GENERALIZED PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF A PULSED LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION COLUMN

This paper deals with the application of a general predictive controller to a pulsed liquid-liquid extraction column. The control purpose is to maintain the column in its optimal behaviour zone in spite or flowrates and physical properties of solvent and solute fluctuations. The complex dynamics of the column is modeled by a low order linear discrete model with time varying parameters which are recursively identified. Based on these estimates, the control policy is adapted on line.

The obtained results illustrate the successful application of such an adaptive algorithm.     

GENERALIZED PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF A PULSED LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION COLUMN

This paper deals with the application of a general predictive controller to a pulsed liquid-liquid extraction column. The control purpose is to maintain the column in its optimal behaviour zone in spite or flowrates and physical properties of solvent and solute fluctuations. The complex dynamics of the column is modeled by a low order linear discrete model with time varying parameters which are recursively identified. Based on these estimates, the control policy is adapted on line.

The obtained results illustrate the successful application of such an adaptive algorithm.     

A STUDY ON TWO-PHASE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN PULSED SIEVE PLATE COLUMN FOR LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION

In a previous investigation in 1963 Wang and Shen et al,found that the well known flow equationfor pulsed sieve plate column given by J.D.Thornton should be modified and written asV_s=V_d/X V_c/(1-x)=V_0(1-x)~nThis paper is a continuation of the previous works.Four kinds of liquid-liquid system were examinedin this study.The parameters n and V_o,the Sauter mean diameter of dispersed droplets D_(3.2) arc corro-leted in terms of physical properties of the systems and operation variables.Calculated flooding veloci-ties are close to the experimental values with deviation within ±15%.     

液-液萃取脉冲筛板塔中两相流动特性的初步研究

实验采用了两种液-液体系和1吋与2吋直径的筛板塔。关联实验数据所得的公式为V_d/x+V_c/（1-x）=V_o（1-x）~n,而不是J.D.Thornton所提出的比较简单的V_d/x+V_c/（1-x）=V_o（1-x）。从1吋塔,煤油-水体系的数据获得n=2.2±0.2。用所得公式计算的“泛点”流速非常接近实验测得的数值。     

基于软测量技术的先进控制在精馏塔上的应用

In this paper, the control of a butadiene distillation column is discussed and improved. At first, a neural network soft-sensor instrument of product quality was built based on abundant on-the-spot data collected by DCS and simulated data obtained by a theoretical model. Then, an inferential control scheme based on the soft-sensor was designed. By increasing logic and expert controllers in the inferential control arithmetic, the robustness of the system was enhanced. The practical application showed that the scheme could run smoothly over a long period and realized close-loop control of product quality.     

脉冲萃取塔径向扩散系数的测定方法

引　言对于脉冲筛板萃取塔或脉冲填料萃取塔中的轴向混合 ,已有许多人用轴向扩散模型作了研究[1,2 ].但是 ,在脉冲萃取塔工业放大设计的过程中 ,径向混合程度是个不可忽略的重要因素 .然而 ,这方面的研究尚未见报道 .萃取塔中的混合情况会直接影响液液两相传质推动力的大小 .通常 ,希望塔内连续相出现尽可能小的轴向混合 ,使连续相的流形接近活塞流 ,以获得最大的传质推动力 .而对于连续相的径向混合 ,其混合程度越大越有利于径向浓度的均匀 ,有利于获得最大的传质推动力 .因此 ,径向扩散系数大小的确定 ,对于工业规模脉冲萃取塔的设计具有…     

用动态响应曲线法研究脉冲筛板萃取柱的传质特性

用动态响应曲线法研究了内径150mm脉冲筛板萃取柱的传质特性,并考虑了轴向混合。实验体系采用30％TBP(煤油)-硝酸-水,操作条件:脉冲频率:1.0～2.5s~(-1),脉冲振幅=0.0067～0.030m,有机相/水相=1/1～3.3/1.实验结果表明,本法与稳态浓度剖面法同样可靠,且省时、省料,可在更宽流比范围内用于大柱径萃取设备的研究。     

COMPUTER-AIDED GRAPHICS OF LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION

