肉滋味研究进展

综述肉滋味呈味物种类特征及肉滋味产生的机制以及影响肉滋味的各种因素.     

Quantitative detection of poultry meat adulteration with pork by a duplex PCR assay

A species-specific duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of pork and poultry meat species using the mitochondrial cytb and 12S rRNA as target genes for pork and poultry, respectively. By the amplification of binary reference meat mixtures, a linear normalised calibration curve was obtained using the fluorescence intensities of PCR products for pork (149 bp) and poultry (183 bp) species. The proposed method allowed the quantification of pork meat addition to poultry meat in the range of 1–75%, with a sensitivity of 0.1%. The in-house validation using samples with known amounts of pork meat (1.0%, 2.5%, 7.5%, 20.0% and 40%) evidenced a high reproducibility of the methodology (coefficient of variation from 4.1% to 7.6%). The successful application of the duplex PCR was also demonstrated by the high correlation (R² = 0.99) obtained from regression analysis between the predicted and the actual values of pork meat addition in blind meat mixtures. The suggested methodology presents a low cost, fast, easy and reliable alternative to estimate the level of poultry meat adulteration by the addition of pork meat.     

Nutritional pork meat compounds as affected by ham dry-curing

This work is focused on the determination of compounds of nutritional interest that are naturally present in pork meat and how they are affected during the processing of dry-cured ham. Such compounds are creatine, creatinine, coenzyme Q₁₀, glutathione, carnosine, anserine, carnitine, taurine, cystine, cysteine and the essential amino acids. Their antioxidant and antyhipertensive functions were evaluated. Of all the assayed substances, only glutathione decreased totally during processing. Carnosine, creatinine, anserine and glutathione showed antioxidant, while cysteine, glutathione and carnosine showed antyhipertensive activity. So, dry-cured ham constitutes an excellent source of essential amino acids (all essential amino acids exhibited a large increase during processing) and other nutritionally interesting compounds such as cystine, cysteine, carnosine, anserine, taurine, carnitine and coenzyme Q₁₀.     

Lamb meat quality as affected by a natural or artificial milk feeding regime

Fourteen Barbaresca lambs were divided into two groups of seven at 24h from birth and reared exclusively on natural milk (NR) or on artificial milk (AR). Lambs were slaughtered at 40 days of age. The NR group tended (P<0.10) to grow faster, thus resulting in a higher (P<0.10) carcass weight as compared to the AR group. AR meat was darker (P<0.05), leaner (P<0.001) and with a higher moisture (P<0.10) and ash (P<0.05) content than its counterpart. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids was higher (P<0.01), while that of saturated lower (P<0.01) in meat from the AR group, resulting in a higher (P<0.01) polyunsaturated/saturated ratio. Linoleic acid content (P<0.001) and its n-6 series derivatives, except 9-12 trans C18:2 n-6 (P<0.001), increased more in the AR group meat than in the NR group. On the other hand, α-linolenic (P<0.001) and other n-3 series fatty acids were higher in meat from the NR group than in the AR group, leading to a lower (P<0.001) n-6/n-3 ratio. Furthermore, 9 cis 11 trans CLA was higher (P<0.001) in NR meat compared to AR meat. Finally, a milk-feeding regime exclusively based on artificial milk adversely affected the dietetic value of lamb meat compared to a natural rearing system, reducing the level of desirable fatty acids such as n-3 series and CLA.     

Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in poultry and poultry meat in Germany

Of 509 samples from poultry flocks, 209 isolates (41.1%) were Campylobacter positive. The number of positive cases in broiler carcasses was 45.9%. Of 52 pheasants investigated, 25.9% were Campylobacter positive. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 86 (42.0%) poultry flock samples, 47 (43%) broiler samples and 15 (28%) wild pheasant samples. C. coli was found at a rate of 1.2% in poultry flocks, 13% in broilers and 21% in pheasants.     

乙基麦芽酚及其在禽肉加工中的应用

为了大家更好的了解和掌握乙基麦芽酚特点及其应用,整理与总结了乙基麦芽酚的理化性质、特征分类、功能和使用原则等,最后举例说明了乙基麦芽酚在禽肉制品中的应用.以期待时乙基麦芽酚在禽肉制品中的应用有一个更加深入的认识,并为提升禽肉制品的品质等做一些基础研究.     

