球头铣刀铣削轮廓曲面的有效切削速度分析

对球头铣刀加工轮廓曲面的有效速度进行研究,考虑到球头铣刀倾角变化和工件曲率半径变化,建立了球头铣刀切削凹凸轮廓曲面的干涉模型。采用相对加工倾角的方式解决了高角度铣削的干涉问题,并根据实际有效切削直径得到凹凸轮廓曲面的有效切削速度。研究结果表明:采用小切入角度和大切出角度切削加工曲面时,有效切削速度较小;铣削加工凹曲面时受切深影响较大,凸曲面主要受前后刀轨影响较大。     

自由曲面行距自适应五轴数控加工刀轨生成方法

在满足残留高度的前提下,增大行距能够有效减少加工刀轨的行数,从而减少刀轨总长度。针对自由曲面平底刀五轴加工,提出了一种行距自适应的刀轨生成方法。在刀具进给方向法平面上,以椭圆等效表示平底刀切削轮廓,基于曲面局部轮廓线和等残留高度点的几何特征提出迭代计算等残留高度点的方法;再根据等残留高度点、切削轮廓和曲面之间的几何关系,通过迭代调整下一行切削轮廓位置计算出满足残留高度要求的下一行刀轨信息;最后以下一行和当前行刀触点之间最小的参数差值作为自适应行距值规划刀轨。以叶片曲面为例生成刀轨,验证了算法的可行性和有效性。     

球头刀铣削零件表面扇形残留研究

采用球头刀加工时,会在行距方向上产生行间残留,在进给方向的行间残留上产生扇形残留。为了提高工件表面加工质量,以加工平面为例建立了球头刀加工模型及零件表面扇形残留模型,研究了每齿进给量、切削刃数、刀具半径和刀具螺旋角等参数对扇形残留的影响。使用MATLAB软件进行了仿真计算,得出每齿进给量和切削刃螺旋角的增大会使扇形残留面积增大,刀具半径和切削刃数增加会使扇形残留面积减小。切削试验及测量试验结果较好地匹配了仿真结果,证明了球头刀铣削零件表面扇形残留模型的可行性。最后提出了控制扇形残留高度的方法,为球头刀铣削加工提供了参考。     

曲面圆弧包络磨削表面粗糙度特性研究

对曲面磨削表面粗糙度成型原理进行了分析,得出曲面磨削时其表面粗糙度由磨粒划痕和砂轮两步距间的残留高度构成。探讨了其分布均匀性的原理,揭示了各参数对其均匀性的影响。通过砂轮进给速度的变速控制,可以降低约60%的表面粗糙度波动率。根据理论分析可知,在加工凹曲面时,其理论残留高度值约为凸曲面的两倍。实际加工时,采用较小的砂轮进给步距或砂轮圆弧半径可达到凸曲面的表面粗糙度效果。     

覆盖件模具曲面曲率特征对球头刀铣削力的影响

针对自由曲面模具的铣削加工,提出一种综合考虑曲面曲率、刀具前倾角和侧偏角的瞬时铣削力预报方法。基于曲面几何特征,研究了进给方向、行距方向曲率半径对刀具切削角度的影响,以及刀具前倾角和轴向切触角对未变形切屑厚度的影响;基于微分思想,将自由曲面加工中任意刀齿切削周期内的切触区进行离散,结合三维次摆线切削轨迹建立未变形切屑模型,得到适合于自由曲面三轴球头铣削的瞬态铣削力,该模型能够综合考虑曲面曲率特征变化、刀具工件切触角度变化;基于二次曲面模具模型进行铣削加工试验,试验测试结果表明,预报的铣削力和试验测量结果在幅值上和变化趋势上具有一致性,在平稳切削时最大铣削力预测误差值在12%以内,验证了该方法能有效地预报自由曲面模具的球头铣削的瞬态铣削力。     

