混合醇胺溶液吸收烟气中CO2

研究了温度、CO2含量与吸收液浓度对醇胺溶液吸收CO2性能的影响,并比较了不同复配体系对二异丙醇胺(MDEA)的活化效果。结果表明,醇胺溶液对CO2的吸收速率随反应时间的增加而降低,随吸收温度的升高而增强,以40℃为宜;吸收反应速率均随气、液相反应物含量增大而增强;混合体系对MDEA的活化效果为二乙烯二胺最好,乙醇胺最差。     

CO2甲烷化研究进展

CO_2是造成温室效应的主要气体,作为碳基能源使用的末端形态,CO_2也是种重要的基础碳源。因此,将CO_2转化为能源产品可以快速实现碳的循环,对环境与能源领域意义重大。介绍了CO_2的排放、回收以及资源化利用现状,从催化剂体系、反应机理、合成工艺以及工业化现状等方面系统地介绍了CO_2甲烷化的发展。针对H2供给对CO_2甲烷化应用的限制,分析了电解水制氢再与CO_2进行甲烷化反应的电制气(Pt G)技术的发展现状、工艺路线及其经济性,讨论了该技术在我国应用的可行性。提出随着CO_2捕集与新能源相关技术的发展,Pt G技术会更加成熟,将有望成为未来CO_2资源化利用的重要形式。     

三乙烯四胺吸收CO2的初探

在常压下,采用搅拌式反应器对ＴＥＴＡ（三乙烯四胺）水溶液吸收ＣＯ２进行了研究,测定了不同温度下,不同浓度的ＴＥＴＡ的ＣＯ２吸收情况,并与常用醇胺吸收剂ＭＥＡ（一乙醇胺）、ＤＥＡ（二乙醇胺）、ＴＥＡ（三乙醇胺）的吸收效果作了比较,同时观察了ＴＥＴＡ－胺－水多元体系对ＣＯ２的吸收情况,得出最佳配比。有关ＴＥＴＡ吸收ＣＯ２研究尚无报道。     

MDEA吸收CO2稳态模型的数值求解方法

The shooting method and the difference method are used for numerical simulation of CO2 absorption with aclueous solution of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). It is demonstrated that these methods axe available for the steady-state model, which may be expressed as a set of differential algebraic equations (DAEs) with two-point boundary values. This method makes it possible not only to obtain the concentration profiles for MDEA system, but also to reveal the effect of CO2 interfacial concentration on the enhancement factor. With this numerical simulation,the mass transfer process with multicomponent diffusion and reactions can be better understood.     

碳酸钾-乙醇胺复合溶液吸收烟气中CO2的实验研究

分别以不同浓度的碳酸钾溶液及不同配比的碳酸钾—乙醇胺复合溶液作为吸收剂,以吸收速率和吸收量为指标,研究了吸收剂对烟气中CO2的吸收效果.结果表明,纯碳酸钾溶液吸收效果不佳,而掺入乙醇胺后的吸收效果显著改善,部分复合溶液的吸收效果甚至好于同浓度纯碳酸钾溶液与纯乙醇胺溶液的吸收效果之和,碳酸钾与乙醇胺在吸收过程中存在正交互作用.确定0.6 mol·L-1碳酸钾-0.4mol· L-1乙醇胺复合溶液为最佳的吸收剂,其饱和吸收量最大(0.185 mol)、再生温度最低(105℃)、再生率最高(98.8％).     

CO2在PET熔体中的溶解度

通过高温高压磁悬浮天平(MSB)测定表观溶解度、高温高压视窗釜进行溶胀度校正的方法研究了CO₂在PET熔体中的溶解度,考察了温度、压力对改性前后PET在CO₂环境中的溶胀度和CO₂溶解度的影响。结果表明,PET在CO₂环境中的溶胀度和CO₂溶解度均随温度的增加而减小,随压力增加而增加,但高压下溶胀度的增加趋势减缓并趋于某定值;与常规线性PET相比,改性PET具有较小的溶胀度和溶解度。在250~280℃,4~6 MPa下,CO₂在PET熔体中的溶解度具有10^-2 g CO₂·(g PET melt)^-1的量级。1~6 MPa下CO₂在PET熔体中的溶解行为符合亨利定律,利用最小二乘法拟合得到了CO₂在PET熔体中的溶解热。     

