超临界二氧化碳流体萃取油茶籽油及其GC／MS分析

采用环境友好的超临界二氧化碳流体萃取技术制备油茶籽油,考察了压力、时间、温度和二氧化碳流量等因素对茶籽油萃取率的影响,得到优化的工艺参数：当萃取压力30MPa、萃取温度35℃、CO2流量30L／h、萃取时间为3h时茶籽油萃取率可高达44．4％。根据中华人民共和国国家标准进行检测的结果表明：超临界二氧化碳流体萃取出的茶籽油,无需进一步精制即可达到国家食用植物油卫生标准GB／T2716—2005,而除含皂量、水分及挥发物外的指标均达到国家一级茶油标准GB11765—2003;GC／MS分析结果表明油茶籽油富含73．6％不饱和脂肪酸。实验结果表明：超临界二氧化碳流体技术萃取茶籽油具有操作简便、萃取率高、无溶剂残留、绿色环保等优点,萃取出的茶籽油具有较高的品质和良好的应用前景。     

Laboratory-Scale Optimization of Roasting Conditions Followed by Aqueous Extraction of Oil from Wild Almond

The effects of roasting and aqueous extraction conditions for oil recovery from wild almond were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Optimum conditions for oil extraction were obtained at 142 °C roasting temperature, 16.5 min roasting time, 5.67 extraction pH and 4.6 h extraction time. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of 34.5% (w/w, based on the original weight of the sample) was obtained, which is equivalent to 80.0% of the total oil in the kernel. This was lower than that obtained by hexane Soxhlet (HS) extraction (43.1%, w/w, considered as 100% of total oil) but higher than that of cold pressing (CP) (18.5%, w/w; i.e., 42.9% of total oil). The refractive indices and saponification values of the oils were not affected by the extraction method. However, fatty acid and tocopherol compositions and DPPH radical scavenging capacities as well as unsaponifiable matter, iodine, peroxide and acid values of the obtained oils were impacted by the extraction method. The results showed that the quality attributes (omega-6 fatty acid content, peroxide and acid values, total tocopherol contents and antioxidant activity) of the oil obtained by AEP were somewhat similar to those of the oil extracted by CP and much superior to those of the oil obtained by HS.     

Effect of Extraction Method on the Yield and Quality of Mullet Roe Oil

Striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) roe is used for the production of high nutritional and added-value delicacies. Its lipid fraction is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and bioactive compounds. This study examines scalable oil extraction methods for mullet roe oil extraction. Namely, solvent extraction (SE) using ethanol in two different temperatures, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO₂-ethanol mixture (SFE-E) in two different temperatures, expeller oil press (EP) extraction, expeller oil press combined with ethanol extraction (EP-SE) and wet reduction (WR) are examined. The methods are evaluated with regard to the oil yield and recovery, the oil oxidation and the composition in fatty acids, and polar compounds and unsaponifiable matter. EP-SE and SE provide the highest oil recovery for tested extraction temperatures (76% and 65% respectively), followed by SFE-E (46%) and EP (36%). Extracted oils present high PUFA content (28.5–33.9%). The type of extraction process and the process variables affect oil oxidation as well as the concentration of polar compounds and unsaponifiable matter. In terms of oxidation levels, 85% of the extracted oil samples were within the limits set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The potential of the examined methods for industrial mullet roe oil production is discussed. Practical applications : Oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids was extracted from stripped mullet roe. The work proposes several scalable extraction methods using mild conditions which could be applied to obtain edible and high nutritional value mullet roe oil with high recovery reaching up to 76%. The same methods could be employed also for mullet roe by-products. The obtained results improve the knowledge regarding the potential of roe valorization for oil extraction as well as the effect of the extraction method on the oil yield, main composition features and the quality characteristics of oil extracted by mullet roe. This research could offer new opportunities for the food industry for fish roe valorization for high nutritional quality oil production.     

