Decreased bioavailability of digoxin due to antacids and kaolin-pectin

Employing a Latin-square design and single-dose studies of bioavailability in 10 normal human volunteers, we tested the hypothesis that antacids and kaolin-pectin might interfere with the bioavailability of orally administered digoxin. Cumulative six-day urinary digoxin excretion (expressed as the percentage of a 0.75-mg dose recovered) was: control, 40.1+/-3.0 (S.E.); aluminum hydroxide, 30.7+/-2.9; magnesium hydroxide, 27.1+/-2.4; magnesium trisilicate, 29.1+/-1.7; and kaolin-pectin 23.4+/-2.0. The differences in means were highly significant (F = 10.47, P less than 0.005). Further analysis (multiple comparison test) revealed that control differed significantly from each of the other treatments (alpha = 0.05), but there was no such difference between any of the other treatment groups. The decreased cumulative excretion produced by antacids and kaolin-pectin reflected a striking reduction in digoxin absorption associated with these compounds that was not related to alteration of gut transit time or to adsorption of digoxin to these gastrointestinal medications.     

Evaluation of buffering capacity and acid neutralizing-pH time profile of antacids

The antacid properties of seven antacids listed in the hospital formulary of a medical center were evaluated with in vitro tests. These included not only the preliminary antacid test and acid-neutralizing capacity test as described in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP XXIII), but also a buffering pH profile test. The preliminary antacid test measured the final pH of a 10-mL solution of 0.5 N HCl 10 minutes after addition of the minimum recommended dose of an antacid, while the neutralizing capacity test measured the amount (mEq) of HCl neutralized by the minimum recommended dose in 15 minutes. The buffering pH profile recorded the pH time course of dynamic simulated gastric fluid neutralization by a dose of an antacid. In the preliminary antacid test, magnesium oxide showed the highest pH (9.52 +/- 0.14, mean +/- standard deviation, n = 3); aluminum phosphate gel yielded a final pH of 2.51 +/- 0.01, thus failing to meet the criteria of an antacid (pH > 3.5). In the acid-neutralizing capacity test, hydrotalcite had the highest neutralizing capacity (28.26 +/- 0.3 mEq), while sodium bicarbonate had the lowest (7.40 +/- 0.12 mEq). In the buffering pH profile test, aluminum-magnesium hydroxide suspensions and hydrotalcite tablets maintained a steady optimum pH (3-5) for around 1.5 hours. One tablet of calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or magnesium oxide could not raise the gastric pH to above 3, but two tablets increased the pH excessively (5.3 to 8.6). The higher dose (two tablets) of aluminum hydroxide hexitol complex could not raise the pH to the optimal level. These findings demonstrate that there is disparity in the antacid effectiveness estimated by the neutralizing capacity test and the buffering pH profile test and suggest that the efficacy of an antacid cannot be accurately predicted from its acid-neutralizing capacity. The dose of antacids greatly influences the neutralizing pH profiles. Aluminum-magnesium compounds appear to provide steadier buffering than carbonate compounds or magnesium oxide.     

The effect of zinc sulphate and of bicitropeptide on tetracycline absorption

The interaction between tetracyclines and di- and trivalent ions such as are contained in aluminium, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc-containing salts or complexes or antacids is well documented. The potential for interaction between tetracyclines and zinc and bismuth salts is often not realised, but is emphasised by the findings reported here. The absorption of 250 mg phosphate-potentiated tetracycline hydrochloride was reduced by 75% when administered concurrently with 220 mg zinc sulphate. The absorption of 250 mg phosphate-potentiated tetracycline hydrochloride was reduced by 50% when administered concurrently with 10 ml bicitropeptide, a bismuth-protein complex. Tetracyclines should thus not be administered concurrently with zinc salts or bicitropeptide.     

