩地会发生淤积 ;冲刷在靠近潼关的华阴和华县河段表现明显 ,向上游逐渐减弱 ;冲刷河段主槽过洪能力有所增大 ,常水位和一般洪水位都有所降低 ,但大洪水的威胁依然存在。此外 ,渭河下游各河段河相系数均减小 ,河道向着窄深方向发展 ;由于侵蚀基准降低 ,自然裁弯动力增强且易发生 ,河道弯曲系数变小 ,河道由摆动型向稳定型弯曲河道发展。水流移床力的分析表明 ,潼关高程下降期间 ,河道运动强度与脉动流量关系减弱 ,基本上维持在某一常数 ;由于流量的脉动客观存在 ,河道仍会摆动 ,平均每年移动量在 12 0～ 4 0 0m之间。     

基于洪水涨冲落淤特性分析游荡性河道双岸整治对冲淤的影响

基于黄河下游及主要干支流、美国密苏里河和密西西比河的实测资料,分析了低含沙洪水和高含沙洪水的输沙与冲淤特性。研究表明,河道沿程比降虽然变缓,但河宽变窄,流速沿程增加,是造成冲积河流保持洪水输沙平衡的边界条件。底沙的运动比洪水波传播得慢,是造成洪水在河道中长距离冲刷的根本原因,而与河道的比降陡缓关系不大。河道输沙特性呈现"多来多排",是形成河床沿程冲刷的水流动力条件。通过黄河下游河道双岸整治,河道形成窄深、归顺、稳定的河槽,使洪水造床和输沙作用增强,从而对河道冲刷作用增加。     

滦河承德河段防洪工程模型试验

采用河工模型试验,研究了滦河承德河段在两岸堤防工程及拦河坝工程修建前后,不同设计洪水的流场变化及河床变形状况。试验结果表明:堤防工程平面布置是合理的,设计的防冲措施可以抵御该处的局部冲刷,拦河坝工程降低了河床冲刷,工程防洪标准可以达到50年一遇。研究成果为该河段防洪工程设计提供了参考依据。     

Channel forms and vegetation adjustment to damming in a Mediterranean gravel‐bed river (Serpis River,Spain)

This paper focuses on the analysis of changes observed in channel morphology in the Serpis River (Alicante, Spain), a gravel‐bed river dammed since 1958. The paper analyses flow series and several aerial images, prior and subsequent to dam construction, to analyse changes in channel morphology and vegetation colonisation using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Results show a concatenation of morphological changes throughout an adjustment sequence (60 years), which started with the transformation from wandering to single thread channel pattern, was followed by a slow vegetation encroachment, and culminated with the stabilization of channel migration. The role of vegetation (particularly Salicaceae species) has been critical in controlling floods' effectiveness, reducing river mobility and shifting, and consolidating a channel planform model adapted to the post‐dam flow conditions.     

长江中下游洪水位与河床冲淤关系初探

针对长江中下游近50年来部分水文断面如螺山、城陵矶洪水位抬升明显、高洪水位持续时间加长的问题,统计了大量水位、流量、水流含沙量以及河床地形等实测资料,并进行分析计算.结果表明,长江中下游洪水位变化与河段河床演变及河道形态变化密切相关,江湖淤积及河道形态变化是造成洪水位抬高及高洪水位持续时间加长的主要原因.     

长江下游河床演变对防洪的影响探讨

长江下游自然资源丰富，工农业生产发达，但河床自然演为，河岸崩塌，汊道变化，河床淤积，人工围滩开发，给长江下游防洪及两岸经济发展带来负面影响。为此，对长江下游河床演变规律，河床自然演变对防洪的不利影响进行重点分析研究，探讨长江下游防洪问题，提出应通过因势利导整治河流，控制汊道变化，稳定岸线，疏竣河道，规划保护对行洪有利的滩地，使河流最大限度地安全行洪，实现长江下游长治久安，社会、经济的可持续发展。     

黄河下游洪水期断面调整对过洪能力的影响

水位表现是水流与河床边界相互作用的客观反映。对于不同的河流二者所起的作用各不相同，一般河流，河床变形不显著，水位主要依赖于流量的大小而变化；而像黄河这样的多沙河流，周界变化迅速，尤其是洪水期，槽冲滩淤，涨冲落淤，断面调整对水位影响很大。文中从定性到定量对中低含沙量的各级洪水，主槽冲刷对过洪能力的影响进行了详细分析，成果对防洪有指导意义。     

黄渭洛河汇流区河势演变及其带来的影响

70年代以来黄渭洛河汇流区河势恶化 ,其表现是黄河西摆、河床展宽 ,渭河口上提 ,汇流区水流散乱。这些不利变化的主要原因是潼关高程抬升和不合理的河道工程布设引起的。同时由于汇流区河势的不利变化减弱了黄渭河泄洪输沙能力 ,又不利于潼关高程的冲刷下降。作者针对渭河下游及黄渭洛河汇流区泥沙发展及河势变化 ,提出合理的潼关高程为 32 5m以下 ,为稳定汇流区河势 ,改善汇流区河道条件提出了解决对策