Profile of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of different solvent extracts from Rabdosia rubescens

The objective of this work was to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of different extracts from Rabdosia rubescens and to further evaluate the antibacterial mechanism of extracts. The results showed that 80% acetone extracts had the highest contents of total polyphenols (8.09 mg GAE g^?1) and flavonoids (5.69 mg RE g^?1) and exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities, followed by 80% methanol and 80% ethanol, and the lowest for hexane extracts. Others except for hexane extracts showed different antibacterial activities against Gram‐positive strains, while no inhibitory effects were found on tested Gram‐negative bacterial strains. Among these extracts, 80% acetone and ethanol extracts had relatively higher antibacterial activities with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of 5 and 10 mg mL^?1. The antibacterial mechanism of ethanol extracts against Staphylococcus aureus might be described as it disrupts cell wall, increases cell membrane permeability and then leads to the leakage of cell constituents.     

黑豆皮多酚提取物抗氧化活性研究

以黑豆皮为原料,分别利用体积分数70%的甲醇、乙醇和丙酮作为提取溶剂进行多酚类物质提取,研究提取物中总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性。结果显示:丙酮提取物的多酚得率最高[(11.23±0.05)g/100g],且提取物中的总酚含量为(845.32±21.35)mg/g,总黄酮含量为(63.72±2.35)mg/g。同时,丙酮提取物对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的IC_(50)分别为(0.059±0.005),(0.057±0.004)mg/mL,其抗氧化能力低于抗坏血酸而高于甲醇和乙醇提取物。     

Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of lupin seeds extracts

Determination of influence of lupin natural phenolic compounds on antibacterial properties of its seeds was carried out. Raw material were seeds of Lupinus albus, L. luteus, and L. angustifolius. The methods included the determination of the content of proteins, total phenolic compounds, free phenolic acids, and tannins as well as antibacterial properties with ethanol extracts. The content of total phenolic compounds was smaller in testas than in cotyledons and the highest levels are observed in bitter cultivars of Lupinus albus cv. Bac and L. angustifolius cv. Mirela. Lupin tannins mainly occurred in cotyledons of the white lupin, predominantly in the bitter cultivar Bac. Free phenolic acids were mainly found in testas. Only extracts from the testas displayed antibacterial properties, which excludes the possibility of alkaloid influence on the results. The results suggest that inhibition of test bacteria growth depended mainly upon the content of the total phenolic compounds.     

三种红树植物醇提取物抗菌及抗氧化活性研究

比较3种红树植物黄槿、白骨壤、桐花树不同溶剂萃取物体外对5种常见细菌的抑菌作用与清除自由基作用。利用乙醇浸提法和溶剂萃取法提取分离,得到4种不同溶剂萃取物。以5种常见的细菌作为供试菌,采用纸片扩散法、微孔板2倍稀释法比较3种红树植物萃取物的抑菌活性。采用硫酸亚铁一水杨酸法氧化法、DPPH反应法和邻苯三酚自氧化法比较体外清除自由基作用。结果显示:3种红树植物萃取物对5种供试细菌的抑菌活性的强弱顺序为黄槿>白骨壤>桐花树。水萃取物的抑菌效果较其他显著。3种红树植物水萃取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC在11.2~15.6 mg/m L之间。清除自由基的强弱依次为DPPH自由基>超氧阴离子自由基>羟基自由基。桐花树具有较强的DPPH自由基清除作用,且乙酸乙酯萃取物>正丁醇萃取物>石油醚萃取物、水萃取物。结果表明黄槿水萃取物具有极强的抑菌作用,极性很强;而桐花树乙酸乙酯萃取物具有较强的清除DPPH自由基作用。      