An algorithm has been developed and tested for steady-state liquid-liquid extraction, using rectangular coordinates. It is capable of handling common types of stagewise contact, i.e., single stage extraction, multistage cross-current, and continuous countercurrent multistage extraction. The results depend on the nature of the extraction scheme and the extent of separation desired. While equilibrium data for some systems are stored in its data bank, the present portable computer simulator ( LIQEXT) has the flexibility of reading equilibrium data for other systems, as well as overriding stored data

Both design and rating cases can be performed. In the design mode, i.e., given the feed and solvent rates and the outlet concentration, it calculates the number of stages, the exit stream flow rates, and the concentration profile. In the rating ( or simulation) mode, i.e., given the feed and solvent rates, and the number of stages, it computes the exit streams flow rates and compositions, and the concentration profile. In both cases a graphical output of the concentration profile is produced, either on the screen or on a hard-copy plotter.     

STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF ANNULAR SPACE WIDTH ON THE AXIAL MIXING IN PULSED-SIEVE-PLATE EXTRACTION COLUMN

1 INTRODUCTIONAnnular pulsed-sieve-plate extraction column is an unique extraction equipment that can beused to ensure critical safety in reprocssing of irradiated nuclear fuel,The study of this kind ofextraction column has been carried out and some results were published in resent years [1—9]. It is known that axial mixing is one of most important parameters effecting column be-     

活性炭单柱提取肌苷新技术研究

活性炭单柱提取肌苷新技术研究李永泉，张进，姚恕，郑莲英，俞峰（杭州大学生物系杭州３１００２８）（浙江大学化工系杭州３１００２７）关键词：肌苷，提取技术，活性炭单柱１前言目前，国内肌苷发酵后处理工艺落后，在分离提取工序中肌苷损失严重，收率一般只有５０％...     

MAXIMIZING SELECTIVITY OF LIQUID-LIQUID REACTION SYSTEMS. CONTROL OF THE DISPERSION PROCESS

Currently available information on droplet coalescence and break-up rates in turbulent flows in mixing vessels can be used to control drop sizes in dispersed phase equipment. The effect of drop size distributions on the selectivity and productivity in multi-reaction systems is examined in this paper.

The reaction system features the primary desired product (C) as resulting from reaction (in the bulk phase) between a reactant (A) in the drop phase and a second reactant (B) in the bulk phase. An adverse reaction is also envisaged which consumes (C) by further reaction with (B) to form a waste product. While small drops promote conversion because of large interfacial area, larger drops promote selectivity because of the facility of the product to re-enter the drop phase avoiding further reaction (to form waste) in the bulk phase. The effect of the bivariate distribution of drop size and reactant (A) concentration in the feed to a continuous stirred tank reactor on the selectivity and productivity of (C) is investigated within the framework of film theory while neglecting drop dynamics such as coalescence and break-up.

The results show the selectivity can be substantially improved by controlling drop size and distribution of the reactants among the differently sized droplets. Contrary to conventional wisdom which emphasizes creation of interfacial area by promoting very small droplets, it emerges that optimal distributions of drop size and reactant concentration which maximize productivity of the desired product exist. The practical implications are discussed.     

LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF BSA BY USING CTAB-HEXANOL-OCTANE REVERSED MICELLAR SYSTEM

1 INTRODUCTIONIn biotechnology there is a need for new protein recovery process,which combines a highselectivity for the desired product with substantial concentration increased and easy to scale-up.In this context,liquid-liquid extraction with reversed micellar phase might serve this purpose.Reversed micelles are aggregates of surfactant molecules containing an inner core of water mole-cules,dispersed in a continuous organic solvent medium.These systems are opticallytransparent and thermodynamically stable.It has beendemonstrated [1,2]that under certainconditions proteins can be transferred from an aqueous phase towards a reversed micellarphase or vice versa(Fig.1)     

A STUDY ON MASS TRANSFER IN PULSED SIEVE-PLATE EXTRACTION COLUMN

Mass transfer experiments have been carried out in a 40mm diameter pulsed sieve-plate extraction column. Both standard and "dispersion-coalescence" type cartridges were tested with 30％ TBP (kerosene as diluent)/ Nitric Acid/Water system. "Ture" volumetric mass transfer coefficient and backmixing     

PHASE HOLDUPS AND LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION IN THREE PHASE FLUIDIZED BEDS

Effects of the continuous phase velocity (0.01-0.08 m/s(, the dispersed phase velocity (0.0-0.04 m/s) and particle size (1.0-3.0 mm) on the individual phase holdups and the mass transfer coefficient have been determined in two (liquid-liquid) and three (liquid-liquid-solid) phase fluidized beds.