从分银渣的盐酸浸出液中回收和制备氧化铋

铜阳极泥分银渣盐酸浸出液中含锑、锡、铅、铋等,采用水解除锡和锑、硫酸盐沉铅、一次水解沉铋等分步沉淀工艺,进行锑、锡、铅、铋的分离并得到粗氯氧铋。结果表明,在pH 1.4左右进行锑、锡水解,pH 2.1进行铋一次水解。粗氯氧铋经盐酸返溶后,控制pH 1.6~1.7进行铋二次水解产出精制氯氧铋,然后再碱转,即可制备出纯度大于99.9%的氧化铋。     

电位滴定法测定石灰中氧化钙和氧化镁

石灰以其优越的造渣性能而备受钢铁冶金行业青睐,石灰的主要成分为氧化钙和氧化镁,高效、准确测定石灰中氧化钙和氧化镁至关重要。采用国家标准GB/T 3286.1—2012中EDTA络合滴定法测定石灰中氧化钙和氧化镁,过程繁琐流程长,滴定终点通过肉眼判断容易产生视觉误差,因此不能满足冶炼过程工艺动态控制生产需求。实验使用盐酸溶解样品,在待测样品中加入三乙醇胺,掩蔽Fe³⁺、Al³⁺;加入糊精,抑制样品溶液中生成大量的氢氧化镁沉淀对Ca²⁺的吸附;用EDTA标准溶液在强碱介质下,电位滴定法测定氧化钙、氧化镁含量。对使用盐酸溶解石灰后的不溶物进行回收和不回收两种处理方法,并对氧化钙和氧化镁的测定结果进行t检验,结果无显著差异。按照实验方法测定3个石灰样品中氧化钙、氧化镁,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)均小于0.5%。选择一批石灰试样,分别按照实验方法和GB/T 3286.1—2012测定氧化钙和氧化镁含量,两种方法测得的氧化钙和氧化镁差值分别小于±0.20%和±0.10%。通过电位突变来判断滴定终点,减少了人员判定滴定终点的视觉误差,能够满足冶炼过程工艺动态控制的测定需求。     

EDTA滴定法测定稀土矿石中氧化钙

根据稀土矿石的特性,以氢氧化钠、过氧化钠、碳酸钠熔融分解试样,经过强碱分离铝、硅、氟、磷等杂质元素,氨水分离铁等元素后,用EDTA滴定法测定稀土矿石中氧化钙含量。试验发现经过强碱分离后硅、氟、磷等元素不影响钙的测定结果。讨论了少量铝、钡、锰元素的干扰情况及其干扰消除方法：用三乙醇胺和硫酸钾掩蔽剩余少量Al、Ba等干扰元素,盐酸羟铵掩蔽锰的干扰,加入硫酸镁来改善滴定终点的颜色变化;并实验得出空白值对不同称样量的贡献值也不一样,因为必须做空白实验。在pH>13的氢氧化钾介质中,以钙指示剂为指示剂,EDTA标准溶液滴定稀土矿石中氧化钙,测定值与ICP AES法值相一致,RSD在08%～43%之间。     

The effect of an antacid on the bioavailability of indomethacin

The biovailability of indomethacin from two indomethacin-antacid (aluminum hydroxide magnesium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide) combinations was compared with the bioavailability of oral indomethacin. Relative bioavailability was estimated by three methods: comparison of plasma concentrations at various times, comparison of areas under plasma concentration time curves, and comparison of the amount of drug excreted unchanged in the urine. A double blind three-way crossover study was conducted in twelve healthy volunteers. The combination with the slightly smaller amount of antacid (preparation A) showed significantly decreased bioavailability by all three methods in comparison with indomethacin alone (preparation C). The combination with the larger amount of antacid (preparation B) was also less bioavailable than preparation C. This effect was significantly only for the comparison of areas under curves and not for plasma levels, although the mean plasma levels produced by preparation B at all times were lower than those for preparation C. These findings suggest that aluminum hydroxide magnesium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide decrease the bioavailability of indomethacin.     

GB／T6730．63执行中若干问题的探讨

试验ICP-AES法测定铁矿石中铝、钙、镁、锰、磷、硅和钛国家标准方法GB／T6730．63—2006的实验条件,用碳酸钠／四硼酸钠作熔剂分解铁矿石样品,适当的酸度浸取,以高纯三氧化二铁打底作工作曲线,相关系数r达0．999以上。该标准已广泛地应用于铁矿石中的铝、钙、镁、锰、磷、硅和钛元素的测定,有很好的准确度和精密度。     

负载镧的腐植酸吸附剂对磷的吸附性能

利用从沼泽土中提取的腐植酸 ,研究了经氧化镧改性后的腐植酸对磷的吸附性能 ,考察了各种条件对吸附的影响。实验证明 :未经改性的腐植酸对磷几乎没有吸附作用 ,而经过氧化镧改性后的腐植酸对磷有较好的吸附效果 ,它对磷的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线 ,且受时间、pH值等的影响 ,与温度的关系不大 ,可作为一种有发展前景的脱磷吸附剂。     

