微细槽的电化学铣削加工

为了研究不锈钢微细槽的电化学铣削加工技术,使用微细的、旋转的圆柱电极作为电化学加工的阴极,采用脉冲电压电化学加工技术用类似铣削加工的方法加工微细槽.研究了脉冲宽度对电极和微细槽侧面加工间隙的影响,并对微细槽铣削加工过程中的电场和流场进行了分析.在相同的电压幅值和平均电压条件下,脉冲宽度越大,侧面加工间隙越大.电场和流场分析表明,微细槽的侧面加工间隙和侧面倾斜度随着脉冲宽度的减小以及进给速度的增加而减小.当脉冲宽度小于工件表面双电层充电时间常数时,采用钝化电解液能够减小电化学杂散腐蚀和微细槽的侧面倾斜度.当脉冲宽度为0.4μs、进给速度为24μm/min时,微细槽的侧面倾斜度很小,侧面加工间隙达到10μm.实验结果表明,采用超短脉冲电化学铣削加工方法和合适的电解液,能够提高微细槽的加工精度.     

微射流抛光机理仿真及实验研究

为实现193 nm投影物镜光学元件的超光滑加工,介绍了一种非接触式微射流超光滑表面加工方法,对该方法的材料去除特性和超光滑加工效果进行研究.首先,采用计算流体动力学理论对其材料去除机理进行了仿真研究,通过对微射流流场的压力、速度和表面剪切力的分析得到其去除函数形状与表面剪切力的分布相反,呈现W型.随后,采用正交法对各工艺参数对抛光效果的影响进行了综合分析,结果表明材料去除效率随入射速度和磨料浓度的增大而增大,随工作距离增大而减小,并且工作距离具有显著影响,为实验研究中工艺参数的选取提供了指导意义.最后,在自研的微射流抛光机床上对一平面熔石英进行了抛光实验,加工样件表面粗糙度均方根值由初始的1.02 nm降为0.56 nm.实验结果表明,微射流抛光技术可以用于光学元件的超光滑加工.     

基于超纯水电化学加工的扫描直写技术

为了充分发挥电化学加工以离子状态去除材料的加工机理,实现其在微细、精密,甚至是纳米加工领域中的应用,针对绿色制造和微细加工的需求,提出以超纯水为电解液的微细电化学加工方法．采用阳离子交换膜促进超纯水解离,提高电化学加工过程中电流密度;利用微探针作为工具电极,通过数控机床控制运动轨迹保持与阳极表面的间距恒定,以不同路径横向扫描工件,即可在工件阳极表面加工出2D／3D几何结构．并通过试验加工字母“PW-ECM”,验证了超纯水作为电解液进行电化学扫描直写加工技术的可行性．     

铝合金电解加工工艺特性实验研究

对铝合金电解加工工艺特性进行基础实验研究.通过分析影响电解加工平衡间隙的因素,利用正交试验对加工电压、电解液温度及工件进给速度对平衡间隙的影响进行了研究.实验表明:加工电压与工件进给速度的影响较大.并同时利用实验对电解加工中的重要参数平衡状态下的实际体积电化当量ηω进行了计算.     

大面积超疏水铝表面的电化学加工

为解决大面积超疏水表面加工难的问题,提出采用移动式阴极电化学加工技术和氟化处理方法来加工大面积超疏水铝表面,并使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和接触角测量仪对铝表面的形貌、化学成分和疏水性进行了研究.结果表明:采用小面积移动式阴极制备大面积超疏水铝表面是可行的;当采用NaCl电解液时,在较优单位面积去除量不变的情况下,单位面积去除速度对铝表面的疏水性几乎无影响,这有利于实现超疏水表面的高效加工;加工后的铝表面获得超疏水性的关键在于表面存在合适的二元微纳米粗糙结构和低表面能涂层.     

