The employment impact of demographic change: A regional analysis

The central concern of this article is with measurement of the economic impact of demographic change at a regional level. To facilitate this, a method is developed which involves the linking together of two hitherto separate analytical techniques: labour market accounts and extended input-output models. The application of the method is demonstrated by reference to three UK regions – West Midlands, Merseyside, and East Anglia – with contrasting demographic and economic histories over the time intervals 1971–1981 and 1981–1991. The employment impact of consumption derived from demographic change is measured in relation to individual elements of the labour market account and comparisons are made with the effects of economic change over the same time periods. Received: 27 February 1997 / Accepted: 5 March 1998     

On the bearing capacity of sandy foundation beds

Results of analytical investigations using the software package “GEO-MIGG”, which establish the scale effect of a structure on the bearing capacity and settlement of the foundation bed, are presented. __________ Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 3, pp. 2–8, May–June, 2006. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Deformations of structures during their erection in the dense urban setting of Saint Petersburg

In performing construction work, neighboring buildings that fall within the settlement basin due to new construction are frequently encountered in the historic district of Saint Petersburg. Regulatory documents currently in force contain allowable additional settlements on the high side for which the buildings will sustain heavy damages. A new interpretation of the concept of “limiting allowable additional settlement” is proposed. __________ Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 1, pp. 25–27, January–February, 2006. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Drainage of base soils with radial horizontal wells

This article describes the efficiency of using radial horizontal wells in base soils to protect buildings and structures from a rise in the level of groundwater. All-Russian Scientific Research and Design Institute for Drainage of Mineral Deposits, Special Mining Work, Ore Geology, and Mine Surveying, Belgorod. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 4, pp. 21–24, July–August, 1994.     

Spectrophotometric determination of hypochlorite by N,N-diethylaniline

The article proposed a technique of determining hypochlorite by means of photometry (at 475 nm) of the solution of the oxidation product of N,N-diethylaniline (pH 3–3.5). Linearity of the graduation graph is observed within the range of the concentrations ClO⁻ 0.1–2/0 mg/dm³, detection limit—0.04 mg/dm³. The relative standard deviation of the determination of hypochlorite does not exceed 0.13. The technique is selective, simple in execution and fast.     

Effects of network economies in high-speed rail: the Spanish case

The first high-speed rail was inaugurated in Spain in April 1992 on the Madrid–Seville route with great success in passenger occupancy and notable impact on the regional development. The Madrid–Barcelona–French Border high speed rail has not been inaugurated yet, as it has been subject to delay in the engineering work. These facts have led public opinion to be very favorable toward the Madrid–Seville high speed rail but unfavorable toward the Madrid–Barcelona–French Border route. In this paper, we will compare the “ex post” cost–benefit analysis by De Rus and Inglada (Ann Reg Sci 31:175–188, 1997) for the Madrid–Seville route with the “ex ante” cost–benefit analysis made by Inglada and Coto-Millán (Essays on Microeconomics and Industrial Organization. Springer Physica, Heidelberg, 2004) for the Madrid–Barcelona–French Border route. The basic assumptions of time values, accident values and social discount rate of 6% in real terms are the same in both studies.     

From Liquor to Leisure: The Changing South African Hotel Industry 1928–1968

Historical scholarship in tourism studies is relatively limited, mainly focused on North America and Western Europe. The aim in this article is to examine one neglected facet of the historical development of urban tourism in South Africa. Specifically, the focus is on the changing nature of South African hotels and of the hotel industry during the period of 1928–1968. During this period, a transformation occurred in the nature of the hotel sector ‘from liquor to leisure’. This change shifted the trajectory of hotel developments in South Africa and laid the essential foundations for the beginnings of an internationally competitive tourism industry. An understanding of developments taking place in the hotel industry through this formative period of 1928–1968 is essential for interpreting the evolution of the modern South African hotel industry.     

Improvement of methods of constructing pile foundations in permafrost soils

This article discusses peculiarities of constructing pile foundations in permafrost soils in different natural, technical, and economic conditions. Examples are given of the most efficient use of combined methods of setting ready-made and precast monolithic piles. Scientific Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 4, pp. 28–30, July–August, 1994.     

