山梨酸的间接电氧化合成

在醋酸－醋酐体系中，以醋酸锰为电解媒质，通入丁二烯电解合成山梨酸的前体－－乙酰氧基己烯酸（ＡＡ），再将其酸化水解制得山梨酸。讨论了电解反应和酸化反应的各种影响因素，找出最佳工艺条件。     

山梨酸的电合成技术研究

在醋酸 醋酐体系中，以醋酸锰为电解媒质，通入丁二烯电解合成山梨酸的前体—乙酰氧基己烯酸（ＡＡ），然后进一步酸化水解制得山梨酸。讨论了电解反应和酸化反应的各种影响因素，确定了优惠工艺条件。本工艺特点是原料易得，便于操作，无三废污染。     

山梨酸的电合成技术研究

在醋酸－醋酐体系中，以醋酸锰为电解媒质，通过丁二烯电解合成山梨酸的前体－乙酰氧基己烯酸（ＡＡ），然后进一步酸化水争制得山梨酸。讨论了电解反应和酸化反应的各种影响因素，确定了优惠工艺条件，本工艺特点是原料易得，便于操作，无三废污染。     

丁二烯和醋酸电化学合成山梨酸

正交实验表明 ,在醋酸 醋酐体系中 ,Mn2 + 电解氧化生成Mn3 + 的最佳工艺为 :电解时间 1h ,电解温度 90℃ ,电流密度 5mA/cm2 ,电解液 (2 0 0mL)组成 :5 70gMn(OAc) 2 ·4H2 O +2 0 .0gKOAc+醋酸与醋酸酐的混合物 ,V(HOAc)∶V(Ac2 O) =3∶1,电流效率为 75 %。稳态极化曲线和RDE实验表明 ,在石墨电极上 ,Mn2 + 阳极氧化的电极反应控制步骤为扩散 电荷传递混合控制。通过Mn3 + 氧化有丁二烯存在的醋酸 醋酐体系 ,合成山梨酸的前体乙酰氧基己烯酸 (AA) ,丁二烯的浓度为 0 2 5～ 1.0 0mol/L ,温度控制在 90℃ ,反应 5h ,得到AA。用盐酸可将AA进一步水解生成山梨酸 ,反应温度为 90℃ ,反应 5～ 6h ,产率超过 80 % (对AA而言 )。     

香兰素合成研究

研究了利用电解草酸饱和溶液制得的乙醛酸溶液为原料,与愈创木酚缩合,缩合产物电解氧化,酸化脱羧制取香兰素的工艺过程,并优化了反应工艺条件.     

元坝气田试气废液无害化治理

为了解决元坝气田开发试气作业过程中产生的酸化试气废液污染环境的技术难题,针对酸化试气废液絮凝性差、可溶性有机物含量高和难降解的特点,在混凝处理工艺的基础上,采用微电解与活性炭处理相结合的处理方法。重点分析考察了微电解进水pH值、废水流速时间等因素对深度氧化处理效果的影响,最终确定出酸化试气废液深度处理的工艺条件:PH值为2-3;流速0.1-0.2m/min,反应后调节pH值为7.8,COD总去除率可达到96%左右。实验结果表明:酸化试气废液经混凝—微电解—活性炭吸附工艺处理后,净化水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)的1级标准。该工艺在元坝9井经现场应用取得良好效果。     

微电解耦合生物增浓工艺处理制药废水工程

研究了微电解耦合生物增浓工艺在制药废水处理工程中的应用,工程处理流量28 m~3/h。对于高含量制药废水,在优化微电解反应条件下,COD去除率平均在39.1%。微电解后的制药废水再与低含量废水混合进入水解酸化,去除约30%的COD。水解酸化出水进入生物增浓池,生物增浓池内的污泥质量浓度达10~15 g/L以上,最终出水稳定,COD300 mg/L,NH_3-N的质量浓度35 mg/L,满足GB 8978-1996的三级排放标准。     

山梨酸的生产应用及发展前景

介绍了山梨酸的性能与应用,阐述目前国内外生产现状和市场变化趋势,比较了四种合成技术路线,并对双乙醇和醋酸为原料,采用用豆醛和忆烯酮路线的生产方法进行了初步分析,提出了发展我国山梨酸生产的看法和建议。     

专利摘登

专利摘登对二甲苯液相氧化催化剂的回收在醋酸钴、醋酸锰和溴化物的存在下，以醋酸为溶剂，液相氧化对二甲苯制造ＴＰＡ时，可以用下述方法以高产率连续回收催化剂。其回收步骤如下：（１）从反应混合物中分离出ＴＰＡ和醋酸后，加水至含有醋酸钻和醋酸锰的剩余物中，以制...     