等残留高度法中的刀具初始轨迹优化

刀具运动轨迹是数控加工技术的核心部分,它会对数控加工的加工质量和加工效率产生极大影响。等残留高度法是近年来被提出的一种非常高效的刀具轨迹规划方法。传统等残留高度法中,一般选择曲面最长边界作为刀具轨迹的初始轨迹。选择马鞍曲面上沿最大凸曲率方向的曲线作为初始轨迹,结合传统的等残留高度算法,生成覆盖整个加工曲面的刀具轨迹。对比新刀轨算法和传统等残留高度法,实验结果表明,采用新算法生成的刀具轨迹可以有效地提高加工效率。     

轮廓铣削侧面粗糙度理论建模与验证

轮廓铣削侧面粗糙度是评价轮廓铣削加工质量的重要指标,为获得能反映轮廓铣削侧面粗糙度的理论模型,提出一种考虑轮廓曲率半径的三轴铣削侧面粗糙度理论模型。针对轮廓包含的基础图形分类,分析刀具运动轨迹与加工表面形貌的几何关系,分别建立考虑轮廓曲率半径的直线铣削、凸弧铣削和凹弧铣削的侧面粗糙度理论模型。以四刃平底立铣刀为铣削刀具,在不同曲率半径和刀具半径下进行轮廓铣削试验,验证构建的粗糙度理论模型。结果表明,构建的直线、凸弧和凹弧的侧面粗糙度理论模型的预测效果与实际测量值具有相同的趋势,且预测精度较高,证明了所建立的铣削侧面粗糙度理论模型的有效性,该研究充实了粗糙度建模的理论研究。     

基于轮廓铣的斜面及倒圆编程技术

以残留高度不超过编程误差为前提,推导出倒凹圆/凸圆、斜面铣削时控制变量增量值的计算公式。基于轮廓铣的底面倒凹圆、斜面及顶面倒凸圆组合结构,通过求解三角形,推导得到了刀具半径补偿值、深度值、控制变量的初值与终值与控制变量之间的计算式。应用了自下而上的走刀形式及直线逼近曲线的拟合原理,实现了刀具半径补偿值的可编程参数输入功能,编制得到斜面及倒圆组合结构铣削的通用型宏程序。可以完成六种组合结构、三种常用刀具、二维轮廓外形及型腔共30种场合的铣削加工。     

面向能效的曲面数控加工刀具路径优化方法

刀具路径规划是曲面数控加工过程的一个重要环节,优化的刀具路径能显著提高曲面加工效率,降低机床能量消耗。通过对刀具路径优化问题的描述及其影响因素的分析,建立以机床加工效率和能量消耗为目标,以主轴转速、进给量、机床功率、主轴力矩、加工行距及表面质量为约束的刀具路径优化模型。在模型优化求解过程中,根据待加工曲面曲率半径、刀具半径及曲面加工后的残留高度,优化出合理的刀触点间距和加工行距以确定刀触点;采用自适应模拟退火遗传算法对刀触点连接顺序和方式进行优化运算,寻求最优刀具路径。通过实例加工和与传统方法的对比,验证了提出方法的有效性和实用性。     

基于定向距离理论的五轴加工刀具轨迹规划算法

针对环形刀五轴加工自由曲面的残留误差问题,在传统等残留高度算法的基础上,提出了一种基于定向距离理论的等最大残留高度刀具轨迹规划算法。首先根据微分几何理论计算已知刀触点的初始侧向行距,并在侧向行距方向进行偏置得到相邻刀触点;然后以基于定向距离理论的残高误差计算模型对相邻刀触点间的实际残高值进行计算;最后通过迭代计算规划出等最大残留高度的相邻刀具轨迹。如此循环,从而获得整个曲面的刀具轨迹。实验结果表明,相对于商用软件MasterCAM9.0,该算法在充分保证曲面加工质量的同时最大限度地减小了刀具轨迹的总长度,从而提高了加工效率。     

Effects of inclination angles on geometrical features of machined surface in five-axis milling