The leaching behaviour of nickel oxides in acid and in ammoniacal solutions

Leaching studies of nickel(II) oxide and hydroxide, and high valence nickel hydroxide in sulphuric acid and in ammonium carbonate solutions were carried out. The dissolution rate of nickel(II) oxide in both solvents was influenced greatly by the heat treatment given to the oxide prior to leaching and, under the conditions studied, was found to be limited by the rate of the surface chemical reactions.The rates of leaching of nickel(II) and nickel(III) hydroxides on the other hand were very fast. The nickel(III) hydroxide is unstable and decomposes to liberate oxygen in acid solutions and oxidises ammonia to nitrogen and nitrite in ammoniacal solutions.     

Study on reaction mechanism of low temperature preparation of nanocrystalline LaCoO3-λ

Perovskite-type oxide nanocrystalline LaCoO3-λ was prepared using the citrate method. The structure and morphology of the sampies were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The intermediate products were analyzed by thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis （TG-DTA） technology. The results showed that nanocrystalline LaCoO3-λ with a granula of 30-50 nm had a cubic perovskite structure. The reaction mechanism of low temperature preparation was suggested as follows： the metal complex was first formed by the combination of metal ion and citric acid; and then it decomposed into an aconitic acid complex, followed by an oxycarbonate, and finally a perovskite-type oxide.     

EDTA间接滴定法测定铁水脱硫剂中氧化钙和氟化钙

建立了KR铁水脱硫剂中氧化钙和氟化钙含量的测定方法。利用KR铁水脱硫剂中活性氧化钙的碱性特征,用过量的盐酸溶解试样,以酚酞作指示剂,用氢氧化钠标准溶液返滴定过量的盐酸,减去氧化镁消耗的盐酸量,从而计算出氧化钙的含量。同时考虑KR铁水脱硫剂中氧化钙和氟化钙的酸溶特征,用盐酸溶解试样,以六次甲基四胺沉淀分离铁和铝,在酸性溶液中用三乙醇胺溶液进一步掩蔽以消除其干扰,将溶液酸度pH值用氢氧化钾溶液调至12左右,以钙黄绿素作指示剂,用EDTA络合法测定总钙含量（国标）;用氨性缓冲溶液调至pH 8～9左右,以酸性铬兰K-萘酚B绿作指示剂,用EDTA络合法测定钙镁总含量,差减后得出镁量。通过KR铁水脱硫剂中总钙的含量减去活性氧化钙的含量,并通过公式进行计算,间接测定出氟化钙的含量。使用本法对KR铁水脱硫剂合成样品进行多次平行测定,测定结果与参考值一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)小于1%,加入氟化钙及氧化钙标准物质进行加标回收试验,回收率在97%～102%之间。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中痕量铼

采用氧化镁半熔、热水浸取法处理样品,用732型阳离子交换树脂处理溶液以减少溶液中盐类含量,实现了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对地质样品中痕量铼的测定。实验表明:通过对氧化镁灼烧、水浸处理,可使氧化镁的铼空白值由0.07ng/g降低至0.025ng/g;采用氢氧化钠凝聚氧化镁沉淀,可减少氧化镁对高铼酸根的吸附,使痕量铼的回收率提高10%左右;过滤时在漏斗颈注入732型阳离子交换树脂吸附阳离子,可有效降低溶液中盐类含量,进而避免了锥孔堵塞、雾室和炬管积盐等干扰测定的现象出现,且过滤和阳离子交换同步完成,简化了分析流程。校准曲线相关系数大于0.9995,方法检出限为0.031ng/g。采用实验方法对含铼地质标准样品和水系沉积物标准样品中铼进行测定,结果与认定值吻合,相对误差(RE)为-6.9%~17.1%,相对标准偏差均不大于6.8%。分别采用实验方法与过氧化钠熔融-丙酮萃取ICP-MS方法对土壤样品(1#~4#)和钼矿样品(5#~8#)中的铼进行方法对照试验,结果基本一致。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定含还原剂的炼钢辅料中化学成分