Measuring the effects of air quality regulations on “dirty” firm births: Evidence from the neo- and mature-regulatory periods

In this article, we use annual (1980–90) county-level manufacturing plant location data for New York State to examine the effects of the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments on the location decisions of new pollution-intensive manufacturing plants in the “:neo-regulatory” (1980-84) and “mature-regulatory” (1985–90) phases of the Act's implementation. Our results suggest that the temporal effects of regulation vary. Whereas the location decisions of pollution intensive manufacturing firms were unaffected by the Act's regulatory restrictions in the “neo-regulatory” period, the restrictions appear to have had a significant negative impact on the location decisions of these types of firms in the Act's “mature-regulatory” phase. The diversion of new pollution intensive plants to counties with less stringent environmental regulations suggests that current US environmental regulations may be leading to a “browning process” whereby counties historically free of pollution become havens for polluters. Received: 2 April 1999 / Accepted: 18 October 1999     

Resistance of large deformation of the Wushaoling Tunnel F7 soft fault

In this article, the mechanical characteristics of the squeeze of the F7 fault of the Wushaoling Tunnel are analyzed. The measurements and techniques are proposed to resist the deformation. The result indicates that the method of construction to control the further squeeze deflection is appropriate. Translated from Construction Technology, 2006, 35(2): 62–64 [译自: 施工技术]     

A study on the building of a new “output–output model” and its usefulness: based on a comparative analysis of the input–output model

This paper describes the building of a new open static “output–output” (O–O) model in comparison to the open static input–ouput (I–O) model developed by Leontief (Rev Econ Stat 18:105–125, 1936). While the I–O model can be characterized as a system that relates final demand to gross output, the O–O model relates gross output for final demand (endogenous or exogenous) to gross output for output (endogenous). We perform a comparative analysis between the two models in structure and characteristics and illustrate the usefulness of the O–O model, for example, by formulating I–O multipliers that can accept output as an initial change. The comprehensive analysis conducted in this paper, including a numerical illustration with an example, shows that the two models form a mutually supplementary relationship and could give rise to a fundamental framework for the analyses of various regional and national economic activities.     

Modelling the geography of economic activities on a continuous space

In the present article we propose a spatial micro econometric approach for studying the geographical concentration of economic activities. We analyse the incentives to use this approach rather than the traditional one based on regional aggregates. As an example, we present our prototypical theoretic model – to be seen as a continuous space version of Krugman's concentration model – that includes birth, survival and growth components. We present a numerical estimation of the birth model for a set of data referring to the concentration of the manufacturing industries in the San Marino Republic. Received: 18 May 1998 / Accepted: 12 March 2001     

Location choice under delivered pricing: a reinterpretation

This article reinterprets, under a common framework, previous results on location choice under delivered pricing. The paper clearly identifies the economic forces which explain why the socially optimal locations are an equilibrium of the location-price game in some models, and why they are not an equilibrium in other models. The paper shows that the rationale behind Hamilton et al. (Reg Sci Urban Econ 19:87–102, 1989) and Gupta’s (Reg Sci Urban Econ 24:265–272, 1994) non-optimality results are very different. While the first result is explained by the social inefficiency of the price game, the second one is due to the existence of a strategic effect. The author is grateful to the three anonymous referees for their valuable comments.     

Links between rural development and crime

Over the past few years, metropolitan crime has fallen in the United States while nonmetropolitan crime has continued to increase. This article examines nonmetropolitan crime during the period 1977–1995, and describes its characteristics and spatial dynamics. The article outlines eight categories of causal factors and investigates their role in nonmetropolitan county crime variation using regression analysis. This analysis shows that many variables commonly identified with “rural development” are associated with crime. The article concludes by recommending that planners anticipate the social effects of popular rural revitalization strategies, such as tourism, retirement communities, highways, and service sector development. Received: 3 March 1998 / Accepted: 23 November 1998     

Sorption of methylene blue on polyurethane foam and its use for determination of anionic SAS

The article has studied sorption of the main dye of methylene blue on polyurethane foam and influence on it of sodium dodecyl sulfate additives. We have developed a sorption-photometric technique of determining 5–30 μg of sodium dodecyl sulfate at the sample volume 25 cm³.     

