测试参数对橡胶阻尼材料动态热机械分析结果的影响

通过对橡胶阻尼材料动态热机械性能进行测试,研究了测试频率、升温速率、测试模式等参数对测试结果的影响。结果表明:测试频率和升温速率都对测试结果有较大影响,橡胶阻尼材料的动态力学性能参数随着测试频率和升温速率的增大均向高温方向移动,为了更好地表征材料的阻尼性能,最好采用较低的升温速率;另外,测试模式的选择、静态力动态力以及振幅的设定都会影响测试结果的准确性。     

Bending characterisation of a molten unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite using a Dynamic Mechanical Analysis system

The quality of forming simulations based on Finite Element methods is mainly determined by the accuracy of the material properties. Out-of-plane bending is one of the deformation mechanisms that govern the appearance of wrinkles while forming composite reinforcements. This paper proposes a new test method using a Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) system for the characterisation of longitudinal out-of-plane bending properties of molten unidirectional thermoplastics. Investigations are presented for a unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced polyamide 6 composite. Several standard bending test fixtures are assessed quasistatically at three temperatures and three test speeds with specimens of different geometries. Additional tests are conducted at forming temperature with the selected test arrangement. The evaluation of different approaches for the calculation of the bending modulus shows the interlaminar shear to be negligible. Results highlight an important material strain rate dependency. The evolution of the bending modulus satisfies a linear fitting within the range of data.     

Investigations on the frequency and temperature effects on mechanical properties of a shape memory polymer (Veriflex)

This study proposes a comparison between three identification methods of the mechanical properties of a shape memory polymer (Veriflex®): quasi-static tensile tests, tensile dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and modal tests. The Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio are determined at ambient temperature using the first technique. The DMA is used to determine the evolution of the viscoelastic properties versus the temperature and the frequency under harmonic loading. The modal analysis is used to identify the viscoelastic properties of the material at higher frequencies. The purpose of this study is to check the validity of the time–temperature equivalence for the Veriflex® obtained from the DMA measurements. It is shown that the viscoelastic properties predicted through the master curve are consistent with the measurements collected using quasi-static and modal test. The aging effect on SMP properties is also quantified.     

Investigation the effect of crystal orientation of nickel‐based single crystal superalloys on bending creep tests

The relationship between the three points bending creep test and the uni‐axial creep test on the single crystal superalloy was investigated by using crystal plasticity slip theory with a three‐dimensional (3D) finite element model. The purpose of the present work is to build the relationship between bending creep and conventional uni‐axial tensile creep in determining crystallographic creep parameters for face centered cubic (FCC) nickel‐based single crystal superalloys. To this aim, the bending creep performed on [001]‐, [011]‐, and [111]‐oriented nickel‐based single crystal superalloys were respectively investigated, and the data was compared with those obtained with uni‐axial tensile creep counterparts. It shows that the determination of crystallographic creep stress exponent is independent of crystallographic orientations, and the results agree reasonably well between bending creep test and uni‐axial tensile creep test. The findings may shed some light on understanding of the crystal structures and its time‐dependent deformation mechanisms with the bending creep method.     

Dynamic mechanical behavior of nickel-based superalloy metal rubber

The work describes the manufacturing and dynamic characterization of nickel wire-based metal rubber (MR) solids. The storage modulus and the loss factor of the nickel MR samples are measured over a frequency range between 0.1 Hz and 200 Hz, and at different levels of dynamic force and strain using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) technique. A sensitivity analysis about the effect of different static and dynamic testing parameters is initially carried out to identify suitable testing protocols for this metal porous material. DMA testing is then carried out over three different batches of samples (5 specimens each) with variable relative densities to identify the correlation between storage modulus and loss factors with frequency and dynamic force and strain levels. The results are discussed using a mechanical theoretical model relating the mechanical properties of MR solids to the contact states of the wire composing the microstructure. A comparison with analogous results obtained from cyclic tests at 1 Hz from a conventional tensile machine is also performed. The results from this benchmark highlight the necessity to use dynamic-based testing protocols to efficiently implement nickel-based metal rubber for vibration damping and energy absorption designs and applications.     