In the beds, the dispersed phase holdup increased with dispersed phase velocity but it decreased with continuous phase velocity. Whereas the continuous phase holdup decreased with dispersed phase velocity but it increased with continuous phase velocity. The bed porosity increased with both the dispersed and continuous phase velocities in the beds of 1.7 and 3.0 mm particles. In addition, the continuous phase holdup decreased with the presence of solid particles in the bed, however, the dispersed phase holdup was not affected by the presence of the particles.

The overall mass transfer coefficients in the continuous and dispersed phases increased with increasing fluid velocities but it decreased with the bed height.

The continuous phase holdup and mass transfer coefficient data have been correlated with the operating variables and the dimensionless groups.     

MODELING AND CONTROL OF A TEMPERATURE-BASED HIGH-PURITY DISTILLATION COLUMN*

Industrial distillation columns typically lack adequate on-line instrumentation required for implementing high performance, model-based control systems which depend on composition measurements. The typical practice is to base product quality control schemes instead on tray temperature measurements since these are usually available on-line. While this strategy has been applied with success on a wide variety of distillation columns, some special considerations may be necessary in dealing with high-purity columns. This paper presents results which address some of the key issues involved with the use of tray temperature measurements as surrogates for composition measurements, and with the development of appropriate input/output models for multi variable control of high-purity columns. For the purpose of illustration, we investigate the performance of several model predictive control schemes based on a linear model, a “high frequency” model, and a nonlinear temperature transformation, along with that of conventional multiloop PID control. Closed-loop control performances are compared for setpoint changes as well as for changes in unmeasurable load disturbances.     

空气搅动的填料萃取塔性能实验研究

引　言气体搅动是一种外加能量的萃取方法 .与机械搅拌相比 ,气体搅动的萃取塔内无运动部件 ,操作稳定 ,结构简单 ,能耗低 .过去已有数篇关于气体搅动的混合 -澄清槽[1] 、喷洒塔[2～ 4 ] 、多级连续萃取器[5] 等无填料的萃取过程水力学性能和传质性能的文献报道 .而在填料塔萃取过程中加入气体搅动技术 ,一方面继承了填料可以有效地降低轴向返混的优越性能 ;另一方面 ,通过外加能量进一步强化液 -液两相接触与传质 ,提高传质系数 ,综合了外加能量的萃取技术和填料萃取技术的优点 .关于这方面的内容目前少有报道[6] .1　实验装置与实验方法…     

SALT EFFECT IN LIQUID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA OF ACETIC ACID-WATER-BENZENE SYSTEM

The effect of sodium sulphate, potassium-sulphate and potassium chloride on the distribution of acetic acid between benzene and water at 35°C is reported. Distribution data of the three quaternaries have been determined at salt saturation and unsaturation in each case, as well as the basic ternary in the absence of salt at that temperature. The simple method of Setschenov is used to correlate the distribution data for the salt effect. All the three salts studied are found to have salting out effect for acetic acid in varying degrees.     

基于PID模糊控制的陶瓷窑炉温度控制系统的设计

分析了应用于陶瓷窑炉的PID模糊控制技术的基本原理、设计方法以及控制程序的计算机实现方法等。这是一种能抗干扰，不依赖于对象模型的实用智能控制技术。     

影响转盘塔萃取效果的因素分析

详细分析影响转盘萃取塔工作的有关因素,采取相应措施,保证了萃取效果。     

SEPARATION OF TAXANE COMPOUNDS BY LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION

Experimental and numerical studies on liquid-liquid extraction of taxane compounds that are extracted from yew needles by solid-liquid extraction are carried out. In the treatment, the materials are classified to three components, and separation of component C from components A and B is discussed. In experiments, distribution coefficients and selectivities of those components are measured with various solvents. Based on the experimental results, numerical simulation of the countercurrent multistage liquid-liquid extraction process for separating the components is carried out with various operating conditions. Then, the fractional countercurrent multistage liquid-liquid extraction process is examined, and the effect of reflux operation on separation performance of the fractional liquid-liquid extraction process is studied. Based on the numerical results, it is found that the fractional countercurrent multistage liquid-liquid extraction with reflux is superior to the other extraction processes for separating taxane compounds.