非水相固定化生物催化的研究进展

非水相固定化生物催化技术有效拓宽了生物催化过程研究的应用范围。本文分别介绍了水-有机溶剂两相以及离子液体、超临界流体、质子惰性有机溶剂和深低共熔溶剂等新型非水相介质以及无机和高分子载体及无载体固定化技术在生物催化研究中的应用进展。展现了各种非水相介质与固定化技术对底物溶解度、酶的稳定性及产物产量等性能的促进作用,体现了其对酶活及生物催化反应的选择性等方面的不利影响,而且突出显示了非水相介质与固定化技术的结合是提高酶和微生物的活性、稳定性与选择性等性能的一个有效手段,再通过生物反应器的选择或设计以及工艺优化,有助于一些生物催化过程更高效地实现工业化。     

Claus尾气加氢催化剂载体研究进展

阐述了近年来Claus尾气加氢脱硫催化剂载体的研究现状。主要介绍了Al₂O₃和TiO₂单组分载体及Al₂O₃-TiO₂复合载体。Al₂O₃载体具有比表面积大、机械性能好和容易成型的特点,应用较广,但低温加氢活性较差;TiO₂载体具有较高的低温加氢和有机硫水解活性,但比表面积较小,一般以复合载体形式使用;复合载体具有较好的低温加氢活性和抗水性能,但制备工艺复杂。介孔结构不仅可以增大载体的比表面积,同时有利于分子的扩散,具有更加优异的活性。活性组分在复合载体表面呈现不同的活性状态,从而改变反应条件。如何调控Al₂O₃载体的孔道结构,研究复合载体各组分之间的作用及对活性组分的影响是今后的发展方向。     

离子液体在生物催化中的应用

近年来,离子液体(ILs)以其独特的优势成为生物催化反应研究的热点,尤其是作为生物催化反应的溶剂或共溶剂的研究更是备受关注.许多酶能在ILs或其形成的两相体系或单相体系中保持催化活性.如目前研究最多的脂肪酶,有多种能在ILs中表现出活性稳定、反应选择性提高、产率提高等优良特性;某些蛋白酶在ILs中稳定性提高,具有酯酶的活性;β-半乳糖苷酶在ILs中的催化产率提高;全细胞在ILs中的催化反应效果也较好;但是也有某些酶,如纤维素酶、某些过氧化物酶等在ILs中活性会降低或丧失.因此有关这一方面的研究还有待进一步深入.     

微型反应器中催化剂载体的选择和应用

形状规则的微通道是微型反应器最重要的组件,而陶瓷、不诱钢和FeCrAl是制造微通道常用的材料.评述了3种材料在微型反应器中的选择和应用,并指出优缺点,同时分析涂层和催化剂的形貌、特征及黏附性.     

固定化酶催化制备乙酸正丁酯及动力学

酯交换反应可用南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B（CALB）作催化剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法固定脂肪酶CALB得到的催化剂颗粒可用于乙酸乙酯和正丁醇的酯交换反应。首先探究了固定化酶的稳定性和重复使用性,然后在间歇反应釜内进行反应动力学实验,考察了转速、催化剂用量、酯醇比、温度等因素对反应的影响,确定了适宜的操作条件。在328.15～343.15 K下,将实验数据拟合得到反应的动力学方程,通过实验值与计算值的比较,验证此宏观动力学方程合理,可用于模拟计算。     

抗水合氧化铝载体研究进展

氧化铝系载体用于含水或有水生成的催化过程时，均会发生再水合现象，从而造成催化剂强度的下降，并导致其比表面积大幅下降，使催化剂不可逆失活。镁铝尖晶石的抗水合性远高于氧化铝系载体，是一种很好的催化剂载体。综述了氧化铝系载体的再水合现象、改进载体抗水合性能的方法以及镁铝尖晶石粉体和载体的制备方法及改进措施。     

