Mechanical properties of deep-buried marble material under loading and unloading tests

The mechanical properties are essentially different when rock material is subjected to loading or unloading conditions. In this study, loading and unloading tests with various confining pressures are conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of marble material samples taken from the deep diversion tunnels of Jinping II Hydropower Station. The stress-strain relationship, failure characteristics and strength criterion are compared and analyzed based on the experiment results. The results show: in the loading and unloading test, peak strength, lateral strain, axial strain and plastic deformation increase significantly as the confining pressure increases. Lateral strain increased significantly and obvious lateral dilatancy can be observed to the change of confining pressure; The fracture mode is mainly the single shear fracture for the triaxial compression test and post-peak test, angle between the failure surface and the ends of the rock material becomes smaller as the confining pressure increases. Hoek-Brown strength criterion reflects the strength characteristics of marble material under two different unloading conditions, and has some supplementary effects to the rock material of mechanical field.     

Mechanical property and permeability of raw coal containing methane under unloading confining pressure

Based on domestic-developed triaxial servo-controlled seepage equipment for thermal–hydrological–mechanical coupling of coal containing methane, an experimental study was carried out to investigate mechanical property and gas permeability of raw coal, under the situation of conventional triaxial compression and unloading confining pressure tests in different gas pressure conditions. Triaxial unloading confining pressure process was reducing confining pressure while increasing axial pressure. The research results show that, compared with the peak intensity of conventional triaxial loading, the ultimate strength of coal samples of triaxial unloading confining pressure was lower, deformation under loading was far less than unloading, dilation caused by unloading was more obvious than loading. The change trend of volumetric strain would embody change of gas permeability of coal, the permeability first reduced along with volumetric strain increase, and then raised with volume strain decrease, furthermore, the change trends of permeability of coal before and after destruction were different in the stage of decreasing volume strain due to the effect of gas pressure. When gas pressure was greater, the effective confining pressure was smaller, and the radial deformation produced by unloading was greater. When the unloading failed confining pressure difference was smaller, coal would be easier to get unstable failure.     

卸围压条件下花岗岩强度特性及三维裂隙演化规律

为研究卸围压条件下花岗岩强度特性和三维裂隙演化规律,对花岗岩开展了常规三轴压缩、卸围压-加轴压和分级卸围压-加轴压循环加卸载3种不同应力路径力学试验,获得对应的轴、径向应力-应变曲线;采用CT扫描三维重构技术获得岩石卸围压过程中和破坏后内部裂隙分布三维图像.结果表明:相对于常规三轴压缩试验,试件在卸荷条件下脆性破坏特征更加显著,分级卸围压-加轴压循环加卸载会增大花岗岩的峰后延性,降低破坏轴压和破坏剧烈程度;两种卸围压方案都会使花岗岩的承载能力降低30%左右;卸荷作用下花岗岩宏观破裂为拉剪组合状,拉剪过渡不明显,表观裂隙是内部裂隙向外扩展的结果;花岗岩在卸荷作用下峰前产生的裂隙量较少,大量裂隙在峰后产生,破裂具有突发性和瞬时性,围压较低时宏观裂隙首先在试件边缘产生,围压较高时宏观裂隙首先在试件中部产生.     

Strength properties and evolution laws of cracked sandstone samples in re-loading tests

To study the strength properties and evolution laws of cracked sandstone samples in re-loading tests,strength and damage evolution properties of intact sandstone samples were first analyzed through the triaxial compression tests carried on TAW-2000 microcomputer control electro-hydraulic servo rock triaxial test system. Damage evolution models were established based on dilatancy properties realizing the real-time and quantitative evaluation of samples damage state in loading process. On this basis, samples with different damage were obtained by pre-peak, peak point, post-peak and residual strength stage unloading tests in the loading process of intact samples. The characteristics of the stress-strain curves and strength evolution laws were studied through the re-loading tests of samples with different damage under different stress states. The experimental results showed that the slope of stress-strain curves, peak strength and residual strength of cracked samples increased linearly with confining pressure and decreased linearly with damage. The equivalent cohesion decreased with damage in the exponential decay curves. The mechanics properties of samples transformed from strain softening to strain hardening with damage.     

中砂类B组路基土静力特性试验分析

为了研究中砂类B组路基土的静力特性,在了解其物理特性的基础上,采用中砂及粉质黏土配置了4种不同细粒含量的中砂类B组土,根据常规三轴压缩试验研究了围压和细粒含量对试验土体应力-应变关系及静强度的影响.结果表明,在相同细粒含量条件下,随着围压的增大,试样的应力-应变曲线上升显著,在同一应变值时,应力相差较大,且150 k Pa的曲线应力差值最为明显;在相同围压条件下,细粒含量对应力-应变曲线的影响不明显,细粒含量低于30%时,应力-应变曲线走势几乎一致,应变增大的同时应力提高.     

