Paradoxes of Severe Plastic Deformation

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) can lead to emergence of microstructural features and properties in materials which are fundamentally different from the ones well known for conventional cold deformation. In particular, the instances of unusual phase transformations resulting in development of highly metastable states associated with formation of supersaturated solid solutions, disordering or amorphization and their further decomposition during heating, high thermal stability of the SPD‐produced nanostructures, and the paradox of strength and ductility in some SPD‐processed metals and alloys are discussed.     

ARB (Accumulative Roll‐Bonding) and other new Techniques to Produce Bulk Ultrafine Grained Materials

Accumulative roll‐Bonding (ARB) is a severe plastic deformation (SPD) process invented by the authors in order to fabricate ultrafine grained metallic materials. ARB is the only SPD process applicable to continuous production of bulky materials. In the process, 50 % rolled material is cut into two, stacked to be the initial dimension and then rolled again. In order to obtain one‐body solid material, the rolling in ARB is not only a deformation process but also a bonding process (roll‐bonding). By repeating this procedure, SPD of bulky materials can be realized. In this review paper, various kinds of new SPD mechanical properties of the ARB processed materials are indicated.     

Unusual super-ductility at room temperature in an ultrafine-grained aluminum alloy

Processing by severe plastic deformation (SPD) typically increases the strength of metals and alloys drastically by decreasing their grain size into the submicrometer or nanometer range but the ductility of such materials remains typically low. This report describes the first demonstration that it is possible to increase the room temperature ductility of aluminum-based alloys processed by SPD and to attain elongations to failure of >150% while retaining the enhanced strength. This unique combination of properties is due to the occurrence of grain boundary sliding at room temperature. The sliding was obviously achieved by introducing a grain boundary wetting of the aluminum/aluminum grain boundaries.     

Recycling of titanium machining chips by severe plastic deformation consolidation

It has been demonstrated that severe plastic deformation (SPD) can be used to consolidate particles of a wide range of sizes from nano to micro into fully dense bulk material with good mechanical properties. SPD consolidation allows processing to be conducted at much lower temperatures and is therefore suitable for particles with highly metastable structures such as nanocrystalline. It is especially useful in the fabrication of multiphase materials including metal matrix nanocomposites. In this investigation, SPD consolidation was applied to recycle Ti machining chips. In particular, the as-received chips were consolidated by equal channel angular pressing at temperatures between 400 and 600 °C with the application of a back pressure from 50 to 200 MPa. Fully dense bulk Ti with fine grain sizes was produced, possessing strength comparable or higher than that of commercially pure wrought Ti. It is concluded that SPD consolidation is a promising method for recycling and value-adding of Ti chips.     

Fatigue of Severely Deformed Metals

In this brief communication, we would like to review present data on fatigue performance of ultra‐fine grain materials fabricated by severe plastic deformation (SPD) and to discuss the possible mechanisms of their plastic deformation and degradation in light of currently available experimental data. The most prominent effect of SPD is often associated with significant grain refinement down to the nanoscopic scale. The other evident effect, which accompanies intensive plastic straining, is the dislocation accumulation up to limiting densities of 10¹⁶ m^–2. Since namely these two factors, the grain size and the dislocation density, govern the strengthening of polycrystalline materials, we shall primarily confine ourselves to their role in cyclic deformation of severely pre‐deformed metals.     

Effect of temperature on the processing of a magnesium alloy by high-pressure torsion

It is now well known that processing by SPD can significantly increase the strength of metallic materials by refining the grain structure and increasing the density of defects. The rapid increase in strength observed in the early stages of deformation is expected to slow down and saturate at large strains because of an increasing recovery of the material. Therefore, a saturation strength is anticipated that will depend on the processing temperature. This investigation analyses this parameter by determining the evolution of hardness of a magnesium alloy processed by high-pressure torsion at different temperatures.     

Tribological properties of ultrafine-grained materials processed by severe plastic deformation

Processing by severe plastic deformation (SPD) has been developed extensively over the last two decades in order to produce ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials having submicrometre or nanometre grain sizes. An important material property for UFG materials is good wear resistance so that they may be used in a range of structural applications. An examination of the published data shows that only limited reports are available to date on the wear behaviour of SPD-processed materials and, furthermore, many of these results appear to be conflicting. The correlation of hardness and wear is limited because the wear property is a system property that in practice is influenced by a range of factors. Accordingly, this review is designed to examine recent reports related to the wear resistance of materials processed by SPD with particular emphasis on alloys processed using equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP), high-pressure torsion (HPT) and accumulative roll-bonding (ARB).     