膜─—电极复合体在盐水电解阳极反应的应用

膜─—电极复合体在盐水电解阳极反应的应用ＨｉｒｏｙａＹＡＭＡＳＨＩＴＡ等在膜一侧带有电极催化剂的膜－电极复合体被应用于盐水电解阳极反应。该电槽电压比具有活性阴极和ＲｕＯ＿２－ＴｉＯ＿２阳极的零极距装置低０．１１ｖ。但是，由于阳极过电压和阳极催化剂与阳...     

Effect of the density of the electronic states at the valence orbital of the bridge redox molecule on the dependence of the tunnel current on the overvoltage in the case of fully adiabatic electron transition

Effect of the density of the electronic states at the valence orbital of the bridge redox molecule on the dependence of the tunnel current on the overvoltage and on the width at half maximum of the current-overvoltage curve is studied. A number of the approximate expressions for the density of states, the tunnel current and the width are obtained in the fully adiabatic limit for different particular cases. It is shown that at small values of the coupling of the electronic levels of the electrodes with the valence orbital of the redox molecule and the small values of the bias voltage two regions of the reorganization Gibbs energy exist with different dependence of the width on the reorganization Gibbs energy. The results of calculations of the density of states, the tunnel current and the width are presented and used for the interpretation of the experimental data [N.G. Tao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 4066, I. Visoly-Fisher, K. Daie, Y. Terazono, C. Herrero, F. Fungo, L. Otero, E. Durantini, J.J. Silber, L. Sereno, D. Gust, T.A. Moore, A.L. Moore, S.M. Lindsay, PNAS 103 (2006) 8686].     

Refractory compounds of basic composition for the monolithin lining of steel-teeming ladles

Conclusions Questions of the method of production of basic ramming compounds at Panteleimonovka Refractory Plant and their use in the monolithic lining of the walls of 160-ton steel-teeming ladles of the No. 2 Converter Shop of Kirvoi Rog Steel Combine are considered.An analysis of the wear of the lining during service showed that it occurs as the result of spalling of the sintered zone and salamandering of the lining. The use of a movable thermally insulated lid made it possible to hold the temperature of the ladle lining within limits of 730–1120°C between heats and to obtain a basic rammed lining life of 21–39 heats as opposed to an average life for the shop of 14.8 heats.A reserve for increasing the ladle basic lining life is optimization of the thermal conditions of its service, including high-temperature heating of the lining before pouring of the metal, the use of thermally insulated lids with the minimum consumption of time for placing of them, an increase in the life of the well refractory to the life of the walls and bottom, and elimination of cooling of the lining between heats.A Discussion: Problems of the Production and Use of Refractories for the Lining of Steel-Teeming Ladles. [For the start of the discussion see No. 8 (1988) and for the continuation Nos. 9–12 (1988) and Nos. 1–3, 5, and 7 (1989).]Deceased.I. I. Glaka, N. F. Drobot, N. V. Kurmaz, B. P. Zinchenko, S. A. Poznyak, I. M. Ryaboshapkin, V. V. Slushko, A. A. Chulkov, Yu. Bormatov, S. I. Vanchyuk, V. I. Dobrovol'skii, B. G. Zhuravel', N. I. Kiyan, L. I. Nekrasov, N. M. Sokolov, P. V. Khomenko, G. A. Nikitenko, S. Dorgobuzov, P. I. Valiev, N. N. Gorbatko, V. I. Kovalenko, and M. I. Lyakhov of Krivoi Rog Steel participated in the preparation and tests of the basic monolithic linings.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 8, pp. 1–4, August, 1989.     