Optimal design and parameter estimation of frequency dependent viscoelastic laminated sandwich composite plates

Recent developments in optimization and parameter estimation of frequency dependent passive damping of sandwich structures with viscoelastic core are presented in this paper. A finite element model for anisotropic laminated plate structures with viscoelastic frequency dependent core and laminated anisotropic face layers has been formulated, using a mixed layerwise approach, by considering a higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT) to represent the displacement field of the viscoelastic core, and a first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) for the displacement fields of adjacent laminated face layers. The complex modulus approach is used for the viscoelastic material behaviour, and the dynamic problem is solved in the frequency domain, using viscoelastic material data for the core, assuming fractional derivative constitutive models. Constrained optimization of passive damping is conducted for the maximisation of modal loss factors, using the Feasible Arc Interior Point Algorithm (FAIPA). Identification of the frequency dependent material properties of the sandwich core is conducted by estimating the parameters that define the fractional derivative constitutive model. Optimal design and parameter estimation applications in sandwich structures are presented and discussed.     

硫化橡胶动态力学性能的分数阶微分Kelvin模型

研究炭黑填充硫化橡胶的动态粘弹性,采用Gabo Eplexor 500N对材料进行不同频率时的温度扫描测试,得到材料玻璃化转变温度Tg随频率的变化规律。在Tg~Tg+50℃范围内进行不同温度的频率扫描测试,得到材料存储模量、损耗模量和损耗因子。采用分数阶微分Kelvin模型对动态粘弹特性进行分析,确定了模型参数。结果表明,分数阶微分Kelvin模型可以较好地描述材料在不同温度和较宽频率范围内的动态粘弹性力学行为。当温度高于Tg时,随着温度的升高,材料从Tg附近的粘弹态向高温时的橡胶态转变,模型中的微分阶数相应地逐渐减小。     

动态热机械分析仪(DMA)在铁电压电材料研究中的应用

动态热机械分析仪(DMA)具有高灵敏度、卓越制冷技术、自由旋转测试头、多种形变模式和连续频率温度扫描模式等优点, 能表征材料在交变应力(或应变)作用下的应变(或应力)的响应、蠕变、应力松弛和热机械性能等, 广泛应用于塑料、热固性材料、复合材料、高弹性体、涂层材料、金属和陶瓷等材料的研究和评估。本文简要介绍了DMA进行动态力学行为分析的基本原理和方法, DMA在铁电相变、低频弛豫特性和铁电疲劳研究方面的应用, 以及DMA在铁电/聚合物复合阻尼材料研究中的应用。在对PZT陶瓷和单晶、BaTiO₃陶瓷等常用材料的铁电弛豫特性分析中, DMA表现出比介电表征更为敏感的特性。现在DMA已成为研究铁电材料的重要工具之一。     

High-temperature internal friction on TiAl intermetallics

In order to study the microscopic mechanisms controlling the plastic deformation at high temperature of two γ-TiAl alloys with nominal compositions: Ti–46.5Al–4(Cr, Nb, Ta, B) and Ti–45Al–(5–10)Nb (in at.%), internal friction (IF) measurements have been performed. A subresonant torsion pendulum has been used working in two different modes; changing the temperature between 300 and 1200 K at a constant frequency, and varying the frequency between 0.001 and 10 Hz at a fixed temperature. The resulting mechanical spectra show an anelastic relaxation peak at about 1060 K at 1 Hz in one of the alloys and a high-temperature background in both of them. Activation parameters of the loss peak have been calculated and an activation enthalpy of about 3.8 eV is obtained. The characteristics and a possible responsible mechanism for this relaxation peak are discussed.     

Room temperature measurement of the anisotropic loss tangent of sapphire using the whispering gallery mode technique

The anisotropic loss tangent has been determined in monocrystalline sapphire for components parallel and perpendicular to the crystal axis, using the whispering gallery (WG) mode method. The Q-factors of quasi-TE and quasi-TM modes were measured precisely in four cylindrical sapphire resonators at room temperature, from which was determined a maximum attainable Q-factor of (2.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(5) at 9 GHz in a quasi-TM mode. Sapphire dielectric material from three different manufacturers was compared over the 270-345 K temperature range and the 5-16 GHz frequency range.     

Size-dependent behavior of slacked carbon nanotube actuator based on the higher-order strain gradient theory

This paper proposes to investigate the nonlinear size dependent behavior of electrically actuated carbon nanotube (CNT) based nano-actuator while including the higher-order strain gradient deformation, the geometric nonlinearity due to the von Karman nonlinear strain as well as the slack effect, and the temperature gradient effects. The assumed non-classical beam model adopts some internal material size scale parameters related to the material nanostructures and is capable of interpreting the size effect that the classical continuum beam model is unable to pronounce. The higher-order governing equations of motion and boundary conditions are derived using the so-called extended Hamilton principle. A Galerkin based reduced-order model (ROM) modal decomposition is developed to prescribe the non-classical nanotube mode shape as well as its static behavior under any applied DC actuation load. Results of the static analysis is compared with those obtained by both classical elasticity continuum and strain gradient theories. A Jacobian method is utilized to determine the variation of the natural frequencies of the nanobeam with the DC load as well as the slack level. A thorough parametric study is conducted to study the influences of the size scale dependent parameters, the geometric nonlinearity, the initial curvature, the gate voltage, and the temperature gradient effect on structural behavior of the CNT-based nano-actuator. It is found that the size effect based on the strain gradient deformation has significant influence on the fundamental nanotube natural frequency dispersion. Also, varying this size effect have revealed the offering of numerous possibilities of modes veering and crossing, all shown to be dependent of the strain gradient parameters as well as the CNT slack level.     