样品用碳酸锂和四硼酸锂混合熔剂在石墨垫底坩埚中经高温预氧化熔融后, 再在铂-黄坩埚中用四硼酸锂高温熔制成玻璃熔片, 用X射线荧光光谱分析方法测定了玻璃熔片的化学成分。研究了预氧化熔融的熔剂体系以及样品与熔剂的稀释比, 探讨了灼烧减量的校正。用石灰石、炉渣、硅石、锰矿等标样合成具有浓度梯度的系列标准样品制作校准曲线, 建立了含有金属等还原剂的炼钢辅料中氧化钙、氧化镁、二氧化硅、三氧化二铝、磷、氧化锰的X射线荧光光谱分析方法。对方法的精密度进行考察, 相对标准偏差(RSD, n=10)在0.09%～1.5%之间。对方法的准确度进行验证, 测定值与湿法分析值一致, t检验显示方法与湿法无显著性差异。     

火试金反应原理及熔渣影响因素探究

火试金由于其取样代表性好,富集系数大,干扰元素少,是目前贵金属分析测试领域重要的分离富集手段。根据捕集剂成分可以将火试金分为镍锍试金、铅试金、铋试金和锡试金等,在地质测试工作中经常会碰到无法成扣、成扣太小和取扣难度大的情况,直接影响试金效果。为了提高测试效率,探讨了火试金主要试金配方硼砂、碳酸钠、二氧化硅及覆盖剂在试金熔炼过程中的反应原理及对熔渣的影响。实验发现:当熔渣中酸性熔剂硼砂与二氧化硅质量比在1与2之间时,熔渣在冷却过程中易自然碎裂,能很好的实现扣渣分离,方便取扣。同时,研究了物料主要组成成分氧化钙、氧化镁、二氧化硅、铁和硫对熔渣状态的影响,针对不同物料给出调整熔渣性质和状态的方法,避免出现无扣或散珠,使形成的试金扣圆整光滑,获得良好的熔炼效果。     

高频燃烧红外吸收法测定石灰石和白云石中硫

采用GB/T 3286.7—2014中的两种方法分别对石灰石和白云石中硫进行测定,样品不经过预灼烧直接用高频燃烧红外吸收法测定(简称直接法)所得结果会明显低于其经预灼烧法处理后再测定(简称预灼烧法)的结果。考虑到预灼烧法操作较为繁琐,实验对直接法测定结果偏低的原因进行分析,并对直接法的助熔剂条件进行了改进,建立了不用对样品进行处理,直接用高频燃烧红外吸收法测定石灰石和白云石中硫的方法。收集直接法和预灼烧法对白云石标准样品测定时产生的粉尘,采用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)对其成分进行半定量测定,同时采用高频燃烧红外吸收法对其中硫再次测定。结果表明,直接法所得粉尘中氧化钙的质量分数约为7%、氧化镁的质量分数约为4%,而预灼烧法的粉尘中氧化钙和氧化镁的质量分数均小于0.1%;直接法所得粉尘中硫的质量分数为0.012%,预灼烧法所得粉尘中硫的质量分数仅为0.002%。这说明直接法测定时硫释放率偏低的主要原因可能与样品中高含量的碳酸钙、碳酸镁相关,推测认为:直接法测定时产生的二氧化碳气流将碳酸钙、碳酸镁分解生成的部分碱性氧化物氧化钙、氧化镁细粉带入仪器的低温气路区,造成氧化钙或氧化镁与二氧化硫酸性气体重新反应,最终导致直接法测定硫的结果偏低。实验在国家标准方法(GB/T 3286.7—2014)的助熔剂条件基础上,加入三氧化钼粉酸性氧化物以有效避免样品中的高含量碳酸钙、碳酸镁对测定的影响。改进后的测定条件为:称取0.20 g样品与0.5 g三氧化钼粉在坩埚中混合,再加入0.3 g锡粒、0.5 g纯铁和1.5 g钨粒。实验方法应用于石灰石和白云石实际样品中0.01%～0.27%(质量分数)硫的测定,分析结果与重量法或燃烧-碘酸钾滴定法一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=8)为0.8%～2.6%。     

Precipitate flotation of nickel from acidic laterite leach solutions

Precipitate flotation has been used to preferentially concentrate nickel over iron dissolved in solutions obtained by sulfuric acid leaching of a selectively reduced laterite. Leach solutions, containing about 3 g/L nickel, 0.5 g/L ferrous, 0.5 g/L magnesium, were neutralized using sodium carbonate to give mixed precipitates of a basic nickel carbonate and mainly non-carbonate iron compounds. At the optimum pH of 8.2, stage additions of sodium oleate and Dowfroth 250 (Dow Chemical Company product) totalling 0.07 g/g total nickel and 0.08 g/L solution, respectively, gave flotation recoveries of 93% nickel and 36% iron into concentrates analyzing 41% nickel and 2.8% iron. By neutralizing with sodium hydroxide instead of sodium carbonate, non-selective flotation of nickel and iron is obtained with increased consumption of collector and frother.     

