硅基光栅耦合封装结构的优化设计

为了提高硅基光栅耦合封装结构的耦合效率、增大容差范围,对光栅耦合的结构特性进行了理论分析,并采用时域有限差分法完成了仿真验证,在不改变光栅参量的基础上,对光栅耦合封装结构进行了改进,仿真建立了一款光栅上方和光纤端面分别增加透镜的优化结构,研究了影响耦合效率的因素。结果表明,增加透镜后,耦合效率有所增加,角度容差和带宽都有一定的优化;在衬底增加反射镜后,对波长1550nm的光耦合效率提高至73.809%。该研究结果可为光栅耦合的封装结构设计提供参考依据。     

聚合物波导光栅耦合器的衍射场仿真

为了实现横截面尺寸为50 m50 m的聚硅氧烷聚合物光波导的耦合转向问题,设计了一种表面覆盖高折射率包层的多层蚀刻光栅耦合器。首先,分析了影响聚合物波导光栅耦合器耦合效率的结构因素;然后,采用在光栅表面蚀刻高折射率层的方法,提高了聚合物波导光栅耦合器的耦合效率;接着,对不同的周期（范围:100~4 000 nm）和不同的蚀刻深度（范围:0~50 000 nm）进行排列组合,形成不同的光栅结构,基于时域有限差分法编写程序,遍历所有情况,得到不同光栅结构下的光场情况以及其耦合效率,找到使耦合效率最大的周期以及蚀刻深度。最后,设计了多层蚀刻的光栅耦合器,进一步提高耦合效率。当蚀刻深度为5 000 nm,光栅周期为2 600 nm时,带高折射率层的聚硅氧烷聚合物光波导均匀光栅耦合器的耦合效率达到最大,为17.2%。采用多层蚀刻的方式,对结构进行优化,其耦合效率能达到37.4%。为聚硅氧烷聚合物光波导在光互连中的实际应用提供了理论依据。     

Optimal design of grating-assisted directional couplers

In this paper, a rigorous leaky mode propagation method has been used to investigate the influence of the grating period and grating index profile on the design of grating-assisted directional couplers (GADC's). A detailed explanation of resonance condition and radiation loss in terms of electromagnetic field contribution in the grating region as a function of the grating period and profile is given. Optimal design parameters hare been found for well-defined structures in order to achieve either minimum coupling length or maximum coupling efficiency. A very fast method to extract the resonance condition in any grating-assisted structure by using a sinusoidal profile is proposed. Numerical results are presented for both moderately and strongly asymmetric structures in terms of normalized propagation constant, mode radiation loss, coupling length and coupling efficiency. Comparisons with grating period and coupling length predictions obtained by other methods are also shown. The rectangular profile with optimized duty cycle has been demonstrated to be the best choice in order to minimize the GADC coupling length     

Second- and higher-order resonant gratings with gain or loss-Part1: Green's function analysis

We describe a systematic method for obtaining the coupling coefficients due to diffraction orders less than the grating order of second- and higher order resonant complex gratings in a multilayer structure. This method is based on an improved Green's function, and its distinguishing feature is its use of the transfer matrix method to simplify the theoretical analysis for obtaining the Green's function in multilayer structures. More importantly, it is also shown that by introducing gain or loss in second- and higher order resonant gratings, the range of controlling the total coupling coefficient becomes wider than those in first-order complex gratings or second order index gratings. Concepts like in-phase and anti-phase gratings are generalized in this type of grating. Finally, guidelines for designing complex-coupled DFB lasers with second- and third-order grating are also presented     

优化啁啾光栅耦合系数分布改善其色散特性

在对线性啁啾光栅的反射率峰值和带宽进行计算的基础上,结合新定义的光栅色散统计二阶矩构造出一个较全面反映光栅特性的品质因数。通过比较得出一组最佳的品质因数调节参数,并用于对光栅耦合系数高斯分布形状和耦合长度进行优化,最终获得了最佳的色散特性。结果表明本文提出的方法是一种能有效地优化光栅结构的定量方法。     

时域有限差分法模拟量子阱红外探测器光栅的光耦合

由于量子选择定则的限制,对于量子阱红外探测器(QWIP),必须利用衍射光栅增强其光学偶合效率,本文给出了一种基于时域有限差分法(FDTD)的数值方法,计算制备在QWIP器件上的金属光栅的衍射效应,模拟计算的结罘表明,FDTD方法是解析这种复杂结构内电磁场问题的有效手段．可以计算QWIP器件内各点电磁场所有分量的详细分布,进而可以估算衍射光栅的偶合效率,以及优化QWIP结构设计。     

