甜菜碱型硅表面活性剂的合成和应用

简要介绍了甜菜碱型硅表面活性剂的结构类型和性质,提出了甜菜碱型硅表面活性剂合成有硅氢化和季铵化两种方法,详细阐述了羧基型、磺基型和磷酸酯型甜菜碱有机硅表面活性剂的合成方法,最后讨论了这类两性表面活性剂在日用化学、纺织、制革等行业中的应用。     

改性十六烷基甜菜碱表面活性剂在个人护理品中的应用

开发了一种温和的源自天然原料的表面活性剂。它能够与各种水溶助长性表面活性剂复配并有效地提高护发和护肤产品的温和性、黏度及发泡性。     

二氧化碳泡沫稳定性及聚合物对其泡沫性能的影响

基于CO₂气体性质的特殊性以及CO₂泡沫在多孔介质中表现出不同于其他气体泡沫的现象,利用气流法,选用十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）作为起泡剂,研究了CO₂泡沫的稳定性和衰减规律,以及聚合物部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）对CO₂泡沫性能的影响。结果表明,在相同条件下,CO₂泡沫的稳定性比N₂泡沫差,并且CO₂泡沫的稳定性基本不受表面活性剂浓度的影响;CO₂泡沫的衰减曲线近似一条直线,泡沫形成后体积迅速减小。CO₂在水中具有较大的溶解度,泡沫的液膜渗透率系数大,因而泡沫稳定性差,也是造成CO₂泡沫在岩心内渗流规律区别于N₂泡沫的一个重要原因。HPAM的加入可以在一定程度上增强CO₂泡沫的稳定性,但同时也会使溶液起泡性能降低,所以实际应用时需要综合考虑泡沫特性,选择最佳的聚合物浓度。     

居贝特甜菜碱对克拉玛依原油的动态界面张力行为

考察了5种含聚氧乙烯链的居贝特甜菜碱溶液与克拉玛依原油在40℃下的动态界面张力与质量分数间的关系。结果表明,对于质量分数为0.01%～0.2%的GC16(3),GC16(5)和GC16(7)体系及GC20(5)和GC20(9)体系,当碳链长度相同时,随着聚氧乙烯链的增长,界面张力逐渐升高;当聚氧乙烯数相同时,随着碳链长度的增加,界面张力降低。     

A stabilized foam formulation using FTP-SDS surfactants for wettability alteration and flow diversion in carbonate fractured oil reservoirs

Foam injection contributes to improved oil recovery through flow diversion, reduction of interfacial tension (IFT), and wettability alteration of the rock while its stability is an issue. In this article, nitrogen-foam was optimally formulated using fluorocarbon tubiguard protect (FTP) surfactant stabilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) co-surfactant that was later experimentally considered for oil recovery in a fractured carbonate rock taken from an oil field in the Middle East. The results showed that the 5:1 volume ratio of fluorocarbon surfactant and SDS (FS51) generates a stable foaming agent with ability of changing the wettability of the carbonate rock surfaces to an intermediate gas-wet state. A series of core-flood experiments at HPHT conditions were also carried out and designed to properly represent matrix-fracture media using both a horizontally and vertically oriented setup. The oil saturated cores were flooded with nitrogen gas first followed by foam injection. It was concluded that foam can divert the gas to flow from fractures to the matrix blocks and result in a significant oil recovery. The contact angle tests that performed after core-flood experiments revealed the wettability changes of fracture surfaces from an oil-wet to a gas-wet state. This allows gas to be imbibed into the matrix blocks by capillary force and results in enhancement of ultimate oil recovery. This study revealed that trapped oil in matrixes blocks that had not been drained during the gas injection process could be produced by designing a stable foam that sustainably diverts injected fluid from fractures to matrix zone.     