FRP约束混凝土圆柱应力-应变分析模型

为精确模拟FRP约束混凝土的单轴受压性能,提出了FRP约束混凝土圆柱应力-应变分析模型的建立方法.在分析国内外大量试验数据基础上,依据八面体强度准则提出了FRP约束混凝土圆柱极限强度的计算方法,分析FRP约束混凝土圆柱极限应变与侧向约束强度的关系,建立了极限应变的计算方法;分析应力-应变全曲线试验结果中轴向应变与环向应变的关系,建立由轴向应变确定环向应变的计算公式;以Mander本构模型为主动约束关系,采用增量方法计算了FRP约束混凝土圆柱的应力-应变系曲线,模型预测结果与多数试验结果吻合较好.     

橡胶砂力学性能的三维离散元数值模拟

为揭示橡胶砂混合料强度特性、偏应力-轴向应变曲线及体应变-轴向应变曲线的变化规律,利用颗粒流软件,对三轴压缩状态下橡胶砂混合料的力学特性进行了三维离散元数值模拟,从宏观、微观两方面分析质量配比、粒径比和围压对橡胶砂力学及变形特性等方面的影响。分析结果表明：当ω(橡胶)<10%时,橡胶砂表现出类砂力学特性,即先剪缩后剪胀,应力-应变曲线呈软化型,当ω(橡胶)≥20%时,橡胶砂表现出类橡胶力学特性,试样单调剪缩,应力-应变曲线呈硬化型。随着橡胶含量的增加,橡胶砂应力-应变曲线峰值降低。胶砂粒径比对橡胶砂应力-应变关系存在一定的影响,主要表现为随着平均粒径比的增大,体应变增大,应力-应变曲线降低,抗剪强度减小。随着围压的增加,低橡胶含量的橡胶砂剪胀和应变软化特性得到抑制,而高橡胶含量橡胶砂剪缩和应变硬化特性增强。混合料抗剪强度的降低主要归因于软橡胶颗粒的加入所引起的橡胶砂试样刚度损失,而其膨胀反应受到抑制的原因是橡胶颗粒容易被挤压而产生体积收缩。     

饱和花岗岩水-力耦合力学特性试验研究

采用全应力多场耦合三轴试验仪,对饱和花岗岩开展了不同加载速率、不同围压、不同孔压下的水-力耦合三轴压缩排水试验,分别给出了饱和花岗岩在不同加载速率、不同有效围压下的应力-应变曲线,分析了峰值强度、峰值应变、弹性模量随加载速率以及有效围压的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)在不同有效围压和加载速率的条件下,岩样的应力应变曲线均经历了非线性压密、弹性、屈服、峰后四个阶段。偏压加载初期非线性压密阶段比较明显,而随着围压的升高非线性段逐渐消失;由于花岗岩的致密性较高,因而曲线的弹性阶段较长且相对平滑;在屈服和峰后阶段,岩石呈现出明显的脆—延性转化的过程。(2)饱和花岗岩的峰值强度随着加载速率的增加而增大;且当有效围压相同时,岩石的峰值强度大致相等,抵抗外界荷载的能力大致相同。(3)缓慢加载条件下饱和花岗岩的峰值应变表现出加载速率强化效应,但强化效果是有限的;且在有效围压相同条件下,随着围压和孔压的同步增长,峰值应变也呈增长的趋势。(4)弹性模量随着加载速率的增加呈二次多项式增长,但随着围压和孔压的同步增长而逐渐降低。     

PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料的性能试验研究

通过单轴抗压试验、直接拉伸试验、四点弯曲试验、抗折试验对不同配比和不同试件形状的PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料进行力学性能试验研究,结果表明：加有PVA纤维的水泥基复合材料的抗压强度提高不大,大约是10%,而抗拉强度和抗弯强度则提高很多,且出现了许多细小裂缝,呈现出应变硬化特性,极限拉应变可达1.8%;利用直板型试件做直接拉伸试验比胫型试件做直接拉伸试验的试验结果准确,且易于试验操作.试验结果证实了PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料具有很好的韧性.     