洋芫荽挥发油成分的GC-MS分析

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取洋芫荽叶中的挥发油,GC-MS技术检测其挥发部分的有效成分,共检测出35个峰,鉴定了其中的22种化合物,占挥发油含量的82.34%。其主要成分为月桂醇(33.5%),2-烯-十二酸(10.06%),月桂酸(6.7%),反-7-烯-十四醛(6.30%),月桂醛(5.44%),桃醛(3.70%)等。     

Extraction of Oil from Rosehip Seed: Kinetics,Thermodynamics, and Optimization

Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) oil (RSO) was recovered from waste rosehip seeds by cold pressing as well as maceration and Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane. The influence of the extraction temperature, the solvent-to-seed ratio (SSR), and the extraction time on RSO yield was examined for the maceration process. The extraction technique did not influence the fatty acid profile of the RSO. All process factors had a significant effect on the oil yield. The kinetics was described using the model involving instantaneous washing followed by diffusion. The RSO maceration was spontaneous, endothermic, and irreversible.     

Extraction and Characterization of Seed Oil from Naturally Grown Chinese Tallow Trees

Seeds were collected from locally and naturally grown Chinese tallow trees (CTT) and characterized for general physical and chemical properties and fatty acid composition of the lipids. The effects of four different solvents (petroleum ether, hexane, diethyl ether, and 95 % ethanol) and two extraction methods (supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) and conventional Soxhlet) on the properties of the CTT seed oil, including Chinese vegetable tallow (CVT) and stillingia oil (SO), were also investigated. In general, the yields of CVT and SO did not vary based on solvent for Soxhlet extraction and solvent-free SC-CO₂ extraction, except that the yield of CVT from SC-CO₂ extraction was substantially lower. Nevertheless, the CTT seed oil, extracted by SC-CO₂ displayed better quality than those extracted by Soxhlet extraction in terms of color, residual precipitation, and acid value of the oils. The pretreatment of CTT seed by 3 % aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution likely promoted the hydrolysis of triglyceride and caused the high acid value in the CVT samples. The iodine value at around 180 indicated that the SO is a highly unsaturated drying oil. Palmitic (76 %) and oleic (23 %) are two dominant fatty acids in CVT while linolenic (43 %), linoleic (31 %), and oleic (13 %) are the dominant fatty acids in SO.     

生物法提取纯天然茶籽油联产茶皂素工艺研究

探讨了生物法提取纯天然茶籽油联产茶皂素的工艺,选择碱性蛋白酶对油茶籽仁进行酶解,经三相离心,茶籽油的提取率高达95％。所得产品属于纯天然高级健康食用植物油,各项指标均符合国家标准。通过膜分离技术可得到具有高生物活性的天然茶皂素,且纯度高达90%。     

Pretreatment Camellia Seeds by Protease and Application to Extraction of Camellia Oil

High-temperature pretreatment that is currently used in camellia oil extraction can have negative effects on the quality of camellia oil. In this study, the enzymatic pretreatment of camellia seeds is explored as an alternative to high-temperature pretreatment. The main conditions for enzymatic pretreatment of camellia seeds including enzyme, pH, temperature, time, and buffer solution are optimized using the response surface methodology. Under the optimal conditions of enzymatic pretreatment, the oil recovery is close to 75%. Moreover, residual oil recovery from camellia seeds subjected to 1398 neutral protease pretreatment (4 g per kg seeds) and high-temperature pretreatment are 5.62 ± 0.08% and 9.97 ± 0.18%, respectively. The enzymatic pretreatment is further applied to pre-pressing solvent extraction of camellia oil, the cake oil recovery from camellia seeds subjected to enzymatic pretreatment is higher than that from high-temperature pretreatment. These results show that enzymatic pretreatment of camellia seeds has potential for application in the oil industry. Practical Applications : This study suggests that enzymatic pretreatment can replace high-temperature pretreatment and improve oil recovery and oil quality. Ultimately, this method can be used to extract camellia oil.     

超临界CO_2流体萃取糊毛烟净油成分分析及其对卷烟感官质量的影响研究

利用超临界CO2流体萃取技术萃取糊毛烟叶制备糊毛烟净油,所得净油为红褐色澄清透亮的溶液,得率为5%。净油经GC-MS分析鉴定,其中含有大量的烟草特征致香化合物如茄酮、麦斯明、香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗兰酮、2,3-联吡啶、巨豆三烯酮、六氢法尼醇、植酮、新植二烯、法尼基丙酮等,和异戊酸、乳酸、己酸、乙酰丙酸、苯甲酸、苯乙酸、十二酸、十四酸、十六酸等有机酸。卷烟加香评吸结果表明该净油能提升烟草本身香气,增加特征烟香,使烟气质地细腻柔和,抑制刺激性,掩盖杂气,并能赋予卷烟独特的风格特征,可明显提升卷烟的抽吸品质,是一种理想的高品质烟用香料。     