加氢脱硫催化剂载体和活性组分的研究进展

总结了近年来加氢脱硫催化剂载体材料与活性组分的研究成果及其进展。指出介孔材料不仅具有高比表面积,而且孔径较大,与其他载体相比,对深度加氢脱硫中难以脱除的芳香大分子硫化物的脱除具有一定的优势。过渡金属元素,如Mo、Co、Ni、Pt和Pd由于电子特性和几何特性,其化合物是加氢脱硫催化剂活性组分的首选,对今后的研究工作做了展望。     

底物特异性的生物催化与酶设计改造

随着生物产业的发展,生物酶催化发挥着越来越重要的作用。然而,部分酶在应用过程中仍然存在诸多问题,影响了生物催化的进一步发展。本文以酶的底物特异性为切入点,回顾了酶的专一性、高效性和环保性;介绍了酶在药物合成和天然产物改性领域的应用以及所遇到的问题;综述了酶的底物特异性改造过程中各种方法的应用,包括化学修饰、非理性和理性设计。化学修饰作为一种直观的修饰方法,通过化学反应对酶分子进行改造;非理性设计是利用易错PCR和DNA Shuffling等手段获得底物特异性提高的突变体;理性设计是基于序列和结构信息对酶分子进行改造。本文从重塑活性口袋提高酶的底物特异性和重塑活性口袋改变酶促反应类型两个方面出发,详述了理性设计改变酶的底物特异性的方法,为酶的特异性改造提供借鉴。     

架起化学-酶催化之间的桥梁：构建策略及催化应用

化学-酶级联催化结合了化学催化的广泛反应性与生物催化的高选择性,是不对称合成高附加值手性化合物的有效途径。然而,化学催化剂和酶之间以及它们反应条件之间的不相容性极大地限制了这一领域的发展。因此设计可行的方法解决这些问题,实现两种催化范畴的兼容和优势互补,将使化学-酶级联催化反应得到更广泛的应用。综述了近年来克服化学催化与酶催化不相容性所采取的一些策略以及相关的研究进展,如时间分隔、空间分隔和集成催化剂等,并介绍了化学-酶级联催化在手性化合物动态动力学拆分及手性药物合成方面的应用,最后展望了该领域未来的局限性和发展趋势。     

Bridging gap between chemo- and biocatalysis: strategies and applications

The chemoenzymatic cascade catalysis combines the broad reactivity of chemical catalysis with the high selectivity of biocatalysis, and is an effective way to asymmetrically synthesize high value-added chiral compounds. However, the incompatibilities between the chemo- and biocatalysts as well as between their respective reaction conditions greatly restricted the development of this field. The design of feasible approaches to solve these problems can achieve the compatibility and complementary advantages of the two catalytic categories, thus making the chemoenzymatic cascade catalytic reactions more widely applied. In this review, the recent progress in developing strategies to overcome the incompatibility between chemical catalysis and enzymatic catalysis, such as temporal separation, spatial separation and integrated catalysts, is reviewed. The applications of chemoenzymatic cascade catalysis in dynamic kinetic resolution of chiral compounds and synthesis of chiral drugs are also introduced. Finally, the future limitations and the development trends of this field are prospected.     

Carrier-Free Enzyme Immobilizates for Flow Chemistry

For the development of efficient and green industrial processes, the combination of biocatalysis and flow chemistry holds great promises. Flow chemical utilization of biocatalysts, essentially made possible by the immobilization (or retention) of enzymes in flow reactors, has attracted increased academic attention during recent years. In the present review we present an overview of immobilization strategies suitable for flow chemistry, particularly focusing on recently developed carrier-free immobilization methods, highlighting advances in the field and presenting future trends.     

