PVC-U用碳酸钙白度与色调的控制

分析了碳酸钙对PVC-U产品白度与色调的影响,讨论了控制碳酸钙白度与色调的重要性,指出了碳酸钙产品标准中白度测量方法的不足,建议采用甘茨白度或亨特白度代替蓝光白度作为PVC-U用碳酸钙白度的控制指标,以减少碳酸钙的白度与色调对PVC-U产品白度与色调的负面影响。     

一种实用的皂体色泽检测方法

采用测量非彩色物体表面白度值的白度计对皂基色泽进行监督检测,确定了测量皂基的白度较佳表示方法R457白度,并用白度计法与现行的皂基检测方法比较测色计法进行对比,将白度计法应用于皂基的在线检测。从白度计光电效应测量原理分析,白度计满足测量皂基色泽的要求。用白度计法对通常用的3类皂基进行了测定,并用斯图登特数理统计法进行数据处理,制定了相应的标准。     

面向不同照明的白度公式研究进展

为保证工业制造中产品质量的稳定性和高品质,提高生产效率,颜色科学家基于视觉评估提出白度公式,用于仪器评价物体的白度。目前已累计提出100多个白度公式,其中国际照明委员会(CIE)推荐的CIE白度公式应用最为广泛,但只适用于CIE D_(65)照明体。随着固态照明LED灯等光源的广泛应用,基于不同照明条件的白度评价研究应运而生。本文介绍了白度的主客观评价方法及目前CIE白度公式应用的局限性,着重讨论面向不同照明体的白度公式的研究现状和进展,提出了白度公式的研发趋势。     

重质纯碱白度的测量以及影响白度因素的探讨

本文通过对白度评价的历史,国际蓝光白度的定义及其测量仪器、标准的讨论,对尚无国标的重质纯碱白度测量进行论证,并对影响白度的因素进行了探讨。     

钛白粉白度的分类及其影响因素

总结了钛白粉白度的表示方法,介绍了甘茨白度、蓝光白度和亨特白度。另外,对影响钛白粉白度的因素,如杂质、粒径和粒度分布、颗粒形状和钛含量等做了研究。最后列举了对生产的指导,如选择好矿、改进水解方法、控制砂磨机气粉粒径等。     

荧光增白剂VBL的白度测量

叙述了荧光增白剂VBL的白度测量方法,建立了白度值与染色深度之间的函数关系,实验数据表明,荧光增白剂VBL的白度测量值WCIE与目测结果有很好的相关性,故“CIE1982白度公式”可以优选为白度测量的评价公式。0     

有机硅柔软剂对织物白度影响机理研究

以氨基和聚醚改性有机硅为例,探讨了有机硅柔软剂及温度湿度对织物白度的影响,考察了有机硅分子结构及其本身黄变,有机硅与荧光增白剂之间的结合对织物白度的影响机理。结果表明:织物经过氨基改性有机硅整理后,其白度都有所下降,且氨值越大,织物的白度越低;而聚醚改性有机硅对织物白度影响不大。织物在储藏的过程中,温度越高,相对湿度越大,对织物白度的影响程度越深。     

粘胶长丝白度的检验方法

目前国内还没有关于粘胶长丝白度指标的检验执行标准,吉林化纤公司为满足用户对于粘胶长丝白度做出检验指标的要求,对粘胶长丝白度的检验方法进行了试验研究,确定了能够准确测定出粘胶长丝白度的检验方法。     

抗热阻聚液提高PVC树脂白度的工业化试验

分析了影响聚氯乙烯（PVC）树脂白度的主要因素,通过改变聚合助剂的方法提高PVC树脂的白度,浅析了抗热阻聚（KZ）液增加树脂白度的机理.     

日用陶瓷产品白度质量分析

笔者根据新近审定通过的《日用陶瓷白度测定方法》,从一九九一年日用瓷行业评比和监督检验的产品中选取了部分样品,进行了白度测试.根据测试结果,分析了当前白度质量水平,并讨论了各类白瓷产品应具备什么样的白度质量水平.     

Whiteness and fluorescence of fabrics

A method was devised for measuring the whiteness of fabrics containing optical brighteners. It is simple in operation and gives excellent agreement with the visual appraisal by 27 observers of the whiteness for fabrics with different values for their fluorescence, lightness, yellowness or blueness, and redness or greenness. The fabrics contained different quantities of various blues and optical brighteners. Apart from duplicates it requires only four measurements for each surface, viz., lightness, tristimulus amber and blue reflectance, and the tristimulus blue part of the fluorescent light. Yellowness or blueness, redness or greenness, fluorescence effect on the whiteness, whiteness without fluorescence, and whiteness including fluorescence are calculated from the measurements. The method also indicates which fabrics cannot be called “near white” because they are too gray or too strongly colored. It can be adapted to different compositions of the incident light with regard to the relative intensity of the ultraviolet and visible portions.     

