Human factors assessment of conflict resolution aid reliability and time pressure in future air traffic control

Though it has been reported that air traffic controllers' (ATCos') performance improves with the aid of a conflict resolution aid (CRA), the effects of imperfect automation on CRA are so far unknown. The main objective of this study was to examine the effects of imperfect automation on conflict resolution. Twelve students with ATC knowledge were instructed to complete ATC tasks in four CRA conditions including reliable, unreliable and high time pressure, unreliable and low time pressure, and manual conditions. Participants were able to resolve the designated conflicts more accurately and faster in the reliable versus unreliable CRA conditions. When comparing the unreliable CRA and manual conditions, unreliable CRA led to better conflict resolution performance and higher situation awareness. Surprisingly, high time pressure triggered better conflict resolution performance as compared to the low time pressure condition. The findings from the present study highlight the importance of CRA in future ATC operations.

Practitioner Summary: Conflict resolution aid (CRA) is a proposed automation decision aid in air traffic control (ATC). It was found in the present study that CRA was able to promote air traffic controllers' performance even when it was not perfectly reliable. These findings highlight the importance of CRA in future ATC operations.     

空中交通流量管理系统效果评估指标分析

随着我国航空运输业的蓬勃发展及飞行流量的急剧增加,空中交通流量管理问题日益突出。对空中交通流量管理系统效果进行评估,需要从科学、客观、实用的角度来建立空中交通流量管理系统效果评估指标。文中根据目前国内外采用的空中交通流量评估指标,分别从含义、统计方法、计算方法、解决方案及意义等不同角度,对空中交通流量评估指标进行了分析和研究。     

Cognitive process modelling of controllers in en route air traffic control

In recent years, various efforts have been made in air traffic control (ATC) to maintain traffic safety and efficiency in the face of increasing air traffic demands. ATC is a complex process that depends to a large degree on human capabilities, and so understanding how controllers carry out their tasks is an important issue in the design and development of ATC systems. In particular, the human factor is considered to be a serious problem in ATC safety and has been identified as a causal factor in both major and minor incidents. There is, therefore, a need to analyse the mechanisms by which errors occur due to complex factors and to develop systems that can deal with these errors. From the cognitive process perspective, it is essential that system developers have an understanding of the more complex working processes that involve the cooperative work of multiple controllers. Distributed cognition is a methodological framework for analysing cognitive processes that span multiple actors mediated by technology. In this research, we attempt to analyse and model interactions that take place in en route ATC systems based on distributed cognition. We examine the functional problems in an ATC system from a human factors perspective, and conclude by identifying certain measures by which to address these problems. This research focuses on the analysis of air traffic controllers' tasks for en route ATC and modelling controllers' cognitive processes. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: This research focuses on an experimental study to gain a better understanding of controllers' cognitive processes in air traffic control. We conducted ethnographic observations and then analysed the data to develop a model of controllers' cognitive process. This analysis revealed that strategic routines are applicable to decision making.     

空管自动化系统应用与维护探索

近年来,随着我国民用航空运输业的飞速发展和军航作训范围、数量、规模的日益扩大,对空域资源的使用变得越来越紧张,已经频繁出现因空中交通管制原因造成飞机“飞不出去”或“降不下来”等飞行矛盾.空管自动化系统是维持空中交通秩序、实现有效的空中交通安全管理、确保空中交通快速有序流动的指挥核心.以某军航空管“十五”管制中心系统为例,从使用与维护两个方面对其进行探讨,以期能使用好和维护好此系统.     

Recommendations for applying colour coding to air traffic control displays

The evaluation of colour within real-time air traffic control simulations is described with particular reference to distinguishing categories of information, designating tasks and highlighting specific information. Further consideration is given to the advantages and disadvantages of colour coding within an air traffic control context, with reference to relevant literature. Some recommendations are made for the utilization of colour coding, which are particularly relevant to electronic air traffic control displays.     