熔体静电纺的电场分布对三维自组装聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯纤维膜形貌的影响

熔体静电纺可自组装三维锥状纤维膜。借助ANSYS软件模拟熔体静电纺反纺工艺不同参数(纺丝电压、接收距离、接收板面积)条件下的电场分布,探讨电场分布对熔体静电纺三维自组装聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)纤维膜几何结构与纤维形貌的影响。结果表明,在单喷嘴-平板结构模型中,提高电压将整体增强空间电场强度,同时电场不均匀性也被放大,所纺三维PET纤维膜尺寸(底面积、厚度、质量)有所增加,纤维膜锥角变小,纤维直径明显下降;接收距离的改变对接收板表面的电场影响显著,随着接收距离的增加,纤维膜尺寸有所减小,当接收距离较小时,纤维膜顶端锥角仅为56°,而纤维直径变化不大;接收板面积的缩小可以改善喷嘴与接收板间及接收板表面电场分布的均匀性,纤维膜尺寸增加,纤维膜锥角逐渐变小,纤维膜表面的镂空现象明显,所纺纤维平均直径稍有减小。     

镍基高温合金喷射液束电解-激光复合加工试验研究

针对镍基高温合金材料激光打孔存在再铸层的缺陷,创新提出了喷射液束电解-激光复合加工方法.基于该加工原理的分析以及激光在电解液中的衰减特性研究,研制了试验系统,并对镍基高温合金GH3044薄片进行了打孔工艺试验.结果表明:应用液压1.5MPa、浓度18%的NaNO2电解液的喷射液束电解-激光复合加工可去除再铸层90%以上.试验证实了喷射液束电解-激光复合加工工艺切实可行,有望在航空发动机叶片气膜孔加工中得到应用.     

电解转印表面织构的定域性研究

研究表明,摩擦副表面织构可以有效地改善表面摩擦学性能.电解转印工艺是加工摩擦副表面织构的有效途径.以加工阵列微坑为例.从电解转印的定域性角度出发,提出了以微坑腐蚀系数作为电解转印定域性的评价指标.根据电场理论,建立了电解转印过程阴阳极间电场理论模型,采用有限元电场分析方法探讨阴阳极间距对电解转印过程中阳极表面电场分布的影响.构建电解转印表面织构试验平台,通过试验研究考察了阴阳极间距和电解加工电压对微坑形貌和腐蚀系数的影响.试验结果表明,阴阳极间距由20岬增加到100 μm时,微坑直径由55μm增加到130 μm,微坑腐蚀系数由3减小到0.012 5,电解转印的定域性降低.加工电压对电解转印定域性有一定的影响,当其他参数不变,加工电压增加到20 V时,微坑腐蚀系数略有下降,微坑轮廓较为清晰.     

K9光学元件的锥形约束射流抛光流场与加工实验研究

提出了锥形约束射流抛光的加工方法,将原本垂直的细小射流约束成几乎平行于工件表面的环形射流。使用Fluent软件对抛光流场进行数值分析,根据Preston方程建立了材料去除函数模型;并以K9玻璃为加工对象,利用自主设计的锥形约束射流抛光平台进行加工实验。结果表明,锥形约束射流抛光方法法向最大速度比切向最大速度小63.9%,从而减少射流在垂直于工件表面方向的冲击损伤;锥形约束射流抛光后,K9玻璃表面粗糙度在加工区域内呈“V”型分布,其算数平均粗糙度(Ra)值从95.40 nm降至14.52 nm,表面质量得到明显提高。锥形约束射流抛光主要依靠射流沿工件表面的剪切力,不仅有效减小了射流法向冲击力,对射流的约束还减小了射流束的发散;确定的表面去除函数表明该方法有望实现确定性抛光;另外,环形的射流出口提高了射流抛光的效率。     

双相Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金电解加工表面 微观形貌演变研究

针对各向异性合金材料电解加工过程中,加工表面形貌难以控制的问题,利用位置函数建立双相Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金微观材料模型,进而建立电解加工仿真微观物理模型,分析加工表面微观形貌随宏观工艺参数演变的规律。研究结果表明：电解液流速在14.7~23.4 m/s、进给速度在1.7~2.3 mm/min范围内,随着电解液流速和进给速度的增加,加工表面粗糙度Ry越低;当加工电压为21 V、进给速度为2.3 mm/min、电解液流速为23.4 m/s时,加工表面最光洁,Ry值达最小,为0.677 μm。从微观形貌演变仿真可以看出,获得最光洁加工表面经历了先粗化后抛光的过程。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.