In vitro fibroblast response to ultra fine grained titanium produced by a severe plastic deformation process

The in vitro response of the mouse fibroblast cell line 3T3 on the surface of ultrafine grained titanium [produced by a severe plastic deformation (SPD) process] has been studied in this work. SPD Ti showed much higher strength than the coarse grained Ti and equivalent to that of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Better cell proliferation was observed on SPD Ti compared to conventional Ti and Ti–6Al–4V alloy. This could be attributed to the increased surface free energy by reduction in the grain size and possibly the presence of a large number of nano size grooves at the triple point junctions in SPD Ti sample. There was no significant difference in the results of cytotoxicity tests of fine and coarse grained materials.     

强塑性变形(SPD)制备超细晶粒材料的研究现状与发展趋势

强塑性变形(SPD)技术已成为21世纪获得微米、甚至纳米级细晶粒材料,在塑韧性损失不大的情况下成倍提高金属材料强度的手段.概要介绍了目前国内外开发的强塑性变形的新技术或新方法,指出,应力或塑性变形将成为今后改变材料组织性能的主要技术之一,将与热处理技术并驾齐驱.应力热处理专业将成为材料科学与工程中一个新型的专业.     

On the Fracture Toughness of Advanced Materials

Few engineering materials are limited by their strength; rather they are limited by their resistance to fracture or fracture toughness. It is not by accident that most critical structures, such as bridges, ships, nuclear pressure vessels and so forth, are manufactured from materials that are comparatively low in strength but high in toughness. Indeed, in many classes of materials, strength and toughness are almost mutually exclusive. From a fracture‐mechanics perspective, the ability of a microstructure to develop toughening mechanisms acting either ahead or behind the crack tip can result in resistance‐curve (R‐curve) behavior where the fracture resistance actually increases with crack extension; the implication here is that toughness is often developed primarily during crack growth and not for crack initiation. Biological materials are perfect examples of this; moreover, they offer microstructural design strategies for the development of new materials for structural applications demanding combinations of both strength and toughness.     

Synergic effects of grain refinement and precipitation strengthening

The article describes the combined effects of grain size and second phase particles on mechanical properties of CuCrZr alloy subjected to SPD processing and ageing in two sequences: (i) SPD processing followed by ageing and (ii) SPD processing of samples aged prior to deformation. It was revealed that each of these strengthening mechanisms acting alone gives a significant increase in mechanical strength (5 and 10 times in the case of ageing and SPD processing, respectively). However, it has been found in the present study that the strength of samples subjected to grain refinement and precipitation hardening is not a direct sum of the strengthening brought about by these two strengthening mechanisms acting alone. This finding is discussed in terms of the inter-dependence of grain size–particle strengthening in SPD nano-metals.     

Review of principles and methods of severe plastic deformation for producing ultrafine-grained tubes

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is known to be the best method for producing bulk ultrafine-grained and nanostructured materials with excellent properties. Different SPD methods were developed that are suitable for sheet and bulk solid materials. During the past decade, efforts have been made to create effective SPD processes suitable for producing cylindrical tubes. In this paper, we review SPD processes intended to produce ultrafine-grained and nanostructured tubes, and their effects on material properties. The paper will focus on introduction of the tube SPD processes, and then comparison of them based on their advantages and disadvantages from the viewpoints of processing and properties.     

制备块体纳米/超细晶材料的大塑性变形技术

综述了采用SPD技术制备块体超细晶(UFG)和纳米晶(NC)材料的几种新方法，如等通道角挤压、高压扭转、多向锻造、多向压缩、板条马氏体冷轧法、累积轧焊法、冷拔、反复弯曲平直法等，分析了采用这些工艺制备的块体纳米材料所共有的微观组织特点。着重阐述了SPD技术的研究进展。     

大塑性变形技术的研究与发展现状

大塑性变形技术作为提高材料性能的有效方法之一,对其研究具有重要的意义.主要介绍了几种大塑性变形技术的基本原理和工艺,分析了这些大塑性变形工艺各自的特点并比较了它们的优缺点,对这些工艺的研究与发展现状进行了综述.     