Dioxins in soils

This article reports on pollution of the environment with dioxins, which are lethal to the human organism. Dioxins are formed as a by-product at chemical plants with antiquated technologies. Entering into primitive slime pits with wastes, dioxin freely penetrates into surrounding soils and groundwater. Favorable conditions for formation of dioxins are created when soils containing chlorinated benzene and phenols are stabilized. The status of this problem abroad is described. Specific measures are suggested to eliminate dioxins in soils and in slime pits. Scientific Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures. Translated from Osnovaniya. Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 2, pp. 27–29, March–April, 1994.     

Exploratory spatial data analysis of the distribution of regional per capita GDP in Europe, 1980−1995

The aim of this paper is to study the space-time dynamics of European regional per capita GDP. A sample of 138 European regions over the 1980–1995 period provides clear evidence of global and local spatial autocorrelation as well as spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of regional per capita GDP. The detection of spatial clusters of high and low per capita GDP throughout the period is an indication of the persistence of spatial disparities among European regions. The dynamism of European regions is investigated by exploring the spatial pattern of regional growth. Implications for applied econometric work on the convergence of European regions are then suggested. Received: 11 September 2000 / Accepted: 11 March 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Previous versions of this article were presented at the 6th RSAI World Congress 2000 “Regional Science in a Small World”, Lugano, Switzerland, May 16–20, 2000 and the 40th ERSA Congress “European Monetary Union and Regional Policy”, Barcelona, Spain, August 29 – September 1, 2000. We would like to thank L. Anselin, R.J.G.M. Florax, A. Getis, C. Baumont, an and suggestions. We would also like to thank Eurostat: G. Decand and A. Behrens from the regional statistics section (division E4) as well as J. Recktenwald and I. Dennis for the help they provided on the Eurostat-Regio database. The usual disclaimer applies.     

New pneumatic drilling machine for strengthening foundations

This article describes the design of a new pneumatic drilling machine with a sectional expander and gives its mechanical characterics. The technology of the deep compaction of soil in the vertical plane is examined. Relations and nomograms are presented to determine the distance between drill holes and drilling speed in relation to the diameter and depth of the holes and the sequence in which they are expanded. The dependence of the duration of soil compaction on the time spent performing the main and auxiliary operations is also determined. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 2, pp. 25–28, March–April, 1999.     

Human capital and per capita product: A comparison of US states

This article analyzes the extent to which human capital differences can explain the differences in gross state product (GSP) per capita levels between the richer and poorer states of the US. It uses 1990 Census and Bureau of Economic Analysis data on educational attainment, wage levels of different segments of the labor force, and GSP to compare New York – our representative rich state – with the poorest third of the states. The findings indicate that human capital differences explain at least 49% of the observed difference in GSP per capita between New York and each of the poor states. Received: 19 May 1999 / Accepted: 19 September 1999     

Engineering evaluation of the stability of underground arched excavations

Conclusions 1. By means of the proposed method it is possible to predict different accidental overbreaks — the most characteristic manifestation of the rock pressure on the enclosing timbering under conditions of rock of medium firmness, which agrees with the underground hydraulic construction practice. The analytical dimensions of these overbreaks in accordance with this practice turn out to be, in the depth range which is characteristic for this type of construction, somewhat smaller than those predicted in the usually applied procedures and, at the same time, they are sufficiently large so that the possibility of development of such overbreaks must be taken into account in the analysis of the enclosing timbering. 2. Analyses made for arched excavations by the procedure described in this article takes account of the additional concentration and characteristics of the distribution of stresses for arched excavations in comparison with circular. Translated from Oznovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 5, pp. 12–14, September–October, 1990.