秦皮不同溶剂提取物总酚含量及抗氧化活性

分别以水、加0.5%纤维素酶水和50%乙醇溶液为提取剂,超声辅助提取秦皮,采用Folin-Ci-ocalteu法测定提取物中总酚含量,同时利用清除DPPH.和羟自由基(.OH)法评价秦皮提取物的抗氧化活性。结果表明,不同溶剂水、50%乙醇和加0.5%纤维素酶水的秦皮提取物中总酚含量分别41.68mg/g、49.32mg/g和51.51mg/g;对DPPH.的半清除率(IC50)分别为0.29mL、0.22mL和0.17mL;对.OH的半清除率(IC50)分别为2.4mL、2.0mL和1.3mL。秦皮不同溶剂提取物都具有较强的抗氧化活性,其大小顺序为:加酶水提物>醇提物>水提物,抗氧化活性与提取物中总酚含量成正相关。     

鸡枞菌不同溶剂提取物成分分析及抗氧化作用研究

利用分光光度法和液相色谱法测定鸡枞菌8种不同极性溶剂提取物中总黄酮、总酚、麦角甾醇及腺苷含量;通过清除DPPH·、ABTS~+·、羟自由基以及总抗氧化和总还原能力来比较不同极性溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性。结果表明:不同极性溶剂提取物得率最高的为蒸馏水;蒸馏水提取物中还含有最高的总酚和腺苷;正乙烷提取物中总黄酮含量最高;甲醇提取物中麦角甾醇含量最高。蒸馏水和甲醇提取物具有更好的清除自由基效果;溶剂极性越大,抗氧化活性越强;综合抗氧化能力与总酚含量呈正相关。鸡枞菌中含有多种生物活性成分,具有很好的抗氧化作用。     

铁苋菜不同极性萃取物的抗氧化及抑菌活性研究

采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)法、β-胡萝卜素漂白法和清除一氧化氮自由基(NO)法来测定不同极性铁苋菜萃取物的抗氧化活性;通过微孔比浊法比较铁苋菜萃取物对3种革兰氏阴性细菌(大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和幽门螺杆菌)和4种革兰氏阳性细菌(表皮葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、藤黄微球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)的抑菌效果。结果表明,铁苋菜不同极性萃取物均有较好的清除DPPH、NO自由基和抑制β-胡萝卜素漂白的效果,浓度为2.0mg/mL时,正丁醇萃取物清除DPPH自由基和抑制β-胡萝卜素漂白能力最佳,DPPH自由基清除率为94.60%,β-胡萝卜素抑制率为83.15%,乙酸乙酯萃取物清除NO自由基能力最强,清除率为82.72%。抑菌试验结果显示,铁苋菜各萃取物均有较好抑菌效果,对革兰氏阳性菌抑菌效果优于革兰氏阴性菌,其中石油醚萃取物对大肠杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑制作用最佳,MIC值分别为0.625,0.315,1.250mg/mL。铁苋菜萃取物具有较好的抗氧化及抑菌效果。     

Evaluation and improvement of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of supercritical extracts from clove buds

For the first time, extracts from clove buds obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were screened for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Additionally, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts obtained by the supercritical extraction of the clove bud–oregano leaf mixtures were studied. Supercritical extract of pure clove had the highest eugenol (64%) and total phenolic content (530.56 mg GAE/g_extract). All extracts had antioxidant activity comparable to synthetic antioxidants against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and formation of peroxides. Presence of 0.6% and 5% of oregano extract in the clove extracts obtained from the clove–oregano plant mixtures improved their antioxidant activity with respect to the extract from pure clove. Clove extract showed moderate antibacterial activities against selected Staphylococcus and Enterococcus bacterial strains. Presence of 50% of the oregano extract improved antibacterial activity of clove extract against all tested strains and resulted in a synergistic antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus strain (MIC ? 1.25 μg/mL). Study demonstrated great potential of supercritical clove extract as natural functional ingredient and the possibility of increasing its antioxidant and antibacterial efficiencies in order to apply lower concentrations and to reduce undesirable flavour notes and toxicological effects in final products.     