Hydrogel composites with temperature induced phase transition for biocatalysis

BACKGROUND: This paper focuses on the development of temperature induced phase transition hydrogels based on poly(N‐isopropylocrylamide (PNIPA) copolymers and their application as an immobilization matrix for biocatalysts. RESULTS: PNIPA‐co‐AAc and PNIPA‐co‐MAAc hydrogels were synthesized with different comonomer concentrations and analysed. In order to evaluate the capacity of hydrogels to take up or to release liquids the mass exchange capacity is introduced. In the presented work mass exchange capacities up to 22.4 were realized. To enhance the mechanical stability, composites of hydrogels and cellulosic fleeces were prepared. The enzyme Lipozyme ^® TL 100 L (Thermomyces languniosa Lipase) was successfully inserted into the hydrogels and into the hydrogel composites. Lipase‐catalysed transesterification of rapeseed oil with ethanol to the corresponding ethyl ester was investigated to prove the activity of immobilized enzyme and thus, the concept. The activity was found to be similar to that of free enzyme. CONCLUSION: Smart hydrogel composites were used for the transesterification of oil. Based on the results obtained, reversible loadable and mechanical stable hydrogel composites could be developed for continuous working reactor concepts. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

载体对Co-Cu催化剂催化CH4-合成气梯阶转化反应的影响

以钴、铜为活性金属,采用等体积浸渍法制备Co-Cu双金属催化剂,考察了不同载体的Co-Cu双金属催化剂对CH4-合成气梯阶转化直接合成C2+含氧化合物的影响,并进行了XRD、NH3-TPD和H2-TPR表征及相应的分析。实验结果表明,载体对催化剂催化性能有较大的影响,不同载体的催化剂对CH4-合成气两步梯阶转化反应的活性高低顺序为Co-Cu/TiO2＞Co-Cu/Al2O3＞Co-Cu/SiO2,Co-Cu/TiO2催化剂对C2+含氧化合物的选择性为79.9%。这归因于TiO2载体与活性金属Co、Cu之间适宜的相互作用及载体对Co-Cu良好的分散性能。此外,Co-Cu/TiO2催化剂还具有反应所需的表面酸量及适度的中强酸度。     

手性NAD类似物合成及其辅酶应用

烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD）是生命体中必不可少的氧化还原辅因子。NAD具有β-NAD和α-NAD两种差向异构体,而大多数NAD依赖酶偏好β-NAD。近年来,已合成大量结构简化的NAD类似物,并探索其作为氧化还原辅因子应用于生物催化反应。通常认为酶天然具有立体选择性,而很多结构简化的NAD类似物不含手性中心,暗示有必要合成手性NAD类似物以评估其性能。本研究拟设计合成手性NAD类似物,并初步探讨部分氧化还原酶利用它们作为辅酶的催化性能。以商品化光学纯的氨基-3-苯基丙酸为手性原料,合成了两对NAD类似物对映体,并用来源于巨芽孢杆菌的突变型细胞色素P450单加氧酶（P450 BM3 R966D/W1046S）和来源于硫化叶菌的突变型葡萄糖脱氢酶（SsGDH I192T/V306I）,测试这些NAD类似物作为辅酶的催化活性。结果发现,P450 BM3 R966D/W1046S利用还原型S构型NAD类似物的催化效率高于对应的R构型NAD类似物;而SsGDH I192T/V306I则对NAD类似物对映体均没有活性。研究初步表明,氨基酸可作为手性原料制备立体构型明确的NAD类似物,而氧化还原酶表现出偏好特定手性NAD类似物的现象,也提示需要合成更多的手性NAD类似物,并系统测试和匹配氧化还原酶及其突变体,以创建出基于辅酶依赖型氧化还原酶的新催化体系。     

Effect of pressure on the extractive biocatalysis of ethanol

The effect of pressure on the esterification reaction of ethanol with water-immiscible organic acids, catalysed by a lipase from Mucor miehei (pH 4.5; 30°C), was studied through analysis of the kinetics and equilibrium parameters. An increase of the ethanol distribution between the aqueous and organic phases was observed by the addition of lipase and the increase of the pressure in the system. Furthermore, the enzyme showed high specificity for the acid substrate, esterifying preferentially long chain fatty acids (C₈-C₁₈). In the studies described oleic acid was used as substrate for the esterification reaction. A kinetic study with the free enzyme, showed that pressure affected the extraction system, increasing the maximum reaction rate (> V_max), the affinity (< K_m) and the specificity (> V_max/K_m = k_sp) of the enzyme to the substrate, probably due to the effect of pressure on the electrostatic interactions in biological systems. The enzyme operational stability, at 30°C, improved significantly with the increase of pressure, having lower values for the deactivation constant (k) (8.3 × 10^?3 h^?1) and higher values for the half-life times (t_1/2) (77 h) in comparison with those obtained under atmospheric pressure conditions (k = 2.3 × 10^?2h^?1; t_1/2 = 30 h).     