双色量子阱红外探测器中的耦合光栅

在量子阱红外探测器(QWIP)上制备光栅的目的是对垂直入射的红外辐射进行有效耦合。从实验、测试和有关文献出发,探讨了影响其耦合效率的参数及参数的优化值。重点分析了双色QWIP的光栅设计问题,并从提高双色量子阱红外探测器光栅耦合效率和响应均匀性出发,介绍了一种新型交叉组合二维双周期结构光栅的设计方法;以一种具体AlGaAs/GaAs双色量子阱红外探测器为例,模拟了对应的交叉组合二维双周期结构光栅的几何参数和耦合强度,并与传统的二维双周期光栅结果对比,显示了新型双周期结构光栅在提高光耦合强度方面的优越性。     

Influence of Mode Loss on the Feasibility of Grating-Assisted Optical Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Refractive Index Sensors

In this paper, the influence of mode loss on the feasibility of grating-assisted optical fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) refractive index (RI) sensors is investigated. The loss of surface plasmon polarition (SPP) mode plays a key role in the design and implementation of such sensors. It is demonstrated through simulation that the grating length should be smaller than or comparable with the propagation length of SPP mode in order to achieve effective coupling. The loss of SPP mode is the severe limiting factor for the implementation of the grating-assisted SPR-RI sensors. More generally, in order to achieve effective mode coupling with the help of waveguide grating, the grating length is bounded by the shortest propagation length of the modes in lossy waveguides.     

Radiation loss of grating-assisted directional coupler

The coupling between the guided modes and between guided and radiation modes of two parallel slab waveguides forming a directional coupler in order is computed to determine the radiation losses introduced by the coupling grating. The problem is solved in two stages. First, the guided modes for each waveguide are computed separately and the radiation modes are only determined for the more complicated of the two waveguides, the one that is nearer to the grating. Modifications caused by the presence of the opposite waveguide are then taken into account by computing first-order correction terms. For a practical example of slab waveguides defined in GaInAsP, the authors find that the radiation losses per power exchange length remain below 0.02 dB for a rectangular grating depth of 0.01 μm     

倾斜耦合的光栅耦合器研究进展

近年来,片上光子集成技术备受关注并飞速发展,但在光纤与芯片、芯片与芯片上实现高效、高可靠性的光耦合仍是难题。光栅因其制作简单,位置灵活,对准容差大及可实现片上测试等一系列优点而备受研究者的关注。目前在绝缘体上硅(SOI)平台和绝缘体上铌酸锂(LNOI)平台上已开发出大量的光栅耦合器件,并获得较高的耦合效率和大带宽。该文主要介绍光栅耦合器的工作原理和主要性能指标,阐述了均匀光栅、倾斜光栅、闪耀光栅和切趾光栅耦合的特点及现阶段进展,并对具有代表性的一维光栅性能指标进行了比较。结果表明,分布式布喇格反射镜和金属反射镜可有效地提升光栅耦合效率。此外,该文还介绍了基于LNOI平台的几种光栅耦合器,其可帮助研究者们梳理光栅耦合器的发展历程、研究现状及各耦合器的特点,为未来研究提供一定的参考。     

硅基波导光栅耦合器与波导传输损耗的研究

对硅(Si)基波导光栅耦合器的设计与耦合性能进 行了研究。采用本征模展开法对光栅耦合器进行设计与 优化,通过实验测量了光栅的耦合性能,并对均匀光栅、自聚焦光栅和反射光栅等3种光栅 耦合器的耦合 性能进行了比较,耦合效率分别达到了达到47.86、56. 36和48.98%,自聚焦光栅可以有效改善光纤到 光纤的传输效果,耦合效率提高了8.5%。通过实验测量了基于耦合光 栅技术的Si基条形波导和槽型波导的 传输损耗,结果显示,条形波导和槽型波导的传输损耗分别为2.34d B/cm和6.31dB/mm。     

Nonlinear analysis of a dielectric distributed feedback laser withcomplex coupling coefficient