Bounding surface model for ballast with additional attention on the evolution of particle size distribution

Particle size distribution significantly influences the mechanical response of the ballast under low confining pressure. However, particle breakage usually occurs and unfavorably degrades the particle size distribution of the ballast when sufficient load is applied. To model the triaxial stress-strain behavior and its associated evolution of particle size distribution of the ballast, a specific bounding surface model is proposed. The proposed model is based on the traditional bounding surface plasticity and a modified particle breakage index, which correlates the initial gradation and the ultimate gradation together with the current gradation. Simulation of the experimental results from the triaxial compression tests shows that the proposed model can predict the strain softening and volumetric expansion of the ballast under relatively lower confining pressure. It is also able to simulate the strain hardening and volumetric compression of the ballast under relatively higher confining pressure. Most importantly, the proposed approach was observed to have a great potential in predicting the evolution of the particle size distribution of the ballast.     

基于Mohr准则的岩石损伤本构模型及其修正研究

基于Mohr准则,重新定义了岩石微元强度。考虑岩石微元强度服从随机分布的特点,结合损伤力学理论和统计强度理论,建立了三轴压缩条件下岩石损伤本构模型。为使建立的模型更具一般性,分析了模型参数与围压的关系,并据此对模型参数进行合理修正,从而建立出完整的岩石损伤本构模型。与试验结果比较,所建模型可以灵活地模拟各级围压下岩石破裂过程的全应力应变关系,尤其是应变软化特性。同时,该模型形式简单,应用方便,接近工程实际。     

Mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression

To study the mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression,we analyzed the stress strain curve characteristics,deformation and strength properties,and failure process and characteristics of sandstone samples under different stress states.The experimental results reveal that peak strength,residual strength,elasticity modulus and deformation modulus increase linearly with confining pressure,and failure models transform from fragile failure under low confining pressure to ductility failure under high confining pressure.Macroscopic failure forms of samples under uniaxial compression were split failure parallel to the axis of samples,while macroscopic failure forms under uniaxial compression were shear failure,the shear failure angle of which decreased linearly with confining pressure.There were significant volume dilatation properties in the loading process of sandstone under different confining pressures,and we analyzed the damage evolution properties of samples based on acoustic emission damage and volumetric dilatation damage,and established damage constitutive model,realizing the real-time quantitative evaluation of samples damage state in loading process.     

三轴加卸载下花岗岩脆性破坏及应力跌落规律

基于2种卸荷应力路径和常规三轴压缩试验,研究了加卸载条件下花岗岩的变形破坏及应力脆性跌落特征。卸荷条件下岩石变形主要是向卸荷（主）方向回弹或拉伸变形为主,而非或次卸荷方向的塑性变形很小,峰后应力应变曲线呈现明显的脆性特征。而加载条件下岩石以轴向压缩变形为主,且压缩塑性变形随围压增大而增大;卸荷条件下破坏岩石各种级别的张拉裂缝较多,张裂面一般垂直于卸荷主方向,高初始围压时双向卸荷甚至在次卸荷方向也可产生环形张拉裂缝。破坏围压较高时破裂面剪性特征相对明显,但剪性裂面一般追踪张性破裂面发展而成,并在剪切面两侧发育较多微张裂缝。而相对较高围压下常规三轴压缩岩石一般为剪切破坏,张性裂缝很少;常规三轴压缩岩石的应力脆性跌落系数随围压的增大而增大,而在卸荷条件下却随初始围压的增大而减小。相同初始围压时,卸荷条件下比加载时的应力脆性跌落系数小得多,方案Ⅱ在初始围压达到30 MPa时甚至出现负值,应力脆性跌落系数R依次为：RⅢ〉RⅠ〉RⅡ。     

软岩S形应力-应变曲线的数值模拟

针对软岩在荷载作用下的变形特征,结合三轴试验提出了软岩四参数本构方程。从数学理论上严格证明了该方程描述的应力-应变曲线的S形特征。该模型的四个参数中,峰值应力及其相应应变可由试验直接获得,另两个参数则需通过优化反演方法获得。在此基础上建立了四个参数与围压的经验关系式,从而可对不同围压作用下的软岩应力-应变曲线进行估算。数值模拟表明该模型能够有效模拟软岩应力-应变曲线的S形特征,能够反映软岩强度与弹性模量随围压增大的特点。     

Experimental investigation of rigid confinement effects of radial strain on dynamic mechanical properties and failure modes of concrete