Hydraulic resistance of rigid polyurethane foams. I. Effect of different surfactants on foam structure and properties

Foams used in buoyancy applications must resist penetration by water at significant depths of immersion. The behavior of water blown rigid polyurethane foam at different water pressures from 0 to 3 MPa are studied in this work. The effects of different surfactants on the cell structure and hydraulic resistance of the foams are examined. The foams have densities in the range of 145 to 160 kg/m³. With increasing applied hydraulic pressure, it is found that the foams have very small buoyancy losses at low pressures but beyond a threshold pressure, buoyancy losses increase rapidly. The threshold pressures of the foams increase with decrease in cell window area. A cell window is the lamella of the foam material that separates two adjacent cells. The cell sizes of the foam are found to correlate with the size of the air bubbles entrained during initial mixing. Surfactants, which reduce the surface tension of the polyol to the greatest extent, are found to give the finest initial bubbles, smaller cells, and foams with the highest hydraulic resistance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2821–2829, 2004     

连结基对甜菜碱型双子表面活性剂表面活性和泡沫性能的影响

以3-氯-2-羟基丙烷磺酸钠、油酸酰胺丙基二甲基叔胺和溴代烷为原料合成了一系列甜菜碱型双子表面活性剂C_s-BGS(C为连结基中亚甲基,s=2,4,6)。采用FT-IR和~1H NMR对产物进行了结构表征。分别使用吊片法和电导率法测定产物在25℃水溶液中的临界胶束浓度(cmc)。结果表明,随着连结基长度的增加,其平衡表面张力(γcmc)及cmc增加。C2-BGS的cmc最低,降低表面张力的效率(pc_(20))较高,在空气-水界面处有强烈的吸附,并且泡沫性能相对较好。此外,通过pc_(20)、极限占有面积(A_(min))、标准吸附自由能(ΔG~0_(ads))和标准胶束化自由能(ΔG~0_(mic))估算C_s-BGS的吸附和胶束化行为。结果表明,C_s-BGS的这些性质受连结基长度影响很大,且促进吸附行为的能力更强。     

Kinetics of precipitation of surfactants. I. Anionic surfactants with calcium and with cationic surfactants

Isoperibol calorimetry was used to measure the rates of precipitation for aqueous solutions of several anionic surfactants with calcium and of anionic and cationic surfactants. A monomer concentration-dependent supersaturation ratio was used to describe the relative rates of precipitation for the surfactant systems studied. This supersaturation ratio allows for the relative rates of precipitation of any surfactant solution to be compared whether micelles are present in solution or not. In general, as the supersaturation ratio increases, the rate of precipitation decreases and the induction time decreases, bot above and below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The rate of precipitation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with dodecyl pyridinium chloride is much slower than the rate of precipitation of the anionic surfactants with calcium for similar supersaturation ratios. The rate of precipitation of SDS with calcium is slightly faster than the rate of precipitation of sodium octyl benzene sulfonate for similar supersaturation ratios. Studies of precipitate crystals, conducted using image analysis, showed that size and shape dependent on the initial supersaturation, the precipitating surfactant molecule, and the extent of aging (until an equilibrium size and shape was reached). Also, differences in the appearance of crystals formed from solutions above and below the CMC were observed. These were most likely due to the difference in supersaturation of these solutions. The crystals formed due to precipitation of SDS with calcium at a concentration above the CMC formed flat trapezoidal, rhombic and hexagonal shapes. These aged into clusters by 1 wk. For a solution that was precipitated at concentrations beginning below the CMC, the crystals began as elongated and rhombic flat plates and aged into trapezoidal, rhombic, and needle-like structures.     

三聚表面活性剂的研究进展

综述了三聚表面活性剂的分类、合成方法、结构对性能的影响以及应用。根据亲水头基的电性不同,三聚表面活性剂可分为阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型和两性离子型4类。根据其结构特点,设计了不同亲水头基、不同中间连接基团和不同尾链的三聚表面活性剂的合成路线。最后介绍了三聚表面活性剂的性能及其在纳米材料的制备、乳液聚合等领域的应用,并对其未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

国内外表面活性剂及其原料的现状与未来(续前)