With the development of manufacturing technology, five-axis milling has been one of the most important solution strategies in machining field. To deepen the understanding of multi-axis processing and improve the application level of the technology, the current work was carried out. This paper investigated the effects of tilt and lead angle on the scallop height, surface roughness, surface topography, and surface damages in five-axis ball-end milling process. Both geometrical analysis and experiment research are conducted to investigate the scallop height after five-axis milling, and variation of the surface roughness and surface topography with tool inclination angle obtained from the experiments was analyzed. Surface damages under the different inclination angles were also observed and analyzed with optical profiler. Several conclusions are made as follows. The inclination angles of the ball-end mill have no effect on the scallop height when only the spherical part of the cutter participates in the cutting process according to the geometrical analysis. Surface roughness with regard to tilt angles presents symmetrical characteristic around 0°. Surface texture feature, especially the texture direction, is closely related with the tool posture. The surface concave pits, convex marks, microscopic cracks, and spot corrosions are mainly the damage forms of the machined surface. More surface blemishes appeared when small inclination angles are adopted in cutting. As a result, the recommendatory inclination angle values for inclination angle are proposed. A better understanding of the five-axis machining process would be given by the detailed analysis of generation reason of the machined surface features, and the results could provide support for process parameter optimization.     

Iso-scallop tool path generation in 5-axis milling

This paper presents a new method of computing constant scallop height tool paths in 5-axis milling on sculptured surfaces. Usually, iso-scallop tool path computation methods are based on approximations. The attempted scallop height is modelled in a given plane to ensure a fast computation of the tool path. We propose a different approach, based on the concept of the machining surface, which ensures a more accurate computation. The machining surface defines the tool path as a surface, which applies in 3- or 5-axis milling with the cutting tools usually used. The machining surface defines a bi-parametric modelling of the locus of a particular point of the tool, and the iso-scallop surface allows to easily find iso-scallop tool centre locations. An implementation of the algorithms is done on a free-form surface with a filleted end mill in 5-axis milling.     

等残留高度法加工椭球面的刀具轨迹算法

鉴于采用等间隔参数法和截面法加工椭球面零件时存在残留量不均匀、表面质量和加工效率不高等缺点,提出采用等残留高度法原理加工椭球面。推导了该方法的加工刀具轨迹算法,并采用VB编程实现了该算法,生成了NC加工程序。加工结果表明,该方法可以满足光学自由曲面的加工精度要求。     

基于正向杜邦指标线的五坐标侧铣加工

为实现叶轮类零件的多坐标侧铣加工,通过引入正向杜邦指标线,利用鼓锥形刀对自由曲面的五坐标侧铣加工进行研究。针对具有严格凸切削刃的侧铣加工刀具,提出不发生局部干涉的充要条件是切触点处刀具曲面的正向杜邦指标线位于被加工曲面的正向杜邦指标线之内。给出利用鼓锥形刀侧铣加工自由曲面时实施干涉检查的判断准则以及消除干涉的修正方法,推导出具有严格凸切削刃的刀具在给定的残留高度下侧铣加工带宽的计算方法。在此基础上,利用等残留高度法实现鼓锥形刀侧铣加工自由曲面无干涉刀具轨迹的生成。算例表明,在相同残留高度下,鼓锥形刀侧铣较之球头刀加工效率提高37.44%,说明侧铣加工是提高切削效率和加工质量的一种有效途径。     

凹球面的数控铣削加工实证研究

以凹球面的数控铣削加工为例,详细阐述了利用宏程序编制凹球面加工程序时刀具的选择、刀具轨迹的处理以及刀具进刀的控制算法等问题,并最终编制出凹球面的数控铣削宏程序。同时,还以POWERMILL自动编程软件为背景,详细阐述了凹球面从造型、规划刀具路径到后处理生成加工程序的方法。结合实证研究总结出手工编制宏程序和自动编程的在实际应用中的优缺点。     