单乙醇胺吸收CO2的热力学模型和过程模拟

采用非随机双流体电解质（ENRTL）热力学模型,通过拟合单乙醇胺（MEA）的饱和蒸气压、热容数据,MEA和水（H₂O）二元体系的汽液平衡、热容、混合热数据,以及二氧化碳（CO₂）在MEA水溶液中的溶解度数据,建立了MEA吸收CO₂的热力学模型,并用核磁共振（NMR）组成数据成功地进行了验证。在此模型基础上,利用平衡级模型建立了MEA吸收/解吸CO₂的过程模拟,利用文献中中试工厂数据验证了过程模拟的准确性。对于质量分数为30%的MEA溶液,固定吸收塔CO₂去除率为90%的条件下,当吸收塔液气质量流率比值为2时,再沸器能耗最小,为3.64 GJ·（t CO₂）^-1。     

Siloxane-modified poly(acrylic acid) synthesized in supercritical CO2

Copolymerization of acrylic acid and 3-[tris(trimethylsilyloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) in supercritical carbon dioxide was successfully carried out. The products were obtained in the form of dry white powder with diameter about 0.2 μm. Viscosities of 2% aqueous solution of the copolymers dramatically increased as the content of TMSPMA in the copolymer increased and it was much higher than that of poly(acrylic acid). In addition, the viscosity of the copolymers showed a strong dependence on pH with a maximum at pH 5.0, which is due to the cooperation of intermolecular association and electrostatic repulsion.     

Optimization of post-combustion CO2 process using DEA-MDEA mixtures

This paper presents optimal operating conditions for the post-combustion CO₂ capture process utilizing aqueous amine solutions obtained using a process simulator (HYSYS). Three alkanolamine solutions (Methyldiethanolamine MDEA, DiEthanolAmine DEA and MDEA-DEA mixture) are considered to study the performance of the capture process.The design problem addressed in this paper requires specifying the optimal operating conditions (inlet and outlet temperature of the lean solution stream on the absorber, CO₂ loading, amine composition and flow rates, among others) to achieve the given CO₂ emission targets at a minimum total annual cost. A detailed objective function including total operating costs and investment is considered.The influence of the variation of CO₂ reduction targets and the mixing proportion of amines on the total annual cost is analyzed in detail. Numerical results are presented and discussed using different case studies.The results demonstrate that process simulators can be used as a powerful tool not only to simulate but also to optimize the most important design parameters of the post-combustion CO₂ capture process.     

Influence of coal characteristics on CO2 gasification

The rate of CO₂ gasification of a coke is one of the most important qualities of metallurgical coke. Many workers are trying to estimate the rate of CO₂ gasification of coke by studying properties of coal, such as the reflectance of vitrinite and the amounts of inertinite and ash in coal. The specific-gravity separation method is used to prepare coals which possess almost the same reflectance, but contain different amounts of inertinite and ash. The relation between the rate of gasification and the properties of coal is quantitatively explained.     

CO2化学吸收系统污染物排放与控制研究进展

CO₂化学吸收技术因其捕集效率高、技术相对成熟和适应性好,是目前最具工业应用潜力的CO₂捕集技术,然而,CO₂化学吸收系统在使用吸收剂捕集烟气中CO₂的同时,部分吸收剂及其降解产物随烟气排出,不仅增加吸收剂损耗,且在大气中进一步反应生成强致癌物硝胺和亚硝胺。因此,有必要对CO₂化学吸收系统污染物排放进行有效控制。目前,通常通过调节系统运行参数、使用污染物控制手段对污染物进行控制,但缺乏普适性的控制方法,还未建立污染物排放的控制目标值。介绍了CO₂化学吸收系统污染物的3类排放形式,包括物理夹带、气体和气溶胶,其中气溶胶具有较高的排放量且难以被传统方式控制;梳理了研究机构测量到的排放情况,不同规模的CO₂化学吸收系统普遍具有较高的排放量;分析了气溶胶生成生长机理,气溶胶排放主要通过非均相成核产生,依赖于凝结核的存在和过饱和的环境;基于试验和模拟2种方法综述了烟气凝结核、贫液进口温度、贫液负荷、烟气CO₂含量等因素对气溶胶主导的有机胺排放影响。简要介绍了对降解产物排放的研究,包括氧化降解和热降解;最后对当前污染物排放控制手段的控制效果及优缺点进行了总结。传统水洗方法能有效控制有机胺气态排放,传统除雾器对大粒径气溶胶颗粒控制效果好,但对小颗粒脱除效率低。湿式电除尘、蒸汽注入、干床等方法虽有一定脱除效果,但成本较高。酸洗能解决氨气排放问题,但难以回收有机胺。胶质气体泡沫法对气溶胶脱除效率高,但缺乏工业级研究。未来对于污染物的排放需要开发新型控制手段,这一手段既要有效减少气相和气溶胶形式的污染物排放,又要控制工业投资成本,这将成为建立先进碳捕集工艺系统的关键环节。     