柠檬果皮精油的化学组成、抗氧化及抑菌活性研究

采用GC-MS法分析经水蒸气蒸馏法所提柠檬果皮精油的化学组分,并对其抗氧化与抑菌活性进行了研究。实验结果表明:鉴定出23种挥发性成分,占精油总量的94.57%,主要为dl-柠檬烯(42.93%)、γ-萜品烯(8.41%)、α-松油醇(6.39%)和E-柠檬醛(6.09%)等;柠檬精油对OH自由基有较好的清除效果,清除率可达95.14%;而对DPPH自由基的清除率在实验条件下最高为34.81%,远低于同浓度的PG和TBHQ。200mg/kg添加量的柠檬精油可延缓猪油和花生油的贮藏期,但略差于同浓度TBHQ和VE的抗氧化效果。抑菌活性实验结果表明柠檬精油对6种供试菌都有一定的抑菌作用,其中对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果最好,其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.1μL/m L。     

柠檬果皮精油的化学组成、抗氧化及抑菌活性研究

采用GC-MS法分析经水蒸气蒸馏法所提柠檬果皮精油的化学组分,并对其抗氧化与抑菌活性进行了研究。实验结果表明:鉴定出23种挥发性成分,占精油总量的94.57%,主要为dl-柠檬烯（42.93%）、γ-萜品烯（8.41%）、α-松油醇（6.39%）和E-柠檬醛（6.09%）等;柠檬精油对OH自由基有较好的清除效果,清除率可达95.14%;而对DPPH自由基的清除率在实验条件下最高为34.81%,远低于同浓度的PG和TBHQ。200mg/kg添加量的柠檬精油可延缓猪油和花生油的贮藏期,但略差于同浓度TBHQ和VE的抗氧化效果。抑菌活性实验结果表明柠檬精油对6种供试菌都有一定的抑菌作用,其中对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果最好,其最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为0.1μL/m L。      

Phenolic composition,antioxidant, antibacterial,larvacidal against Culex pipiens,and cytotoxic activities of Hyacinthella lineata steudel extracts

This study reports the phenolic composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, larvacidal, and cytotoxic activity of methanol and acetone extracts of Hyacinthella lineata leaves and bulbs. The phenolic composition of H. lineata was determined by HPLC. The most abundant component was gallic acid (421.9µg/g). The β-carotene/DPPH/ABTS/FRAP decoloration method was used to estimate the total antioxidant activity. The total antioxidant activity was the highest for bulb-methanol fraction (65.41 ± 0.05%). The total phenolic content for leaves-methanol extract of the plant was determined as 6.56 ± 4.027mg/mL gallic acid equivalents. Analysis of the antibacterial activity showed that the methanolic-bulb extract are efficient against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The cytotoxic effect on Artemia salina was assessed by Brine shrimp assay. Brine shrimp lethality assay showed that LC₅₀ values of HBM were obtained as 4.105 ± 2.42μg/ml. The bulb extract of H. lineata showed the highest larvicidal activity against Cx pipiens with value LC₅₀ (64.3275μg/ml). This study suggested that H. lineata may be used as a potential source of antioxidant, and for their biological activity, cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties.     

骆驼刺与刺糖水提物对小鼠肠推进作用的研究

目的研究骆驼刺与刺糖水提物对小鼠小肠运动的影响,为兽医临床防治动物胃肠道疾病筛选植物药及安全使用剂量选定提供依据。方法回流提取骆驼刺与刺糖水提剂,用硫酸阿托品与氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱分别建立抑制小肠运动和促进小肠运动的病理模型,骆驼刺及刺糖水提剂分别以高、中、低3种剂量给药,以葡聚糖蓝的推进距离与小肠总长的比值计算小肠推进率,观察骆驼刺及刺糖水提剂对小鼠小肠运动的影响。结果骆驼刺及刺糖水提物明显促进小鼠小肠运动的同时,拮抗阿托品对小肠运动的抑制,骆驼刺水提剂高、中、低剂量的促进率分别为22%、16.39%、16.07%,刺糖水提剂的促进率分别为30.83%、24.92%、25.12%。同时抑制氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱对小肠运动的促进作用,高、中、低剂量的骆驼刺水提剂抑制率分别为12.99%、23.2%、23.36%,刺糖水提剂的抑制率分别为8.61%、13.41%、27.47%。结论骆驼刺与刺糖水提剂对小鼠小肠运动具有双重调节作用。     