EDTA络合滴定法测定铁矿石中钙和镁

在微氨性溶液中,采用硫化钠及铜试剂使铜、铅、锌、铁、钴、镍、锰、铬、镉、铋等生成硫化物沉淀和铜试剂内络盐沉淀与钙镁分离,然后以盐酸羟胺将微量的锰还原成低价消除其干扰,用三乙醇胺和L-半胱氨酸掩蔽残留的其他金属离子。在pH10氨水-氯化铵缓冲溶液中,以酸性铬蓝K-萘酚绿B为指示剂,用EDTA络合滴定法测定钙、镁合量;另在氢氧化钾溶液中,用钙试剂为指示剂,以EDTA络合滴定法测定钙量,用差减法计算镁的含量。该方法对铁矿石标准样品中的钙和镁进行多次测定,结果与认定值相符,相对标准偏差在0.99%~3.4%(n=6)之间,加标回收率在98%~101%之间。     

Processing of refractory materials using various magnesium sources derived from Zinelbulak talc-magnesite

Magnesia(MgO)is widely used in the production of refractory materials due to its high melting point,high thermal shock,and excellent slag resistance.The properties of refractory materials depend upon magnesia sources and processing parameters.In this work,three different magnesium sources,namely,magnesium hydroxide concentrate,magnesium carbonate concentrate,and intermediate flotation concentrate,were obtained from the Zinelbulak talc-magnesite,Uzbekistan,by causticization-hydration and flotation processes,respectively.A series of refractory materials were prepared on the basis of these magnesium sources,and their effects on physico-mechanical properties and microstructures were investigated as a function of sintering temperature,molding pressure,and the particle size of magnesium sources.The experimental results showed that a refractory material obtained from the magnesium hydroxide concentrate at 16000C for 4 h demonstrated favorable parameters due mainly to a higher degree of contact among fine particles.The results obtained from X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy confirmed the presence of periclase and forsterite as the predominant phases in refractory specimens.The prepared refractory materials meet the requirements of the State Standards(Nos.4689-94 and 14832-96)for magnesia and forsterite refractories,respectively.It is,therefore,suggested herein that the use of different magnesium sources derived from the Zinelbulak talc-magnesite will offer the potential to provide economic benefits in the refractory industry.     

Environmentally assisted cracking: Overview of evidence for an adsorption-induced localised-slip process

Metallographic and fractographic studies of crack growth in aluminium alloys, nickel, iron-silicon, high-strength steels, magnesium, and titanium alloys in liquid-metal, aqueous, hydrogen, and inert environments are reviewed. Remarkable similarities between hydrogen-assisted cracking, stresscorrosion cracking, and adsorption-induced liquid-metal embrittlement were observed for all the above materials, suggesting that hydrogen-assisted cracking and stress-corrosion cracking were also due to adsorption (of hydrogen) at crack tips. Embrittlement of aluminium alloys, nickel, titanium alloys, and magnesium in aqueous or hydrogen environments was also observed at such high crack velocities that there was insufficient time for diffusion of hydrogen ahead of cracks, and the characteristics of fracture at high and low velocities were similar, further supporting a mechanism based on adsorption at crack tips. The observations also showed that environmentally assisted cracking occurred by a more localised plastic-flow/microvoid-coalescence process than that which occurred in inert environments. Dislocation processes occurring during ductile and brittle fracture are discussed, and it is concluded that environmentally assisted cracking occurs because adsorption facilitates the injection of dislocations from crack tips and thereby promotes the coalescence of cracks with voids ahead of cracks. High-voltage transmission-electron microscopy studies, surface-science observations, and theoretical work, which support an adsorption mechanism or a localised-slip mechanism (or both) for environmentally assisted cracking, are also reviewed.