Vibration damping characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced composites containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Vibration damping characteristic of nanocomposites and carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) containing multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been studied using the free and forced vibration tests. Several vibration parameters are varied to characterize the damping behavior in different amplitudes, natural frequencies and vibration modes. The damping ratio of the hybrid composites is enhanced with the addition of CNTs, which is attributed to sliding at the CNT-matrix interfaces. The damping ratio is dependent on the amplitude as a result of the random orientation of CNTs in the epoxy matrix. The natural frequency shows negligible influence on the damping properties. The forced vibration test indicates that the damping ratios of the CFRP composites increase with increasing CNT content in both the 1st and 2nd vibration modes. The CNT-epoxy nanocomposites also show similar increasing trends of damping ratio with CNT content, indicating the enhanced damping property of CFRPs arising mainly from the improved damping property of the modified matrix. The dynamic mechanical analysis further confirms that the CNTs have a strong influence on the composites damping properties. Both the dynamic loss modulus and loss factor of the nanocomposites and the corresponding CFRPs show consistent increases with the addition of CNTs, an indication of enhanced damping performance.     

新型BTG塑料合金关于温度-频率-振幅的动态阻尼性能模型

建立了描述一种新型BTG塑料合金的温度-频率-振幅的动态阻尼性能数学模型。通过动态热分析仪DMA242, 获取了BTG塑料合金的频率扫描、温度扫描和幅值扫描的动态阻尼损耗因子实验数据。通过分析实验数据, 将温度扫描的阻尼损耗因子量分离为仅与频率相关以及与频率、温度均相关的两个分量, 并分别用Kelvin分数导数的阻尼损耗因子模型和高斯函数模型来表达这两个分量, 再以此为基准, 考虑振幅对阻尼损耗的影响, 由此建立了综合考虑温度-频率-振幅的阻尼损耗数学模型。结果表明, 所建立的综合考虑温度-频率-振幅的阻尼损耗数学模型能准确描述实验数据。      

Simulation of elevated temperature fatigue damage evolution using the finite element method for near alpha titanium alloy

The numerical estimation of evolving damage under low cycle fatigue loading condition has been performed in the near‐α titanium alloy IMI‐834 at 823 K temperature. By using the experimentally determined parameters as input, numerical simulation of fatigue damage has been performed on round specimens using finite element analysis. Coupled deformation‐damage model has been established for this alloy for simulation of damage evolution in a three‐dimensional cylindrical low cycle fatigue test specimen. The fatigue damage estimates from numerical simulation are observed to be in close agreement with the experimental results.     

Experimentally-based relaxation modulus of polyurea and its composites

Polyurea is a block copolymer that has been widely used in the coating industry as an abrasion-resistant and energy-dissipative material. Its mechanical properties can be tuned by choosing different variations of diamines and diisocyanates as well as by adding various nano- and micro-inclusions to create polyurea-based composites. Our aim here is to provide the necessary experimentally-based viscoelastic constitutive relations for polyurea and its composites in a format convenient to support computational studies. The polyurea used in this research is synthesized by the reaction of Versalink P-1000 (Air Products) and Isonate 143L (Dow Chemicals). Samples of pure polyurea and polyurea composites are fabricated and then characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Based on the DMA data, master curves of storage and loss moduli are developed using time–temperature superposition. The quality of the master curves is carefully assessed by comparing with the ultrasonic wave measurements and by Kramers–Kronig relations. Based on the master curves, continuous relaxation spectra are calculated, then the time-domain relaxation moduli are approximated from the relaxation spectra. Prony series of desired number of terms for the frequency ranges of interest are extracted from the relaxation modulus. This method for developing cost efficient Prony series has been proven to be effective and efficient for numerous DMA test results of many polyurea/polyurea-based material systems, including pure polyurea with various stoichiometric ratios, polyurea with milled glass inclusions, polyurea with hybrid nano-particles and polyurea with phenolic microbubbles. The resulting viscoelastic models are customized for the frequency ranges of interest, reference temperature and desired number of Prony terms, achieving both computational accuracy and low cost. The method is not limited to polyurea-based systems. It can be applied to other similar polymers systems.     