Evaluation of antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts of Carissa opaca fruits

The chloroform and aqueous fractions of Carissa opaca fruit, a traditional medicinal fruit in Pakistan possessed a high amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents as compare to other solvent fractions with potent antioxidant activities in scavenging DPPH, superoxides, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, ABTS radicals, and had strong iron chelating activity. On the other hand, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest inhibition of β-carotene linoleic acid peroxidation and phosphomolybdate assay. A high correlation coefficient existed between EC₅₀ values of DPPH, superoxides, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, ABTS radicals, total phenolics and flavonoids, but a non significant correlation was found in the case of iron chelaters, β-carotene and phosphomolybdate assay. This study verified that the chloroform and aqueous fractions have strong antioxidant activities which were correlated with its high level of phenolics and flavonoids. These fractions can be used as a source of potential antioxidant or functional food material.     

草菇子实体GC-MS分析及不同极性部位体外抗氧化活性研究

目的:研究草菇乙醇提取物不同极性部分的抗氧化活性及子实体GC-MS分析。方法:用95%的乙醇回流提取草菇,依次用有机溶剂萃取获得石油醚层、氯仿层、乙酸乙酯层、正丁醇层4个不同极性部位。以2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚（BHT）为对照,分别考察其总抗氧化能力、DPPH自由基清除活性、铁离子还原能力、ABTS自由基清除活性,比较草菇乙醇提取物不同极性部位的抗氧化作用。结果:通过GC-MS分析,分析出49个化合物,以烷烃类、脂肪酸类、醛类、酯类、酮类为主,含量分别为22.54%、19.94%、15.38%、13.08%、7.33%。通过四种体外抗氧化能力的测定,草菇乙醇提取物的不同极性部位均有抗氧化活性,其中乙酸乙酯层和正丁醇层表现出较好的抗氧化活性,氯仿层的抗氧化活性最弱。在所设定浓度范围内,其乙酸乙酯层的总抗氧化能力、DPPH自由基清除率、铁离子还原能力明显高于其它层（p<0.05）。在ABTS自由基清除体系中,正丁醇层的ABTS自由基清除率高于乙酸乙酯层,但差异不显著（p>0.05）。结论:通过对草菇子实体GC-MS分析及抗氧化活性测试,草菇提取物的乙酸乙酯层和正丁醇层的抗氧化作用强,是天然抗氧化剂的良好来源,应对其进一步分离纯化。      

草果精油的化学组成、抗氧化及抑菌活性研究

以正己烷为溶剂提取草果精油,利用气相-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）分析其化学成分,同时研究了草果精油的抗氧化和抑菌活性。结果表明,草果精油成分比较复杂,其中有23种化合物被鉴定,主要成分为香叶醇（29.42%）、橙花叔醇（9.87%）、十八碳烯酸（8.62%）等。草果精油对DPPH和ABTS自由基均显示出了较好的清除效果,EC50值分别为3.84、3.20mg/mL;不同浓度的草果精油对5种测试菌都有一定的抑菌作用,其中对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果最好,其最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为2.0mg/mL。      

烘焙处理对小球藻营养成分及其抗氧化活性的影响

该研究探讨了不同烘焙温度对小球藻蛋白质、氨基酸、总糖等生化组成的影响。结果表明,烘焙前,小球藻的蛋白质、总糖和总脂肪酸的含量分别为31.37、10.06和11.55 g/100 g。当温度不超过100℃时,烘焙处理对小球藻的总蛋白质、总脂及总糖含量影响不大;当温度升至150℃时,总糖含量即大幅下降;总蛋白和总脂在200℃烘焙处理后,其含量也急剧减少。经过不同温度的烘焙处理后,小球藻的必需氨基酸与总氨基酸比值(essential amino acid/total amino acid,EAA/TAA)和必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值(essential amino acid/none essectial amino acid,EAA/NEAA)值仍接近联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization,FAO)和世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)提出的参考值,说明烘焙处理并未影响小球藻的氨基酸营养价值。小球藻热水提取物的抗氧化活性对烘焙温度很敏感。当温度超过150℃时,小球藻清除羟基自由基的能力受到严重破坏。     

Antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activities of Garcinia extracts

The effect of hexane and chloroform extracts from the fruit rinds of Garcinia cowa and Garcinia pedunculata on the growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus was studied using peanut powder as a model food system. The growth of A. flavus was completely inhibited by the hexane and chloroform extracts from G. cowa and chloroform extract from G. pedunculata at 3000 ppm concentration, which was considered as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC for the hexane extract of G. pedunculata was at 4000 ppm. Both the extracts from G. cowa inhibited aflatoxin B1 production upto 100% at a lower concentration of 2000 ppm. It was observed that, at lower concentration of the extracts from G. cowa and G. pedunculata, the degree of inhibition of aflatoxin production was much higher than the inhibition of fungal growth. The hexane and chloroform extracts from G. cowa and G. pedunculata were also studied for their antioxidant capacity by the formation of phosphomolybdenum complex at 100 ppm concentration and reducing power by potassium ferricyanide reduction method at various concentrations. Hexane and chloroform extracts from G. cowa showed higher antioxidant capacity than G. pedunculata extracts. Similarly, both the extracts from G. cowa showed higher reducing power than the extracts from G. pedunculata. The antiaflatoxigenic activities of the extracts from G. cowa and G. pedunculata may be due to their effective antioxidative properties, which could suppress the biosynthesis of aflatoxin.     

Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of Myrtus communis L. berries extracts

Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) berries extracts were prepared with solvents at different polarity (water, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) and analysed using different in vitro tests in order to evaluate their antioxidant properties. Antiradical and total antioxidant activities were measured with DPPH and FRAP tests, respectively. Their ability to protect biological molecules was assessed using the cholesterol and LDL oxidation assays. In addition, phenolic compounds and unsaturated fatty acids composition was analysed by HPLC–DAD and HPLC–MS/MS. Ethanol and water extracts showed the highest amount of extracted compounds, but the highest antiradical and antioxidant activities were found in ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts. These extracts were also the ones with the highest content of phenolic compounds. In addition, our results showed a highly significant correlation between the amount of total phenols and antiradical (R² = 0.9993) or antioxidant activities (R² = 0.9985) in these extracts. HPLC–DAD and HPLC–MS analyses showed significant quantitative and qualitative differences among these three extracts. The ethyl acetate extract had the highest protective effect in assays of thermal (140 °C) cholesterol degradation and Cu²⁺-mediated LDL oxidation, inhibiting the reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, and the increase of their oxidative products. These results suggest that because of these properties, myrtle berries could be used in dietary supplements preparations or as food additives.     

A comparative study on the polyphenolic content,antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity of different solvent extracts of Brassica oleracea vegetables

Brassica vegetables are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and glucosinolates. Investigation was undertaken to optimise the best solvents among 60% ethanol, acetone and methanol for the extraction of polyphenols from Brassica vegetables. Furthermore, different properties such as antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity were also investigated. Results showed that a 60% methanolic extract showed the highest total phenolic content which was 23.6, 20.4 and 18.7 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g^?1 extract for broccoli, Brussels sprouts and white cabbage, respectively. The hydroxybenzoic acid content of various solvent extracts ranged from 5.86 to 8.91 GAE g^?1 extract for broccoli, 2.70 to 5.44 GAE g^?1 extract for Brussels sprouts and 3.69 to 4.86 GAE g^?1 extract for white cabbage, while the hydroxycinnamic acid content ranged from 0.78 to 1.26 chlorogenic acid equivalents (CAE) g^?1 extract for broccoli, 1.41 to 3.45 CAE g^?1 extract for Brussels sprouts and 0.49 to 1.14 CAE g^?1 extract for white cabbage. A concentration‐dependent antioxidative capacity was confirmed for different reactive oxygen species, and moderate antibacterial activity was observed against a number of Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive food spoilage and food pathogenic bacteria. Solvents significantly affected polyphenolic content and its different properties, and the methanol was found to be the best solvent for the extraction of polyphenols from studied Brassica vegetables.