Impact of spectral power distribution of daylight simulators on whiteness specification for surface colors

The impact of spectral power distribution of daylight simulators (ie, D65 simulators) on surface whiteness specification was investigated by focusing on how CIE whiteness and tint values of 8 whiteness samples with fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) vary under different D65 simulators. Large variations in both whiteness (～16 points) and tint (～1.6 points) are observed under the D65 simulators above BB grade, as characterized using the CIE metamerism index. However, it is found the variations of the whiteness and tint values are smaller under the D65 simulators whose radiant power in the UVA band (ie, 300‐340 nm) was within ±30% in comparison to CIE standard D65 illuminant, as defined in BS 950, which may be a better alternative for evaluating the quality of a D65 simulator for surface white specification using CIE whiteness and tint formulas. The findings also suggest the necessity to fine‐tune or revise the CIE whiteness and tint formulas to characterize the surface whiteness under nonperfect D65 simulators or arbitrary light sources.     

A new whiteness formula

With the advent of fluorescent whitening agents, the general idea of whiteness has changed. Numerous whiteness formulas by which we evaluate whiteness of white materials have been proposed, but these formulas (including the CIE whiteness formula) were found not to correlate well to visual estimation. In this article, a modified CIE whiteness formula dealing with the tint and the excitation purity is proposed. There is a significant correlation between this formula and the visual estimation of whiteness. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 23, 202–209, 1998     

Measuring the whiteness of human teeth

This work attempts to determine the best index for measuring the whiteness of human teeth. For this the classifications obtained from various whiteness indices have been compared, using Spearman's correlation coefficient, with the responses of 20 observers judging a group of 20 samples of porcelain teeth. The index which gives the best results is that proposed by the CIE, WIC, although the Z% and the CIELAB color difference ΔE are also adequate for measuring the whiteness of human teeth. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

高白填料氢铝板材与钙粉板材的性能对比及评价

本文通过试验研究了高白填料氢铝、钙粉及高白填料氢铝与钙粉混合料所制作的人造石板材性能的差异。结果表明,添加了四种不同填料（高白填料氢铝（1^#AH、2^#AH）、钙粉、高白填料氢铝与钙粉混合料（6：4））所制作的人造石板材在以下性能方面存在明显差异：①2^#AH人造石专用料与树脂的混合粘度最低（15900eP）,钙粉与树脂混合粘度最高（18500eP）;②用钙粉作填料制作的人造石板材透光性很低,在钙粉中加入高白填料氢铝后可使人造石板材的透光性明显提高,但是钙粉板的白度较高（L值=82．76）;③在弯曲性能上,高白填料氢铝板材明显优于钙粉板;④在阻燃性能方面,高白填料氢铝（1^#AH、2^#AH）制作的人造石板材的氧指数分别达到43和42．5,钙粉板的氧指数仅为25,加钙粉量为40％的钙粉与高白填料氢铝的混合料制作的人造石板材的氧指数为31。而在拉伸性能、硬度、冲击性能方面相差不大;在耐污性能有所不同,钙粉板对口红的耐污性较好,氢铝、氢铝与钙粉混合料制作的人造石板材对醋和酱油的耐污性比较好。     

Dependence of the whiteness of paper on surface roughness and illumination conditions

The dependence of paper whiteness on its surface roughness is studied by numerical modeling of measuring apparatus and specimen scattering properties. The dependencies computed for various specimen illumination conditions with and without allowing for the specular component of scattered light are compared. The whiteness is calculated by ISO/DIS 11475. It is found that the whiteness of the object under study depends on both surface roughness and the illumination scheme selection, whereas the chromaticity coordinates depend on neither of them. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 25, 170–175, 2000     

On attributes of achromatic and chromatic object‐color perceptions

Adapting luminance dependencies of various color attributes of object colors (lightness, brightness, whiteness‐blackness, whiteness‐blackness strength, chroma, and colorfulness) were clarified under white illumination with various adapting illuminances. The correlation between the perceptions of lightness and brightness and those of whiteness‐blackness and whiteness‐blackness strength is also clarified for achromatic object colors. The difference between the increase of brightness and that of whiteness‐blackness contrast (the effect studied by Stevens and Jameson—Hurvich) by raising their adapting illuminance is resolved without any contradiction. It is also shown that the nonlinear color‐appearance model developed by the author and his colleagues is able to explain the complex characteristics of all the above color attributes of object colors by making minor modifications to it. In addition, two kinds of classifications of various color attributes are given; one is based on the similarity of perception level, and the other on the degree of adapting illuminance dependency. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 25, 318–332, 2000     

Experiments on In-Store Paddy Drying Under Tropical Climate: Simulation and Product Quality

The main objective of this work is to study the rice whiteness and paddy qualities of rice in terms of hardness, stickiness, cohesiveness, and germination of rice. The prediction results of moisture content and whiteness are compared with the experimental results using a near-equilibrium drying model, which is modified by including whiteness kinetics of rice kernel. The long grain rice (Suphanburi 1 high amylose indica variety), which consists of 27% amylose was used for all experiments. The experiments were carried out at the average ambient temperature range of 28.6-30.8°C, average relative humidity of 65.2-80.6% with a fixed bed depth of 1.0 m. Specific air flow rates of 0.65 and 0.93 m³/min-m³ of paddy were forced continuously through the paddy bulk at initial moisture contents of 18.5% and 20.1% wet basis, respectively. The desired final moisture content of paddy is about 13.3 ± 0.6% wet basis. The results show that drying rate and the whiteness predictions are in good agreement with those from the experiments. The in-store drying using ambient air condition did not produce notable effect on the rice whiteness, head rice yield, and the percentage of paddy germination. However, the hardness, stickiness, and cohesiveness of rice were changed.