大塑性变形制备细晶材料的研究、开发与展望

系统介绍了大塑性变形(SPD)细化晶粒的条件和目的,综述了4种主要的大塑性变形工艺的基本原理、特点和应用,剖析了细晶材料的强度和超塑性特征,展示了大塑性变形制备细晶材料的诱人前景和发展方向.     

Recent development in grain refinement by hydrostatic extrusion

Hydrostatic extrusion is an efficient method of grain refinement to the nanometer scale in metallic materials. The paper shows that it can be used directly to obtain a mean grain size smaller than 100 nm with a significant fraction of high angle grain boundaries in aluminum alloys, titanium, and iron. It is also demonstrated that grain size reduction to this level in some other materials, e.g., nickel, requires a combination of hydrostatic extrusion (HE), as the final operation, after some other methods of severe plastic deformation (SPD). Grain refinement in metallic materials by HE has a significant effect on their properties with a significant increase in mechanical strength and improvement of wear and corrosion resistance while maintaining an acceptable level of plasticity.     

The new trends in fabrication of bulk nanostructured materials by SPD processing

During the past decade, fabrication of bulk nanostructured metals and alloys using severe plastic deformation (SPD) has been evolving as a rapidly advancing direction of nanomaterials science and technology aimed at developing materials with new mechanical and functional properties for advanced applications. The principle of these developments is based on grain refinement down to the nanoscale level via various SPD techniques. This paper is focused on investigation and development of new SPD processing routes enabling fabrication of fully dense bulk nanostructured metals and alloys with a grain size of 40–50 nm and smaller, namely, SPD-consolidation of powders, including nanostructured ones, as well as SPD-induced nanocrystallization of amorphous alloys. We also consider microstructural features of SPD-processed materials that are responsible for enhancement of their properties.     

Some aspects of synthesis of nanocrystalline materials

Abstract

This paper reviews research work at the Institute for Materials and Advanced Processes, University of Idaho, on the synthesis of nanocrystalline materials and their consolidation. Nanocrystalline materials have been synthesised by a number of ‘far from equilibrium’ processes including mechanical alloying (MA), mechanochemical processing (MCP), supercritical fluid processing (SCFP), and severe plastic deformation (SPD). Examples of the materials include the TiAl based intermetallic compounds and composites produced by MA and SPD, Ti base alloys and metal carbides synthesised by MCP, thin film Cu produced by SCFP, and Al–Fe alloys produced by SPD. Details of the processes used and the enhancement of properties owing to the nanoscale structures in consolidated material will be presented. The potential of these processes to substitute for conventional methods of production will also be discussed.     

Texture evolution in equal-channel angular extrusion

The focus of this article is texture development in metals of fcc, bcc, and hcp crystal structure processed by a severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique called equal-channel angular extrusion (ECAE) or equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). The ECAE process involves very large plastic strains and is well known for its ability to refine the grain size of a polycrystalline metal to submicron or even nano-size lengthscales depending on the material. During this process, the texture also changes substantially. While the strength, microstructure and formability of ECAE-deformed metals have received much attention, texture evolution and its connection with these properties have not. In this article, we cover a multitude of factors that can influence texture evolution, such as applied strain path, die geometry, processing conditions, deformation inhomogeneities, accumulated strain, crystal structure, material plastic behavior, initial texture, dynamic recrystallization, substructure, and deformation twinning. We evaluate current constitutive models for texture evolution based on the physics they include and their agreement with measurements. Last, we discuss the influence of texture on post-processed mechanical response, plastic anisotropy, and grain refinement, properties which have made ECAE, as well as other SPD processes, attractive. It is our intent to make SPD researchers aware of the importance of texture development in SPD and provide the background, guidance, and methodologies necessary for incorporating texture analyses in their studies.     

深度塑性变形法的研究现状和前景

深度塑性变形加工与传统变形方法相比具有很大的优点,可得到超细晶金属和合金,其微观组织结构和性能也发生很大的变化.通过介绍累积轧合法、等通道角挤压法和高压扭转法等3种目前最主要的深度塑性变形方法,分析了深度塑性变形法的特点和现状,并对其未来进行了展望.