Experimental technology for manufacturing ceramic articles

The production of ceramic articles includes five principal operations, namely, preparation of the powder, pressing of the preform, its treatment, sintering, and grinding. If it is necessary to increase the adaptability to manufacture and improve the physicomechanical properties of the sintered material, the operations of hydrostatic treatment of the powder, preliminary sintering of the preforms, repeated mechanical treatment, etc. can be added. The technology is used for manufacturing the working part of cutting tools, dies, tools for shaping alloys of nonferrous metals, bearings, hinges, valves, ball locks, nozzles of hydromonitors, parts of pressing molds, lining parts, milling bodies, etc.Translated from Ogneupory i Tekhnicheskaya Keramika, No. 6, pp. 25 – 27, June, 1996.     

Some gas phase reactions during the firing of magnesite-chromite refractories in a tunnel kiln

Conclusions A correlation is shown between the high-temperature, physicochemical processes in basic refractories, changes and reactions in the gaseous phase, and the nature of the wear of the roof of a tunnel kiln.As a result of dissociation, oxidation, and volatilization the waste gases are enriched with vapors of alkalis, CrO₃, sulfur trioxide, and oxides of iron and magnesium, and become corrosive with respect to the kiln lining. The reaction of the oxides vapors with each other and with the lining of the roof and their condensation determines the nature of the wear in the magnesite-chromite refractories, the chemical and mineral compositions of the resulting deposits and crusts. The main source of alkalis and sulfur trioxide is the sulfite yeast dregs (sulfite lye) present in the goods being fired.We determined the temperature relationship with the composition and amounts of deposits and crusts. Carcase and skeletal deposits and crusts formed on the firing section of the kiln, mainly periclase and spinel compositions; in the warming-up section the deposits were brittle, granulated, consisting of sulfates, chromates, chromium oxide, periclase, and spinels.It was found that the deposits on the walls of the pores in the MKhS refractories consist of sulfates and chromates, forming solid solutions.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 13–16, May, 1980.     

陶瓷墙地砖干法制粉造粒立柱与颗粒均匀度的影响

针对陶瓷墙地砖干法制粉造粒立柱对颗粒均匀度的影响.基于不同的造粒立柱几何参数,采用干法制粉制备颗粒,分析造粒立柱对颗粒均匀度的影响;同时基于CFD方法构建陶瓷墙地砖干法制粉混料过程欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,数值模拟验证实验的正确性.实验检测表明:当造粒立柱几何参数依次为6 mm、7 mm、8 mm、9 mm、10 mm时,对应制备颗粒最大均匀度为4.81、4.97、5.23、5.17、4.99,颗粒平均均匀度为4.71、4.85、4.98、4.87、4.83.数值模拟表明:当造粒立柱几何参数依次为6 mm、7 mm、8 mm时,粉体的分散性逐渐变好,团聚现象逐渐消失;当造粒立柱几何参数依次为9 mm、10 mm时,粉体的分散性逐渐变差,团聚现象逐渐明显.综合分析说明:造粒立柱几何参数为8 mm时,颗粒均匀度最大,粉体分散性最好,团聚现象不明显,且实验检测与数值模拟基本相吻合.     

陶瓷墙地砖干法造粒过程坯料粉体成形与造粒室转速的影响

为分析陶瓷墙地砖干法造粒过程坯料粉体成形与造粒室转速的关系.基于欧拉-欧拉双流体模型模拟陶瓷干法造粒混料过程数理模型,同时对坯料粉体粗糙度、粉体级配及粉体流动性指数进行实验分析,验证数值模拟的正确性.当造粒室转速分别为120 RPM、140 RPM、160 RPM时,坯料粉体体积分布大小基本保持不变,坯料粉体均匀性和分散性逐渐变好,团聚现象逐渐消失;当造粒室转速分别为180 RPM、200 RPM时,坯料粉体体积分布大小仍基本保持不变,坯料粉体均匀性和分散性逐渐变差,团聚现象逐渐明显.实验结果表明:当造粒室转速分别为120 RPM、140 RPM、160 RPM、180 RPM、200 RPM时,坯料粉体粗糙度系数平均值依次为1.79、1.77、1.68、1.74、1.78;粉体级配百分比依次为73％、77％、89％、80％、72％;流动性指数依次为63.54、66.95、69.75、68.32、67.21.综合分析说明:造粒室转速为160 RPM时,坯料粉体均匀性和分散性良好,且无明显团聚现象,此时坯料粉体粗糙度系数平均值最小、粉体级配百分比最高、流动性指数最大,即造粒效果最好.     