生物催化在糖苷合成中的应用

较详细地综述了目前国外生物催化合成糖苷的研究进展,并对生物催化制备糖苷的酶的种类、反应介质、反应机理、反应类型及其影响因素进行了介绍。比较了各种生物催化合成糖苷的方法:糖苷酶催化合成糖苷产率一般较低;糖基转移酶需要以昂贵的活化的核苷糖作为糖基供体在辅酶的参与下合成糖苷;用糖苷合成酶合成寡糖,不仅具有立体选择性和区域选择性,而且效率高、底物便宜;全细胞催化合成糖苷具有产率较高,环境友好,产物纯度高且易分离等优点。认为全细胞催化是糖苷合成的重要方法,具有重要的应用价值,该方法值得深入研究。     

离子液体在全细胞催化中的应用

离子液体作为一种新型的非水生物催化溶剂,由于其特有的性质有可能取代传统有机溶剂,并在有机化学、食品工业、新能源等领域中得到应用。介绍了离子液体在全细胞催化中的应用,着重介绍了离子液体在全细胞催化合成有机物、生物柴油制备和原位萃取3方面的应用,并阐述了将离子液体应用于全细胞催化所面临的问题。     

Methods for stabilizing and activating enzymes in ionic liquids—a review

Ionic liquids (ILs) have evolved as a new type of non‐aqueous solvents for biocatalysis, mainly due to their unique and tunable physical properties. A number of recent review papers have described a variety of enzymatic reactions conducted in IL solutions; on the other hand, it is important to systematically analyze methods that have been developed for stabilizing and activating enzymes in ILs. This review discusses the biocatalysis in ILs from two unique aspects (1) factors that impact the enzyme's activity and stability, (2) methods that have been adopted or developed to activate and/or stabilize enzymes in ionic media. Factors that may influence the catalytic performance of enzymes include IL polarity, hydrogen‐bond basicity/anion nucleophilicity, IL network, ion kosmotropicity, viscosity, hydrophobicity, the enzyme dissolution, and surfactant effect. To improve the enzyme's activity and stability in ILs, major methods being explored include the enzyme immobilization (on solid support, sol–gel, or CLEA), physical or covalent attachment to PEG, rinsing with n‐propanol methods (PREP and EPRP), water‐in‐IL microemulsions, IL coating, and the design of enzyme‐compatible ionic solvents. It is exciting to notice that new ILs are being synthesized to be more compatible with enzymes. To utilize the full potential of ILs, it is necessary to further improve these methods for better enzyme compatibility. This is what has been accomplished in the field of biocatalysis in conventional organic solvents. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Bioinformatic Analysis of Immobilized Enzymes: Towards a Better Understanding of The Guiding Forces

Protein bioinformatics has been applied to a myriad of opportunities in biocatalysis from enzyme engineering to enzyme discovery, but its application in enzyme immobilization is still very limited. Enzyme immobilization brings clear advantages in terms of sustainability and cost-efficiency but is still limited in its implementation. This, because it is a technique that remains tied to a quasi-blind protocol of trial and error, and therefore, is regarded as a time-intensive and costly approach. Here, we present the use of a set of bioinformatic tools to rationalize the results of protein immobilization that have been previously described. The study of proteins with these new tools allows the discovery of key driving forces in the process of immobilization that explain the obtained results, moving us a step closer to the final goal: predictive enzyme immobilization protocols.