Experimental Study and Modeling of Essential Oil Extraction from Plants by Hydrodistillation

Hydrodistillation of essential oils from leaves of myrtle, rosemary, and sour orange was experimentally studied and the extraction process was modeled. A mass balance was carried out over an assumed flat leave particle and the use of Fick's second law of diffusion led to the mass transfer equation. Its resolution required adequate boundary and initial conditions. The model considered the effect of the main processing parameters on the overall essential oil extraction efficiency as well as the determination of the optimum conditions. To assess the reliability of the model, yield curves for all studied conditions and variation of the oil composition with time were compared with the experimentally obtained results for each plant leave. The agreement seems to be reasonable, although some refining of the model is necessary by taking into account both the diffusion and reaction contributions.     

Extraction of Coriander Oil Using Twin‐Screw Extrusion: Feasibility Study and Potential Press Cake Applications

This study presents an assessment of the vegetable oil extraction from coriander fruits through mechanical pressing, more specifically twin‐screw extrusion. This comprises an evaluation of the oil recovery obtained and its respective quality, as well as the specific mechanical energy, representing an economical point of view. With regard to the extrusion optimization, the screw configuration, the device's filling coefficient and the pressing temperature were varied. The screw configuration was shown to exhibit a key influence on the extraction efficiency and oil recoveries of at least 40 % were reached when the pressing zone was positioned immediately after the filter and consisted of 50 mm long, reverse screws with a ‐33 mm pitch. Furthermore, with a device's filling coefficient of 39.4 g/h rpm and a pressing temperature of 120 °C, an oil recovery of 47 %, the highest of this study, was reached with concurrent low energy consumption. Next to this, operating parameters of 47.1 g/h rpm and 80 °C resulted in the production of a press cake with the lowest residual oil content (15 %) in this study, although this also involved a significant increase in the filtrate's foot content. All the produced oils were of acceptable quality (<1.5 % acidity), showed high petroselinic acid content (73 %), and were pleasantly scented.     

当归挥发油的提取与成分分析

采用常压水蒸汽蒸馏法、超声波提取法、微波提取法提取当归挥发油,实验表明采用微波提取法在微波功率720 W、萃取时间120 s、100 mL环己烷中的收率最高,为1.04%.并采用GC-MS联用技术对3种方法提取到的挥发油进行了成分和含量分析,主要成分是当归的活性成分藁本内酯.     

Profiling of the Beneficial and Potentially Harmful Components of Trichodesma indicum Seed and Seed Oil Obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction

The beneficial and potentially harmful bioactive components in the seeds and seed oil of Trichodesma indicum L. (Boraginaceae) were investigated in the present study. The T. indicum seeds were rich in oil (29.0%), phenolic compounds (PC, 1881.2 mg per 100 g), and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA, 2,702,338 ng g⁻¹). Seven PC were identified in T. indicum seeds by liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry system (LC-Q-TOF-MS). Rosmarinic acid (67%) and isomers of salvianolic acid B/E/L (26%) were the main phenolics, while melitric acid A and sebestenoid C/D constituted 6% and 1%, respectively. Only a minor part of the total PC and PA was transferred from the seeds into the oil fraction during the extraction procedure (<0.03%). The T. indicum seed oil was predominated by the following polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA):linoleic (23.2%), γ-linolenic (6.0%), α-linolenic (26.8%), and stearidonic (5.9%). High levels were also observed for oleic (26.7%) and palmitic (7.4%) acids. Additionally, notable amounts of γ-tocopherol (92% of total tocochromanols) and β-sitosterol (53% of total sterols) were found in T. indicum seed oil. The total content of tocochromanols, sterols, and carotenoids in T. indicum seed oil was 102.7, 236.0, and 0.6 mg per 100 g oil, respectively. Among 10 detected hepatotoxic PA in T. indicum seeds, intermedine/lycopsamine/indicine (90.9%), intermedine N-oxide (4.9%), and lycopsamine N-oxide (4.1%) consisted 99.9% of the total PA concentration. The T. indicum seeds should be used carefully due to the presence of PA.     