A Surface Based Approach for Constant Scallop HeightTool-Path Generation

The machining of sculptured surfaces such as moulds and dies in 3-axis milling relies on the chordal deviation, the scallop height parameter and the planning strategy. The choice of these parameters must ensure that manufacturing surfaces respect the geometrical specifications. The current strategies for machining, consist primarily in driving the tool in parallel planes which generates a tightening of the tool paths. A constant scallop height planning strategy has been developed to avoid this tightening. In this paper, we present a new method of constant scallop height tool-path generation based on the concept of the machining surface. The concept of the machining surface is developed and its use to generate constant scallop height tool paths is described. The approach is compared with existing methods in terms of precision and in particular its aptitude to treat curvature discontinuities.     

EQUIVALENT NORMAL CURVATURE APPROACH MILLING MODEL OF MACHINING FREEFORM SURFACES

A new milling methodology with the equivalent normal curvature milling model machining freeform surfaces is proposed based on the normal curvature theorems on differential geometry. Moreover, a specialized whirlwind milling tool and a 5-axis CNC horizontal milling machine are introduced. This new milling model can efficiently enlarge the material removal volume at the tip of the whirlwind milling tool and improve the producing capacity. The machining strategy of this model is to regulate the orientation of the whirlwind milling tool relatively to the principal directions of the workpiece surface at the point of contact, so as to create a full match with collision avoidance between the workpiece surface and the symmetric rotational surface of the milling tool. The practical results show that this new milling model is an effective method in machining complex three- dimensional surfaces. This model has a good improvement on finishing machining time and scallop height in machining the freeform surfaces over other milling processes. Some actual examples for manufacturing the freeform surfaces with this new model are given.     

Experimental investigation on various tool path strategies influencing surface quality and form accuracy of CNC milled complex freeform surface

Four tool path strategies such as equal-interval tool paths, parallel tool paths, parallel–tangency tool paths, and freeform tool paths are proposed in computer numerical control milling of a complex freeform surface. The objective is to understand how 3D tool paths influence their machining efficiency, surface quality, and form accuracy. In this study, their scallop heights were less than or equal to 15 μm. First, their scallop heights distributions and 3D tool path distances were theoretically analyzed; then, four tool path strategies were investigated with reference to machining efficiency, surface texture height, surface roughness, and form errors. It is shown that scallop heights distribution can be used to display the surface texture state and predict tool path distance. Experimental results indicate that the surface texture height, the surface roughness, and the form errors were nearly identical on the machined flat location and surface for various tool path strategies, whereas their surface quality and form accuracy are easily destroyed on the abrupt ones except for the parallel tool paths. Although the freeform tool paths produce the shortest tool path distance through 3-axes driving mode, the parallel tool paths offer the best surface quality and form accuracy through 2-axes driving mode. This is because the 3-axes driving and its vector changes on abrupt location easily lead to large machine vibration and movement errors. It is confirmed that the parallel tool path strategy with 2-axes driving mode can improve the surface quality and form accuracy in actual milling of a complex freeform surface.     

基于特征的直纹面5轴侧铣精加工刀位计算方法

提出了基于加工特征的直纹面5轴侧铣精加工刀位轨迹的计算方法,给出了误差估算方法。通过对直纹面微分几何特性的研究,用扭曲度来刻画直纹面特征,将直纹面划分为可展化曲面和非可展化曲面。对于可展化曲面,通过调整直纹面上母线方向的变化规律,使之成为可展曲面,以便在加工中获得无脊棱的光滑曲面;对于非可展化曲面,提出用最小偏置角原理来求取刀轴矢量,以使加工误差在刀具与被加工曲面切触状态下趋于最小,最终获得无干涉刀位轨迹。     

数控铣削内拐角加工精度优化研究

如何提高内拐角加工精度一直是数控加工中的难点。文中对影响数控铣削内拐角加工精度原因进行了分析,通过理论证明和实验验证,优化程序和调整参数,改变进给加(减)速变化,可达到提高内拐角加工精度和降低表面粗糙度的目的。