硫酸氢钠催化合成富马酸二异辛酯

以富马酸和异辛醇为原料,NaHSO4做催化剂,甲苯做带水剂,合成了富马酸二异辛酯.用正交实验设计方法考察了醇酸比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量、反应时间等因素对反应的影响,确定了NaHSO4催化法合成富马酸二异辛酯的最佳工艺条件为:醇酸比为5:1,催化剂用量为酸质量的2％,带水剂用量为醇用量的1/2,反应时间为4h,产率达98％.     

对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯的合成研究

提出了一种合成对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯的新工艺.即以对二甲氨基苯甲醛为起始原料,经氧化、酯化两步反应合成对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯.着重讨论了合成关键步骤：氧化反应.找到了氧化反应较佳的反应条件：反应温度60℃,反应时间 12 h,对二甲氨基苯甲醛与硝酸银的物质的量比为1∶2.1,托伦试剂的pH值为10,对二甲氨基苯甲酸收率达89.2%.对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯的总收率达81.7%.     

防晒剂对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯的合成研究

提出了一种合成防晒剂对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯的新工艺,即以对硝基苯甲酸和异辛醇为起始原料,经酯化、硝基加氢、N-烷基化合成对二甲氨基苯甲酸异辛酯。着重讨论了合成关键步骤:N-烷基化反应。找到了较佳的反应条件:反应温度90℃～100℃,反应压力1 5MPa～2 0MPa,反应时间15h,骨架镍用量为对氨基苯甲酸异辛酯质量的10%,对氨基苯甲酸异辛酯与甲醛摩尔比1 0∶2 2。与目前文献介绍的合成工艺相比,此工艺将产物收率提高了近50%,收率达84 7%,同时还避免了使用剧毒原料硫酸二甲酯。     

C_(22)-三元酸三酯的合成

C22-三元酸三酯的合成以棉籽油甲酯为原料,将非共轭的亚油酸甲酯在催化剂作用下转化成共轭亚油酸甲酯,同时与富马酸二酯发生D iels-A lder反应,生成C22-三元酸三酯。采用正交实验设计探讨了C22-三元酸的甲基二异戊酯的投料比、温度、催化剂用量、反应时间对合成反应的影响。富马酸二酯加入量按照富马酸二酯∶亚油酸甲酯(摩尔比)=1.1∶1投料,反应温度选择在200~210℃,催化剂碘的用量在0.6%,反应控制在2 h,最佳转化率相对于亚油酸甲酯可达96%。     

SiO2负载磷钨酸催化合成癸二酸二异辛酯

以SiO2负载磷钨酸(负载量为50%)为催化剂催化合成癸二酸二异辛酯.考察了反应时间、温度、醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量对得率的影响,得到合成癸二酸二异辛酯的较适宜的合成条件.     

固体超强酸SO~(2-)_4/ZrO_2催化合成十二烷二酸二异辛酯

采用沉淀-浸渍法制备了固体超强酸SO2-4/ZrO2催化剂,经FT-IR、XRD对制备的固体超强酸进行表征。以十二烷二酸、异辛醇为原料,采用SO2-4/ZrO2固体酸催化剂合成十二烷二酸二异辛酯。考察了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、催化剂的质量分数等对合成反应的影响。使用该催化剂合成十二烷二酸二异辛酯的最佳反应条件为:反应温度为130℃,醇酸物质的量比为4∶1,反应时间为5 h,催化剂质量为酸的质量的1.5%,酯化率为98.4%。催化剂不经处理可循环使用,使用5次以后酯化率为95.3%。     

负载硫酸氢钠催化合成异硬脂酸异辛酯

采用直接酯化法，以活性炭负载硫酸氢钠为催化剂，催化异硬脂酸、2-乙基己醇合成异硬脂酸异辛酯，讨论了酸醇物质的量比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量等因素对酯化反应程度的影响。活性炭负载硫酸氢钠催化合成异硬脂酸异辛酯的最佳反应条件为：酸醇物质的量比为1∶1.45,反应温度为150℃,反应时间为6 h,催化剂用量为0.5%。在此工艺条件下，合成的异硬脂酸异辛酯酯化率高、颜色好、副反应少。     

固体超强酸S_2O_8~(2-)/TiO_2催化合成戊二酸二异辛酯的研究

以固体超强酸S2O28-/TiO2为催化剂,以异辛醇和戊二酸为原料合成戊二酸二异辛酯。研究了催化剂的用量、原料配比及反应时间对反应结果的影响。反应最佳条件为:醇酸摩尔比为2.5∶1,反应时间为3 h,催化剂用量0.4%。在此条件下,戊二酸二异辛酯收率96.0%。     

己二酸、壬二酸双酯的微波无溶剂合成

在微波辐射无溶剂条件下,用己二酸、壬二酸分别与异辛醇、正十二醇反应合成了润滑油类双酯.结果表明,在微波辐射功率300～320 W、催化剂用量3.0%～3.5%(占醇和羧酸总质量的百分数,以下同),己二酸双异辛酯和壬二酸双异辛酯反应时间分别为12 min和8 min的条件下,反应转化率分别为99.4%和98.0%;己二酸双十二酯和壬二酸双十二酯反应时间分别为6.5 min和7.5 min的条件下,反应转化率分别为97%和95%.测定了产物色泽和结晶点,并用1HNMR1、3CNMR和IR谱表征产物结构.与传统合成方法比较,微波合成法使己二酸双十二酯、壬二酸双十二酯、己二酸双异辛酯和壬二酸双异辛酯转化率分别提高了3%、6%、11.5%和29%,反应时间分别缩短了90%、91.3%、85.9%和90%,产物色泽好.该法具有简单、快速、高效、环境友好的优点.     

脱水磷酰氯法合成磷酸二异辛酯

研究了脱水磷酰氯法合成磷酸二异辛酯的新方法。先以五氧化二磷和二氯亚砜反应制备了脱水磷酰氯,脱水磷酰氯再与异辛醇反应制得目标产物磷酸二异辛酯。考察了磷酰氯与异辛醇物质的量比、异辛醇的滴加温度、反应时间、反应温度和真空度等关键因素对反应的影响。实验结果表明,n(脱水磷酰氯)∶n(异辛醇)=1.0∶2.1、15℃下滴加异辛醇、60℃下反应3 h、真空度为0.08 MPa的条件下,磷酸二异辛酯的收率达96.2%,含量达97.9%。利用FT-IR和NMR对产物磷酸二异辛酯进行表征。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.