Stability of Cold-Pressed Oil from Commercial Indian Niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) Seed as affected by Blending and Interesterification

Blending and interesterification of cold‐pressed oil from commercially available niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) seeds was performed to improve its stability. The fatty acid composition of cold‐pressed niger seed oil (NSO) revealed that it contained a huge amount of polyunsaturated linoleic acid (69.2 %). NSO being rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was susceptible to oxidation and hence was blended with saturated fatty acid (SFA) rich coconut oil (CNO) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) rich olive–pomace oil (OO) to enhance its stability. CNO contained a total of 91.3 % of SFA, while OO had oleic acid, C18:1 (74.3 %) as MUFA. Two blends of NSO with CNO and OO, i.e. NSO + CNO(B) and NSO + OO(B), were prepared in the ratio of 1:1. The blends were further interesterified using the lipase enzyme from Rhizomucor meihei and interesterified oils, i.e. NSO + CNO(I) and NSO + OO(I), were obtained. The oxidative stability of the oils was evaluated by incubating them at 37 °C and 55 % relative humidity (RH) for a period of 45 days. The peroxide values of NSO + CNO(B), NSO + OO(B), NSO + CNO(I) and NSO + OO(I) showed a reduction by 53.3, 42.6, 65.3 and 55.4 %, respectively, while the conjugated diene values showed a reduction by 75.0, 66.9, 76.7 and 75.3 %, respectively, as compared to NSO during the incubation period. This is probably the first report on the stability improvement of niger seed oil through blending and interesterification.     

葡萄籽中多酚类物质的提取及其对清除自由基的保健作用

用乙酸乙酯 -水作提取剂从葡萄籽中提取多酚类物质 ,研究了提取过程中温度、压力、沉淀条件等因素对产物性质的影响 ,获得了适宜的操作条件。结果表明 ,当温度为 40～ 5 0°C,真空度为0 .0 6～ 0 .0 8MPa时 ,可有效防止提取产物的氧化、缩合 ,并能获得较高的提取率 ,还对提取产物的结构及对清除自由基的保健作用进行了讨论     

偏心异径管冷热原油顺序输送混油特性数值模拟

冷热原油顺序输送过程中影响接触区内两种油品混油特性的因素诸多,如:流速、温度、油品物性、沿线长度、输油次序等.基于FLUENT软件仅对顺序输送过程中混油界面通过偏心异径管时的混油特性进行模拟分析.研究结果与等径管混油特性相比较并总结其变化规律,可应用于优化实际输送过程中的运行参数.     

A Comparative Study on Response Surface Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Parameters to Obtain Portulaca Oleracea Seed Oil with Higher Bioactive Content and Antioxidant Activity Than Solvent Extraction

Portulaca oleracea (purslane) seed oil is a rich source of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Extraction of the purslane seed oil while preserving its high nutritive quality has been a challenge since conventional solvent extraction has many adverse effects on bioactive content. This study aims the optimization of purslane seed oil supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) conditions and to compare purslane seed oils obtained with SFE and conventional solvent extraction in terms of oil yield, along with the purslane seed oil quality and bioactive content. For this purpose, the SFE process parameters (pressure, temperature, static time, and dynamic time) are optimized for oil yield, omega-6, omega-3, and antioxidant activity using response surface methodology (RSM). Optimum SFE pressure, temperature, static time, and dynamic time levels are determined as 350 bar, 50 °C, 20 min, and 90 min, respectively. Oil yield and physicochemical quality properties of conventional solvent extract and SFE samples are determined and compared. Consequently, samples obtained via SFE and solvent extraction have similar quality properties. Distinctly, SFE allows an extraction with 5.6% higher total phenolic compound (TPC) and 33% higher antioxidant activity than solvent extraction. Practical Applications: In the study, the extraction of purslane oil using supercritical fluid extraction is optimized with different approaches. At optimum conditions, purslane oil is extracted and all physicochemical properties and the process efficiency (yield) are compared with the solvent-extracted samples. The results of this study make supercritical fluid extraction of purslane seed oil possible since all optimum operating conditions of a pilot-sized extractor are reported in the study. It is believed that the results provide a good starting point for industrial operations. Moreover, researchers also believe that research studies unveiling the new potential oil-bearing seeds are important to overcome the vegetable oil shortage that emerged this year.