2表面活性剂2 1传统表面活性剂2 1 1国际趋势根据近几年表面活性剂销售量(表2)以及权威机构对未来几年的预测 ,表面活性剂市场总体呈现以下态势 :①表面活性剂的总量呈上升趋势 ;②阴离子表面活性剂在总量上略减 ,但各品种之间的差异非常明显。烷基苯磺酸盐销售量减少 ,而肥皂、脂肪醇硫酸盐和脂肪醇醚硫酸盐的销售量有所增加 ,AOS的销售量相对较小且变化不大 ;③非离子表面活性剂销售量的增幅相当大 ,尤其是AE和APG ;④两性表面活性剂的销售量呈不断上升的趋势 ;⑤阳离子表面活性剂略有增加。2 1 2国内现状据中国洗协表委会统计组不完…     

泡沫隔臭剂配方的研究开发

介绍了新功能产品泡沫隔臭剂的最佳配方的研究开发过程。该产品应用于上厕所前在便池水中迅速产生丰富、严密和稳定气液型湿泡沫，零时间隔离脏物和臭气源，提高人们生活质量，减少冲水量，节约用水。从表面活性剂理论基础上筛选出AES(月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠)，AEC(烷基醇醚羧酸盐)，月桂酸钾，1227(十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵)和TEA(三乙醇胺)作为主要活性成分，用正交设计法和线性研究法分析筛选出它们的最佳效果配方，并在此基础上加入各种增效助剂，完善样品制备成品。最后对这种全新的产品提出进一步研究的几点建议。     

泡沫分离-Fenton氧化工艺处理表面活性剂废水

采用泡沫分离-Fenton氧化工艺进行处理某炼油公司含SDBS和Brij30废水,研究了气体流速、废水流速、塔内液体高度、pH和Fenton试剂用量对处理效果的影响。得到了优化后的工艺条件为:Fenton试剂用量0.05 mol/L,气体流速0.054~0.072 m3/h,分离塔内液体量为1.8~1.9 L,废水流速2.0~2.2 L/h,Fenton氧化处理pH=3~4。在此最佳工艺基础上进行了工业侧线实验,实验表明,采用泡沫分离-Fenton氧化工艺可将废水中SDBS和Brij30分别降至2 mg/L和5 mg/L以下。     

肉豆蔻酰基氨基酸表面活性剂泡沫性能及其离子特异性效应

采用吊片法和鼓气法分别测定两类表面活性剂——肉豆蔻酰基 β-丙氨酸钾/钠(MAP/MAS)和肉豆蔻酰基牛磺酸钾/钠(MTP/MTS)的表面张力和泡沫性能,并研究添加无机盐和有机铵盐对MAS与MTS泡沫性能的影响.结果表明,两类表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)与反离子类型相关,MTP的起泡性弱于MTS但稳泡性高于MTS;除四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)外,盐的添加均可显著提升两种表面活性剂的稳泡性,而对起泡性的影响不明显;添加阳离子对两种表面活性剂的泡沫性能的影响与其亲水基类型相关,MTS/盐体系的离子特异性效应比MAS/盐体系更为显著,其稳泡性在添加K+时达到峰值,而MTS/TBAB的消泡性能最为显著.     

甜菜碱型两性表面活性剂在高温高矿化度油藏条件下砂岩表面的吸附规律

利用紫外分光光度法测定了甜菜碱型两性离子表面活性剂在3种不同砂岩表面的吸附量,研究了甜菜碱型两性离子表面活性剂在胜利油藏环境下的吸附等温线,分别从吸附热力学和吸附动力学角度考察了两性离子表面活性剂在砂岩表面上的吸附规律,并对两性离子表面活性剂在石英砂、净砂、油砂表面吸附规律进行对比。结果表明,甜菜碱型两性离子表面活性剂在砂岩表面吸附符合Langmuir吸附规律,在石英砂上的吸附量最多,净砂次之,在油砂上的吸附量最少。温度由60～70℃的焓变小于温度为70～80℃的焓变,随温度升高影响趋势逐渐变小。Elovich方程能更好的描述吸附量随时间的变化关系。     