An approximate analysis of the nonlinear operation of DFB a dielectric laser with complex coupling coefficient is presented, An expression relating the small signal gain to the output power and the system parameters, including the spatial hole burning effect, is obtained. It is shown that the gain grating, the loss grating, and the higher order Bragg grating all contribute to laser operation above the threshold in a different manner. Moreover, it is possible to achieve a “negative” gain effect in the partly gain-coupled structure operating above the threshold, which depends on the output power level, the distributed loss level and the spatial hole burning effect     

Infinite array of printed dipoles integrated with a printed stripgrating for suppression of cross-polar radiation. I. Rigorous analysis

A rigorous analysis of an infinite array of printed dipoles integrated with a covering layer of printed strip grating is presented. Such designs can be useful to achieve low to ultra-low levels of cross-polar radiation from printed antennas, which is otherwise difficult to obtain from standard printed antenna designs. The analysis rigorously accounts for coupling between the grating strips and the dipole array in a general multilayered environment. Various demonstrative and design results showing loading effects of the grating on scan and impedance characteristics of the array are presented. Some interesting fundamental effects of the grating on the cross-polarization level and scan-blindness behavior are discussed     

Application of a single-frequency unstable cavity to a CW HF laser

Demonstrations of diffraction-limited performance from a CW diffusion-type HF chemical laser are reported. A novel type of edge-coupled nonconfocal unstable resonator consisting of a convex mirror and a diffraction grating is used. A new technique of coupling power out of an unstable resonator different from the edge coupling previously suggested by Siegman is also applied. This consists of coupling power out directly through the diffraction grating zero-order radiation. By this technique, a large fraction of the total power is concentrated within the diffraction-limited main lobe. Peak power levels of the order of 100 W have been achieved on a single line [P_{2}(5)] for flow conditions yielding approximately 1 kW in closed cavity measurements.     

向列液晶中的光控永久光栅

液晶中的光折变光栅在数据存储、实时全息术、干涉测量、光放大、相位共轭、光学图像处理和光束操控等领域具有潜在的应用价值。通过二波耦合的方法在掺C60的向列液晶中记录了永久光栅,该光栅的衍射特性能够被外加直流电场或以任意角度入射的、与记录光强度相当的一束平面光波控制。为了进一步了解光栅建立的机制,研究了在恒定外加直流电场下的电流动态过程,从而证明该光栅源于表面电荷的光调制。     

An Analytical Study of the Echelette Grating with Application to Open Resonators

Reflection coefficients of various order diffracted waves are calculated for an echelette grating which finds important use as a component of suboptical resonators. The classical optics approach has been found to be inadequate for deriving reliable results for this configuration. Accurate solution of the boundary value problem associated with the echelette grating is derived by a new method. The results are useful for the design of suboptical resonators which use the echelette grating as a coupling mirror to achieve a single wavelength operation.     

DFB光纤激光器最佳输出特性研究

采用传输矩阵法,对影响DFB掺铒光纤激光器输出功率的耦合因子、光栅长度进行了研究,数值分析了不同谐振腔损耗下最佳输出功率所对应的最佳光栅长度及耦合因子的变化。结果表明,在设计光纤激光器时,根据光纤光栅的制作损耗,优化光栅长度及耦合因子可以使光纤激光器的输出实现最佳化。这些结论对基于光纤激光器的结构优化具有指导意义。     

量子阱红外探测器双面金属光栅设计优化

提出了一种增强量子阱红外探测器耦合效率的双面金属光栅结构。采用三维时域有限差分算法（3D-FDTD）对GaAs/AlGaAs 量子阱红外探测器双面结构金属光栅进行了仿真分析。通过对比不同周期、占空比、金属层厚度结构参数下探测器的电场分布及相对耦合效率,确定了4.8 m 探测器优化的双面金属光栅结构。与顶部和底部单层金属光栅结构比较,双面金属光栅结构探测器相对耦合效率提高到3 倍以上。探测器相对耦合效率随光栅周期变化的双峰曲线特性体现了双面金属光栅结构在双色量子阱红外探测器光耦合方面的潜力。同时该结构还可以应用于单色、双色及多色量子阱焦平面红外探测器。     

Compact and Highly Efficient Grating Couplers Between Optical Fiber and Nanophotonic Waveguides

We present high-efficiency grating couplers for coupling between a single-mode fiber and nanophotonic waveguides, fabricated both in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and InP membranes using BenzoCycloButene wafer bonding. The coupling efficiency is substantially increased by adding a gold bottom mirror to the structures. The measured coupling efficiency to fiber is 69% for SOI grating couplers and 56% for bonded InP membrane grating couplers