Supercritical CO2 dispersion of nano-clays and clay/polymer nanocomposites

Dispersed polymer/clay nanocomposites are of great interest because they can significantly improve the properties of existing polymeric materials. However, achieving a high level of clay dispersion has been a key challenge in the production of polymer/clay nanocomposites. In this paper, we explore a novel supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) processing method that utilizes scCO₂ to disperse nano-clays. The structure and properties of the clays and the resultant nanocomposites are characterized using a combination of wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and rheology. Significant dispersion was achieved with dry Cloisite 93A clay, whereas relatively poor dispersion was achieved with dry Cloisite Na⁺ (natural clay). The extent of clay dispersion appears to be dependent on the ‘CO₂-philicity’, which in turn appears to depend on the surface modifications and inter-gallery spacing. The presence of an acidic hydrogen on the surfactant in Cloisite 93A appears to play a strong role in its ‘CO₂-philicity’. The ability to delaminate dry clays is significant because it will likely increase the ability to produce dispersed clay/polymer nanocomposites via melt processing. In addition to delaminating dry clays, we demonstrate that CO₂-phobic Cloisite Na⁺ (natural clay) can be partially dispersed with scCO₂, using a CO₂-philic polymer, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The dispersed clay/PDMS nanocomposite shows an order of magnitude increase in the dynamic storage modulus at low frequencies, accompanied by the emergence of a ‘solid-like’ plateau, characteristic of dispersed nanocomposites with enhanced clay/polymer interactions.     

燃煤烟气中细颗粒物与共存气态组分对膜吸收CO2的影响

由于燃煤烟气中细颗粒物和气态污染物难以完全脱除,同时经湿法脱硫后烟气中水汽接近饱和状态,因此,有必要揭示细颗粒物及共存气态组分对膜吸收CO₂的影响。采用燃煤热态试验装置,考察了燃煤烟气中细颗粒物、SO₂、水汽对膜吸收CO₂性能的影响,并进行了实际燃煤湿法脱硫净烟气环境下的膜吸收CO₂试验。结果表明:细颗粒物随烟气通过膜组件后,部分细颗粒物可被膜截留,沉积于膜表面,导致膜吸收CO₂效率下降,其影响程度随细颗粒物浓度的降低而减弱,与细颗粒物物性有一定关系,通过有效降低烟气中细颗粒物浓度,可显著延长膜的稳定运行时间;SO₂的存在会与CO₂产生竞争吸收现象,但因烟气中SO₂含量远低于CO₂,对CO₂吸收效率影响不明显;对于水汽,只需在运行一段时间后对膜组件作气体干燥反吹,可基本维持膜组件的稳定运行。     

Isosteric heat of sorption of CO2 in poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Sorption isotherms for carbon dioxide in poly(ethylene terephthalate) have been measured at 35–55°C. The isotherms were measured gravimetrically on a Mettler Thermoanalyzer-1 from vacuum to 1 atmosphere. The sorption data were used to generate sorption isotherms from which the isosteric heat of sorption of CO₂ in PET was determined. At 45°C the isosteric heat of sorption increases from −10 kcal/mole at a concentration of 0.5 cm³ (STP)/cm³ (polymer) to −8 kcal mole⁻¹ at a concentration of 1.5 cm³ (STP)/cm³ (polymer). It has been reported in the literature that the isosteric heat of sorption for this system decreased through a minimum before increasing with increasing concentration. Our measurement of the low-pressure sorption isotherms shows that this is not the case.     