Effect of organic poultry purchase frequency on consumer attitudes toward organic poultry meat

Because of the growing consumers' interest in organic meat, consumers' (N = 976) attitude toward organic meat was evaluated. Most respondents (59%) occasionally purchased organic chicken. To determine the organic chicken consumer profile, the organic chicken consumption frequencies of different demographic groups were compared. The results show dependence on age (P= 0.039) and ethnicity (P = 0.015). Older respondents as well as respondents who identified themselves as Caucasians tended to buy organic chicken more frequently. However, many other socio-demographic factors were not correlated with organic chicken consumption: gender (P = 0.185), education (P = 0.235), household income (0.867), living with partner or not (P = 0.235), and number of children (P = 0.883). Taste was identified as the most important meat quality attribute (perceived as [very] important by 94% of the respondents). Other important meat quality criteria were: general appearance, overall health, price, nutritional value, and containing no medical residues. "Organically produced" appeared to not be that important compared with other criteria. When respondents bought organic chicken more often, the importance of most of the meat quality attributes shifted to higher levels of importance, except for the price where an adverse effect was shown. The main motivation factors to buy organic chicken were the perception that organic chicken has fewer residues (pesticides, hormones, antibiotics), is safer, and healthier. The high price for organic meats was the strongest limiting factor for organic meat purchases followed by poor availability. Approximately 41% of the non-buyers and 30% of the occasional buyers perceived organic meat as not or hardly likely to be available in their supermarket. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study obtained a better knowledge of consumers' attitudes and perception of organic chicken as well as the effect of various demographics on the likelihood of buying organic chicken. For marketing purposes of organic meats, it helps to know which attributes consumers perceive as important, where the consumer purchases organic chicken, and what the perceived availability of organic chicken is. Additionally, the motivation and deterrent factors are described indicating why the consumer does or does not purchase organic chicken. This information can be valuable to help promoting organic meats to the consumers.     

Thermophysical properties of processed meat and poultry products

Thermophysical properties of various meat and poultry emulsions were evaluated at four temperatures (20, 40, 60 and 80 °C). Thermal conductivities (0.26–0.48 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹) increased linearly with temperature between 20 and 60 °C. Between 60 and 80 °C, it remained constant for most products except bologna. Curves for thermal conductivity as a function of temperature could be roughly grouped into two different categories: products containing meat particles and those containing meat emulsions. The application of various models was investigated for thermal conductivity prediction. It was found that a three phase structural based Kirscher model had the potential for predicting thermal conductivities with acceptable accuracy. Densities decreased slightly as a function of temperature from 20 to 40 °C. A transition phase was observed from 40 to 60 °C, which was followed by a decrease from 60 to 80 °C. There was a decrease of about 50 kg m⁻³ between the density of a raw product at room temperature (at maximum 1070 kg m⁻³) and the product heated to 80 °C (at minimum 970 kg m⁻³), due to the gelation or setting of the structure. After a transition period from 10 to 30 °C, the heat capacity increased linearly from 30 to 80 °C, and ranged from 2850 to 3380 J kg⁻¹ °C⁻¹, respectively. Densities and heat capacities were strongly influenced by the carbohydrate content (i.e. as the carbohydrate content increased the density decreased). The salt content adversely affected thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity values. However, these parameters increased with moisture content.     

Pressure-assisted gelation of chemically modified poultry meat batters

Changes were induced in the characteristics of poultry meat protein using specific chemical modifiers to investigate the effect of pressurization, prior to heating, on gelation, texture and thermal behaviour of meat batters. Values of hardness and chewiness were higher in cooked meat batters treated with urea than in a salt-only sample, but cohesiveness was similar. The β-mercaptoethanol treatment produced a heat-induced gel with very similar properties to the salt-only gel. The rheological behaviours of salt-only and β-mercaptoethanol samples were very similar, but storage modulus values were higher in samples with urea, which accelerated gelation. The pressure-induced reduction of differences in the textural properties of meat batters suggests that hydrophobic interactions play an important role in heat-induced gelation. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that urea clearly destabilized chicken meat batters, while β-mercaptoethanol had very little influence on their thermal behaviour. Pressurization tended to equalize batters and final cooking definitively equalized them.     