An emergent modelling method for dynamic scheduling

In this paper a modelling method for simulating dynamic scheduling is presented. The basic idea behind the method is to use local attraction fields to direct transporters carrying jobs to particular machines. Emergence is used here to describe the fact that the decision on which job is directed to which machine, i.e. the schedule, is the result of continuously simulated local force fields without a foreseeable global result. The emphasis is thus on the dynamic schedule rather than an optimal schedule. As will be demonstrated, the schedule is capable of continuous adaptation in a turbulent environment.     

空中交通管理系统中航迹发散判据及抑制处理

描述了对机动目标跟踪的Kalman滤波方程和空管系统中易于计算的各参数矩阵理论依据及相应的初值,论述了航迹发散的判断依据及抑制算法．结合应用仿真的具体处理算法及步骤,将发散判据和抑制算法应用于空中交通管理系统进行航迹处理．通过项目验证和仿真结果表明,该算法能进行准确的发靓判断和有效的抑制处理．     

基于VC和GIS的闪电监测报警系统设计

雷暴是电闪、雷鸣的强对流性风暴,雷暴的发生发展,时常伴随着大风、冰雹、暴雨等危险天气,严重威胁飞行安全。因此对于雷暴基本特征云间闪电进行监测报警十分必要。本文利用Visual C++6.0和地理信息系统(GIS)的组件技术进行二次开发,实现了对华北空管区域探测到的云间闪电信息以图像、声音形式的监测报警。     

Helicopter pilots’ views of air traffic controller responsibilities: a mismatch

Abstract

Controllers and pilots must work together to ensure safe and efficient helicopter flight within the London control zone. Subjective ratings of pilot perception of controller responsibility for five key flight tasks were obtained from thirty helicopter pilots. Three types of airspace were investigated. Results indicate that there is variation in pilot understanding of controller responsibility compared to the formal regulations that define controller responsibility. Significant differences in the perception of controller responsibility were found for the task of aircraft separation in class D airspace and along helicopter routes. Analysis of the patterns of response suggests that task type rather than the airspace type may be the key factor. Results are framed using the concept of a shared mental model. This research demonstrates that pilots flying in complex London airspace have an expectation of controller responsibility for certain flight tasks, in certain airspace types that is not supported by aviation regulation.

Practitioner Summary: The responsibility for tasks during flight varies according to the flight rules used and airspace type. Helicopter pilots may attribute responsibility to controllers for tasks when controllers have no responsibility as defined by regulation. This variation between pilot perceptions of controller responsibility could affect safety within the London control zone.     

空中交通管制中的人为差错探讨

近年来,航空事故发生频繁,纵观历年的事故,人为因素导致的航空事故呈现一个上升而主要的态势,做好对于空中交通管制的人为差错问题研究,降低人员因素带来的安全事故成为本文探讨的重点,以更好的方式来提高人员综合性能力,确保空中交通管制的安全。     

Colour for air traffic control displays

Air traffic controllers of the future will be working with full-colour raster-scan displays. This paper describes an approach to the use of colour whereby the objects on the display are assigned to a series of conceptual layers which are in turn represented as visual layers. Background map features are shown as opaque infills, overlaid with transparent infills for overlapping areas; alphanumeric labels in the foreground are shown in black, each with an attached infill to ensure good legibility and effective colour coding. Colour palettes are provided for each layer so that the display designer has flexibility but can be confident that the display will be free of colour illusions and ambiguities. The resulting displays can be used in normal office lighting. The work was undertaken for the Chief Scientist's Division of the National Air Traffic Services (part of the UK Civil Aviation Authority).     

基于K-均值聚类的多雷达数据融合算法研究

应用K-均值聚类的方法区分源于不同目标的观测数据,通过类间数据融合,实现对多目标的实时跟踪。研究了观测数据K-均值聚类的基本思想、聚类处理过程及算法实现,讨论了对机动目标跟踪的Kalman滤波方程及空管系统中易于计算的各参数矩阵理论依据及相应的初值。发现通过K-均值聚类能很好区分不同目标,聚类后再进行跟踪融合更加准确。仿真结果表明,经K-均值聚类处理后的滤波跟踪航迹效果较好。     