Kinetic study of pilot-scale supercritical CO2 extraction of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaves

Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) extracts were obtained in a supercritical pilot-scale plant. Based on experimental information available in the literature for analytical or low-scale processes, extraction temperature and pressure were selected to be 313 K and 30 MPa. At these extraction conditions, the kinetic behavior of the pilot-scale overall extraction curve were determined with respect to yield, antioxidant activity and carnosic acid content. The overall extraction curve was represented using Sovova's model; the average deviation between measured and calculated yields was lower than 2%. Mass transfer coefficients in the fluid and solid phases were determined and were compared with previous data reported in the literature for low-scale rosemary supercritical extraction.A two-stage depressurization procedure was accomplished and the effect of both on-line fractionation and extraction time on the antioxidant activity of the samples collected was studied. The antioxidant activity of the different fractions could be straight correlated with the carnosic acid content with a regression coefficient of 0.92.     

的吸附与解吸研究进展

本文介绍了工业上CO₂的主要来源及应用,以及工业上分离、回收CO₂的常用方法。同时介绍了活性炭在变压吸附分离气体领域的应用,以及变压吸附过程中吸附剂再生的常用方法。详细综述了活性炭的孔结构、表面化学结构等因素对CO₂的吸附及解吸性能影响的研究进展。     

关于磨煤干燥与C02气力输送的分析和研究的分析和研究

探讨了用二氧化碳替代氮气作为煤粉气力输送介质的可行性;利用AspenPlus模拟程序建立了煤干燥模型,通过模拟计算得出煤干燥系统的相关工艺参数,并对关键性参数进行了灵敏度分析。结果表明,二氧化碳输送煤粉不仅可以满足工艺要求,而且模拟分析可针对关键组分浓度的影响因素进行合理的预测和分析。     

利用二氧化碳和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯制备环碳酸酯的研究

以含有环氧基团和双键结构的甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)与二氧化碳为原料合成用于制取新型环保材料非异氰酸酯聚氨酯的中间体环碳酸酯(DOMA),考察了催化剂、反应温度、压力、以及时间等反应条件对产物DOMA收率的影响,并对原料和产物通过TGA、红外进行分析,对产物通过碳谱、氢谱进行结构表征,表明在溶剂存在下,以四丁基溴化铵与碘化锌为共催化剂,在温度为110℃、压力为1.2MPa下反应4 h,产物DOMA收率可达75.6%。     

Significant parameters in the catalysed CO2 gasification of coal chars

Alkali and alkaline earth carbonates have been used to catalyse the C0₂ gasification of coal chars prepared by pyrolysis of Illinois No.6 coal. This study found that alkaline earth carbonates are fair gasification catalysts, though throughputs are insensitive to loadings in the range of 5–20 wt%. The order of efficacy is Ba > Sr > Ca. Alkali carbonates are excellent catalysts, with throughputs showing a dependence on loadings and atomic number. In particular, at high loadings (20 wt%) the order is Cs > K > Na > Li. As kinetic parameters for the alkali carbonate catalysed Boudouard reaction with coal chars differ significantly from those for graphites, an alternative redox cycle mechanism has been proposed involving an alkali hydride intermediate.     

CO2吸附活化及催化加氢制低碳烯烃的研究进展

随着工业化的发展,CO2的排放与日俱增,给环境带来了不可忽视的严重后果。同时,石油资源日渐匮乏,使得以石油为原料制低碳烯烃的工业面临严峻的挑战。利用CO2制低碳烯烃是缓解环境与资源双重压力的有效途径之一。本文综述了CO2催化加氢制低碳烯烃的热力学分析,CO2在过渡金属单晶和氧化物表面的吸附活化机理以及CO2催化加氢制低碳烯烃催化剂的研究进展。分析比较了包括单金属催化剂、双金属催化剂和复合催化剂在内的CO2制低碳烯烃催化剂的优缺点。提出了催化反应过程中存在催化剂难以兼顾选择性和转化率的技术难题,并指出了今后的主要研究方向是加强催化反应机理和催化剂制备、改性技术的研究。