Selektives Trocknen gemischhaltiger Produkte

Selective drying of mixture-containing products . Properties and quality of products containing solvent mixtures can be influenced considerably by the drying process. This concerns, e. g. the aroma content of fruit concentrates, the tear resistance of paper, the intensity of the colour of pigments, the ductility of cable insulation, toxic residues in tablets, residual monomers in polymers, etc. Both, the amount of residual moisture and its composition are of decisive importance. Predictions are possible given a knowledge of both the course of the drying curve and the course of the composition curve. The latter results from five basic physical processes, viz. vapour-liquid-solid phase equilibria, diffusion in the gas phase, diffusion in the liquid phase, capillary flow, and heat transfer. This combined action can be described both theoretically and experimentally for simple but indicative cases. There result practical hints for the choice of dryers and drying conditions to fulfill the demands placed on the properties of the dried product.     

Characterization of oils from low-gland and glandless cottonseed

New varieties of cotton which contain few or no gossypol pigment glands are being developed. Commercial production of such varieties should contribute to improving meal quality and reducing the color problems encountered with cottonseed oil. Samples of gland-containing, low-gland, and glandless seed grown in California were obtained, and the oils were extracted and characterized. With regard to the over-all characteristics the oils from the low-gland and glandless seed were indistinguishable from regular cottonseed oil. Iodine values, contents of unsaponifiables, cloud- and pour-points, response to the Halphen test, and similar characteristics resembled those of commercial cottonseed oil. No differences were found in behavior during winterization. Determination of the component fatty acids by gas chromatography showed the fatty acid composition of the oils to be typical. Determination of the positions of the double bonds in the unsaturated acyl groups showed no differences between the oils from gland-containing, low-gland, and glandless seed. Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectra of the oils revealed no differences other than the presence of gossypol in the crude oil from the gland-containing seed. The infrared spectra of the unsaponifiable fractions obtained from the oils showed some differences, which were not believed to be important. Presented at the fall meeting, American Oil Chemists’ Society, New York, N.Y., October 17–19, 1960. Trainee, Institute of International Education, UNESCO (present address: Union of Burma Applied Research Institute, Rangoon, Burma). One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

Designing a band for a detachable unit of an induction channel furnace

Conclusions The calculations carried out indicate that a metal cylinder applied with a tolerance to the lining of the longitudinal channel creates stresses that are inverse in sign to the tensile forces at the danger site of the lining. This excludes the development of tensile forces in the danger zone of the lining, both during short-term heating and during prolonged service, i.e., it eliminates one of the main causes of cracking in the lining of the longitudinal channel of a detachable unit.During the development of microcracks in the lining, when the induction furnace is working, the band, tightening the lining, prevents microcracking. Moreover, the metal cylinder prevents penetration of melt into the heat-insulating layer through the pores of the lining, especially during vacuum melting.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 6, pp. 14–16, June, 1992.     

Will it Pay?: The Economics of Establishing a Bleaching,Dyeing and Finishing Works

Meetings of the Scottish Region, held in the Whitehall Restaurant, Glasgow, on 1 October 1968, Mr J. B. Scales in the chair; of the Nottingham Junior Section, held in the Midland Design and Building Centre, Nottingham, on 28 October 1968, Mr C. E. Woodward in the chair; of the Northern Ireland Region, held in the Abercorn Restaurant, Belfast, on 12 November 1968, Mr T. H. Wood in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held at the University of Bradford, on 12 December 1968, Professor R. L. Elliott in the chair; of the West of England and South Wales Region, held at ICI Ltd, Bristol, on 15 January 1969, Mr N. W. Palmer in the chair; of the Manchester Region, held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, on 16 January 1969, Mr J. Greenwood in the chair; of the Huddersfield Junior Section, held in the Huddersfield College of Technology, on 10 February 1969, Mr C. Senior in the chair; and of the Leeds Junior Section, held at the University of Leeds, on 11 March 1969, Mr A. S. Ferguson in the chair The economics of establishing a bleaching, dyeing and finishing works in modern buildings on a virgin site or on an existing site with good water and effluent services where the old buildings have been demolished are considered.