基于车联网技术的交叉口交通信号控制系统研究

文章阐述了交通信号控制系统与车联网的内涵和外延,以及车联网与物联网的区别,分析了车联网的发展前景、关键技术架构以及车联网目前的应用场景。详细介绍了车联网技术在交通管理交通信号控制系统中的应用,该系统能减少交叉口的拥堵,提高道路通行能力,改善交通通行安全。     

空中交通流量管理方法初探

空中交通管理是为解决空中交通拥挤而进行的系统化管理,文中介绍了空中交通流量管理的基本概念,并进行了流量管理方法的初探,同时提出了改善流量拥挤现状的环境和合理化建议。     

空地协同分布交互仿真

采用多层次网络和网络接口处理机,将分处异地的各类飞行和地面管制（指挥）仿真系统组合起来,成为实用的大型分布交互仿真（DIS）系统,提供大范围“飞行－地面管制”综合训练环境。发展了基于模型的DR（Dead Reckoning）算法,比常规DR算法更好地压缩了网络通信量。     

国家航空电信网的建设研究

航空电信网是CNS/ATM系统的重要组成部分,是下一代航空通信系统的全面解决方案.建立一个全球化的、开放结构的互联网络,使空中交通管制系统、航空公司、航空行政管理部门的各种网络有机地连接成一个整体,达到系统互联、信息互通、资源共享的目标是目前研究的热点问题.通过对航空电信网的基本概念、网络组成、协议结构等特点的阐述,分析了当前航空电信网研究中存在的关键问题.结合现行空中管制体制建设的特点,对航空电信网建设提出建议.     

基于STAMP的航空管制空中危险目标识别方法研究

为了保证航空管制中航空器的完整性,提高航空器的使用寿命,并且可以最大限度的保障航空乘客和其他航空人员的人身安全,需要对航空管制空中危险目标进行识别。但采用当前目标识别方法对空中危险目标识别时,识别系统对空中危险目标无法稳定识别,存在空中危险目标识别精度低的问题。为此,提出一种基于STAMP的航空管制空中危险目标识别方法。该方法先利用STAMP模型对航空管制空中危险目标识别系统各组成部分进行任务分配,然后采用Harris法对空中危险目标进行特征选择和提取,依据Mean-Shift法的Bhattacharyya系数,描述候选空中危险目标和空中目标的危险概率分布相似度,随着Bhattacharyya系数的不断增加,候选空中危险目标和空中危险目标的相似度越大,使危险目标跟踪系统朝着空中目标危险密度增大的位置移动,在最优位置收敛,从而实现空中危险目标跟踪,最后利用D-S理论对跟踪结果进行识别,通过引入空中目标危险性基本概率赋值函数获得空中目标危险基本概率,采用Dempster组合规则对空中目标危险证据进行合成,依据空中危险目标证据融合结果完成对航空管制空中危险目标的识别。实验仿真证明,所提方法增强了航空管制空中危险目标识别的效果,提高了航空管制空中危险目标识别的精度。     

空中交通管制自动化系统中飞行冲突概率解析算法的应用

由于空中交通管制指挥监测系统（ATCCMS）中航迹预估的不确定性,以它为基础的冲突探测就必须采用基于概率的算法,文中介绍了一个实用的求解冲突概率的解析算法,并用蒙特卡洛方法对它进行了验证,然后对飞行冲突概率的特性做了分析研究,描述了冲突概率应用于冲突报警和冲突求解的基本思想。     

空地协同分布交互仿真中DR算法研究

推算定位（ｄｅａｄ ｒｅｃｋｏｎｉｎｇ,ＤＲ）技术是大型分布交互仿真（ＤＩＳ）系统的关键技术,在研究传统的一阶、二阶和高阶ＤＲ算法基础上,针对民航飞行、领航和地面管制综合训练的空、地协同分布交互仿真系统（ＤＡＧＩＳ）,提出了基于模型的ＳＲ算法（ＭＢＤＲ）,探讨一种自适应模型转换方法和动态门限选取问题,比常规ＤＲ算法更好地夺缩了网络通信量,讨论了与ＤＲ算法相关的平滑和延时补偿问题,在构造的ＤＡＧＩＳ