In this study, to confirm the effect of confining pressure on dynamic mechanical behavior and failure modes of concrete, a split Hopkinson pressure bar dynamic loading device was utilized to perform dynamic compressive experiments under confined and unconfined conditions. The confining pressure was achieved by applying a lateral metal sleeve on the testing specimen which was loaded in the axial direction. The experimental results prove that dynamic peak axial stress, dynamic peak lateral stress,and peak axial strain of concrete are strongly sensitive to the strain rate under confined conditions.Moreover, the failure patterns are significantly affected by the stress-loading rate and confining pressure.Concrete shows stronger strain rate effects under an unconfined condition than that under a confined condition. More cracks are created in concrete subjected to uniaxial dynamic compression at a higher strain rate, which can be explained by a thermal-activated mechanism. By contrast, crack generation is prevented by confinement. Fitting formulas of the dynamic peak stress and dynamic peak axial strain are established by considering strain rate effects(50–250 s~(-1)) as well as the dynamic confining increase factor(DIFc).     

不同围压下灰岩力学特性及破坏力学模型研究

为了研究围压对灰岩力学特性及破坏力学模型的影响,采用MTS815对完整灰岩岩样进行三轴压缩试验。基于岩样宏观破坏形式,建立张拉剪切破坏模型,构建峰值强度与围压关系表达式;讨论张拉剪切模型与纯剪切模型对岩石剪切强度参数值（粘聚力与内摩擦角）的影响。研究结果表明：岩样弹性模量、抗压强度及残余强度均随围压升高而增大,且残余强度与围压呈非线性相关;当岩样最终破坏时,环向应变与轴向应变比值随围压升高呈负指数降低;一定围压范围内,岩石抗压强度受剪切强度参数和抗拉强度影响;张拉剪切模型确定岩石剪切强度参数值随破裂角增大而增大,与纯剪切模型相比,数值均较小。因此,低围压时,考虑岩石破坏模型具有一定的实际意义。     

应变速率对天津海积软土力学性能的影响

采用WF应力路径三轴仪,对天津滨海海积软土进行了不同围压、不同应变速率的三轴固结不排水剪切试验（CU）,分析了不同应变速率对海积软土试样的应力一应变关系、有效应力及试样破坏形态的影响．结果表明：CU试验应力一应变关系呈硬化特征,剪应力峰值随着应变速率的增大而增大,而孔压变化值则随着应变速率的增大而逐渐减小;不同应变速率的有效应力路径在相同固结压力下基本一致,因而正常固结黏土的有效应力路径具有唯一性;同时,应变速率对总应力强度有所影响,总应力的内摩擦角随着应变速率的增大而增大．     

四种FRP管约束UHPC轴压特性的试验研究

为研究纤维增强聚合物(fiber reinforced polymer,FRP)管约束超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)的轴压特性,分别对4个未约束和36个约束圆柱体试件进行了轴压试验,测定了应力-应变全曲线,获得了强度和极限应变值.试验结果发现:FRP约束UHPC可明显提高其强度和变形能力,纤维布层数愈多、强度越高,改善效果愈明显;轴压应力-应变曲线为双线性;在相近的约束比下,FRP管约束刚度越小,约束试件的极限应变值越大;已有的强度和极限应变的模型预测值均高于实测值,极限应变预测值偏离试验值更大.本文回归得到了FRP管UHPC的强度和极限应变预测公式预测精度较高.     

贝壳砂物理力学性质研究

对贝壳砂的物理力学性质进行了系统的研究,指出了贝壳砂的一些工程特性。对不同相对密度的贝壳砂进行了单轴固结试验和三轴固结不排水试验。低围压范围内,相对密度和围压对贝壳砂的峰值应力都有很大的影响,相对密度越大,围压越大,贝壳砂抗剪强度也就越大;尤其是提高相对密度,对贝壳砂的峰值应力有很大的提高。对试验前后的贝壳砂进行了颗分试验,定性地描述了贝壳砂试验前后的破碎情况,指出贝壳砂颗粒的破碎特点。     

不同围压下茅口灰岩渐进性破坏的试验研究

利用MTS815电液伺服控制刚性试验机进行不同围压下茅口灰岩三轴压缩试验,通过计算绘得相应裂隙体积应变图,分析得出裂纹起始应力、裂纹破坏应力。结果表明:随着围压的增大,应力门槛值均呈非线性增长态势,当围压超过17 MPa时,裂纹起始应力、裂纹破坏应力分别增加48.5%和20.1%,茅口灰岩延性开始增强;裂纹破坏应力为峰值强度的64%~75%,三轴压缩下茅口灰岩裂隙不稳定发展阶段较长;环向应变值随围压增大而增大,当轴力超过裂纹破坏应力进入裂隙不稳定发展阶段,环向应变增大2.7~3.2倍,用环向-轴向应力应变曲线图能较好的反映岩石应力门槛值。