酰胺型双亲水基甜菜碱的合成与性能

以十二酰氯、四甲基二丙烯三胺和氯乙酸钠为原料,合成了一种新型双亲水基甜菜碱表面活性剂——N,N-双[3-(二甲基羧甲基铵基)-丙基]十二酰胺。经FT-IR、ESI-MS分析确证,合成的表面活性剂为目标产物,并对产品的表面化学性能进行了测定。25℃时所合成的双亲水基甜菜碱水溶液的最低表面张力为36.04 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为1.07×10-3mol/L,并考察其泡沫性能、乳化力、钙皂分散力。     

Determination of betaine and free amine in alkyldimethyl betaine by potentiometric titrations

Two selective analytical methods are presented for the determination of betaine and free amine contents, respectively, in commercial alkyl dimethyl betaines. Both methods are based on titrations with potentiometric end point detection. The accuracy and precision are discussed. Presented in part at the 1991 Annual AOCS Meeting in Chicago, IL.     

Keys to improve the efficiency of nanoparticle-stabilized foam injection based on influential mechanisms

The effect of the existence of nanoparticles on foam stability, foamability, and the oil recovery factor (RF) has been studied experimentally, and influential phenomena and mechanisms have been examined. A sequence of experiments, including, ‘foam bulk-static experiments’, ‘surface tension (ST) measurements,’ and ‘micromodel foam flood,’ were designed and then implemented to study the foam behaviour in two foam systems: (1) anionic-nanoparticles + cationic-surfactant and (2) anionic-nanoparticles + anionic-surfactant. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the mechanisms affecting the stability of nanoparticle-stabilized foam. Also, despite previous studies, the effect of Marangoni flow on nanoparticle-stabilized foam has been discussed briefly. Results show that the interactions of effective mechanisms work differently in the two series. In the like-charge system, surfactant molecules accumulate in the interface of lamellas due to repulsive forces; therefore, stability and foamability improve as surface tension and molecular diffusion reduce. Additionally, Marangoni flow restitutes the negative impact of gravity drainage. In the unlike-charge system, observations illustrate that nanoparticles reach the interface. The presence of nanoparticles at the interface increases detachment energy significantly, and as a result, the stability is boosted. The accumulation of nanoparticles in the interface changes it to a solid-like surface with limited diffusibility and viscosity. Although Marangoni flow is lost, reducing molecular diffusion improves foam stability. Flooding tests show that foam stability increment improves sweep efficiency at near-wellbore areas even when foamability is weak. Finally, it can be claimed that in the unlike-charge system, the sweep efficiency and foam stability increase to a greater extent.     

国内磺化类绿色表面活性剂的应用与发展

综述了磺化类绿色表面活性剂在中国的应用与发展。介绍了几种来源于可再生资源的生物基磺化类表面活性剂的生物降解性和环境相容性等。为消费者在产品设计和消费倾向等方面提供相关信息。磺化类绿色表面活性剂已成为阴离子表面活性剂未来发展的方向之一。     

ZS-30泡沫复合驱配方的研究

使用Waring Blender法评价泡沫的发泡能力、析液半衰期及泡沫半衰期.结果表明,在温度25～90℃条件下,表现最为优异的是配方ZS-31,80℃时发泡体积达到800 mL,析液半衰期达到2h,发泡能力与稳定性均较好.     

含氟季铵盐表面活性剂的合成与应用研究进展

含氟季铵盐表面活性剂是一类具有高表面活性、高耐热稳定性、高化学稳定性和憎水、憎油等特殊性能的新型表面活性剂。本文系统综述了含氟季铵盐表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并按照其不同的分子结构特点进行了分类比较,着重介绍了含二烯丙基、羟基、双子、胺基等一些特定功能基团的含氟季铵盐表面活性剂的合成和特性,并阐述了其在相转移催化剂、超临界CO2助剂、金属腐蚀抑制剂、泡沫灭火剂、织物整理剂、抗菌剂等方面的应用。最后,分析了含氟季铵盐表面活性剂目前存在的问题及对其发展趋势进行了展望。