Viscoelastic properties of hollow glass particle filled vinyl ester matrix syntactic foams: effect of temperature and loading frequency

Viscoelastic properties of hollow particle-reinforced composites called syntactic foams are studied using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. Glass hollow particles of three different wall thicknesses are incorporated in the volume fraction range of 0.3–0.6 in vinyl ester resin matrix to fabricate twelve compositions of syntactic foams. Storage modulus, loss modulus, and glass transition temperature are measured and related to the microstructural parameters of syntactic foams. In the first step, a temperature sweep from ?75 to 195 °C is applied at a fixed loading frequency of 1 Hz to obtain temperature dependent properties of syntactic foams. In the next step, selected four compositions of syntactic foams are studied for combined effect of temperature and loading frequency. A frequency sweep is applied in the range 1–100 Hz and the temperature is varied in the range 30–140 °C. Time–temperature superposition (TTS) principle is used to generate master curves for storage modulus over a wide frequency range. The room temperature loss modulus and maximum damping parameter, Tanδ, are found to have a linear relationship with the syntactic foam density. Increasing volume fraction of particles helps in improving the retention of storage modulus at high temperature in syntactic foams. Cole–Cole plot and William–Landel–Ferry equation are used to interpret the trends obtained from TTS. The correlations developed between the viscoelastic properties and material parameters help in tailoring the properties of syntactic foams as per requirements of an application.     

黏弹阻尼层共固化复合材料不同温度下的阻尼性能

采用共固化工艺制备了以丁腈橡胶为黏弹性阻尼层的复合材料 , 应用动态机械分析仪(DMA)测定了该材料损耗因子的温度谱 , 并对不同温度环境下该材料的阻尼性能和阻尼机制进行了分析。结果表明 : 当温度处于阻尼层玻璃态和高弹态区时 , 共固化复合材料损耗因子较小且随温度变化不大 ; 当温度处于阻尼层黏流态区时 ,共固化复合材料的损耗因子迅速增加到最大值后变小 , 最大损耗因子为 19. 2 % , 约为未插入黏弹阻尼层复合材料的 13倍; 共固化过程中阻尼层损耗因子的减小 , 使共固化复合材料的阻尼性能降低 , 并在阻尼层的黏流态区其损耗因子明显小于预报结果 ; 界面阻尼的影响提高了共固化复合材料的阻尼性能 , 并在阻尼层的玻璃态区其损耗因子大于预报结果。      

动态硫化对共混物TPU/EVM动态力学性能的影响

橡胶加工分析仪RPA2000测试发现,动态硫化后共混物的储能模量G′升高,应变和温度依赖性减弱,Payne效应减弱,损耗因子tanδ降低,但频率依赖性与动态硫化前相似;RPA2000温度扫描中发现,在温度低于80℃时,动态硫化后G′反而降低,动态粘弹谱仪(DMA)测试也显示,动态硫化后共混物在高弹态时储能模量比硫化前低,原因可能是交联网络破坏了在高弹态时对模量贡献很大的热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)与白炭黑之间形成的键合橡胶。     

水泥-沥青胶凝材料动态力学行为的初步研究

研究了不同沥青含量（A/C）的水泥-沥青复合胶凝材料7d龄期的动态黏弹性力学行为。选择3种温度环境（？25℃、25℃和75℃）,采用动态黏弹谱仪测试了3种不同A/C的水泥-沥青胶凝材料（简称为CAB）在频率范围0.1Hz~100Hz的动态力学性能,获得了不同温度下储存模量、损耗模量及损耗角随加载频率变化的基本规律。基于...     

About the measurement of dynamic mechanical properties of bi-layer systems

The bi-layer system has been well developed for many engineering structural components in the aircraft, automotive, microelectronics and modern space industries in the last few decades. Consequently, a good determination of its dynamic mechanical properties is important for an appropriate design of its industrial application. These studies are usually performed by a three-point bending test using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). In this work, we show that the three points bending test on a bi-layer system carried out with the test tool provided in a commercial DMA, for example the dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA) Rheometric IV, can lead to erroneous results. Measurements on polymer-hard substrate bi-layer systems around the glass transition temperature of the polymer, T_g, give larger changes in elastic modulus and loss tangent than they are. This problem is not observed at temperatures lower than T_g. The design of new test tool and specimen geometry for the three points bending test is shown together with its application to the measurement of the dynamic elastic properties of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)–aluminum bi-layer system.