Production and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific to cooked poultry meat

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to cooked poultry muscle proteins have been developed for the detection of poultry adulterants in cooked mammalian meat. Saline (0.85% NaCl) extract of heat-treated (100 °C, 15min) chicken muscle proteins was used to immunize mice for MAb development. The specificity of MAbs was tested against chicken antigen and protein extracts from seven other meat species (pork, beef, lamb, deer, horse, turkey and duck) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent immunoassay (ELISA). The immunogenic components in the poultry protein extracts were determined by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting. A total of six hybridoma cell lines that secrete IgG class MAbs have been developed: MAbs 3E12 and 1A5 were able to distinguish between cooked poultry and mammalian meats, MAbs 9C6 and 6F7 reacted strongly with cooked chicken only, and MAbs, 5D2 and 6G8, reacted with both cooked turkey and chicken but not other species. All six MAbs demonstrated a proportional increased ELISA response to respective adulterated poultry samples in pork over a 0-100% range of aduleration.     

Application of a radical scavenging activity test to measure the total antioxidant activity of poultry meat

The antioxidant activity of the hydrophilic and lipophilic fraction of poultry meat was determined in terms of ‘radical scavenging activity’ (RSA) using a modified ABTS radical cation decolorization method.The method uses the extraction of hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions in water and methanol–chloroform, respectively. The determination of the RSA of the lipophilic fraction was conducted using a chloroform extract and maintaining a constant chloroform:ethanol ratio in the solution of analysis. The method was tested on nine samples of poultry breasts and thigh meats and permitted to quantify the RSA in terms of μmol Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) with a mean relative standard deviation of less than 5%.The contribution of the hydrophilic fraction to the total RSA was much higher than that of the lipid soluble fraction. Breast showed a higher RSA than thigh meat due to its lower total lipids content. The total RSA value (TEAC = 2.4 μmol g⁻¹) suggests that poultry meat could significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity of the diet.     

A SYBR Green real-time PCR assay to detect and quantify pork meat in processed poultry meat products

Species identification in meat products has grown in interest in recent years since these foodstuffs are susceptible targets for fraudulent labelling. In this work, a real-time PCR approach based on SYBR Green dye was proposed for the quantitative detection of pork meat in processed meat products. For the development of the method, binary meat mixtures containing known amounts of pork meat in poultry meat were used to obtain a normalised calibration model from 0.1 to 25% with high linear correlation and PCR efficiency. The method revealed high specificity by melting curve analysis, being successfully validated through its application to blind meat mixtures, which confirmed its adequacy for pork meat determination. The fully applicability of the method was further demonstrated in commercial meat products, allowing verification of labelling compliance and identification of meat species in processed foods.     

响应面法优化海鲈鱼鱼肉脱腥工艺

摘 要: 目的 确定以香菜、薄荷为主要原料制得的复合脱腥液对海鲈鱼鱼肉的最佳脱腥工艺。方法 通过腥度(腥气、腥味)和感官评分(色泽、气味、滋味、质地)对海鲈鱼鱼肉脱腥效果进行评价, 采用单因素试验和响应面实验研究脱腥液浓度、料液比和脱腥时间, 确定最佳脱腥工艺, 并比较脱腥前后海鲈鱼肉主要挥发性成分及三甲胺含量的变化。结果 最佳脱腥工艺为脱腥液浓度4 g/100 mL, 料液比1:3 (g:mL), 脱腥时间43 min, 脱腥后鱼腥味物质戊醛、己醛和庚醛等明显减弱, 增加了2-茨醇、香叶醇和芳樟醇等清香味物质,三甲胺含量明显降低。结论 最佳脱腥工艺可在脱腥同时赋予鱼肉清香味, 绿色天然、方便有效, 可为海鲈鱼鱼肉脱腥工艺提供参考。     

Organic acids as antimicrobials to control Salmonella in meat and poultry products

Salmonella, a food-borne pathogen, has a recurrent incidence in meat and poultry products. Currently, cases of salmonellosis represent very important economic losses in many countries. An alternative for the prevention of Salmonella outbreaks due to consumption of meat and poultry products, are organic acids (acetic, citric, lactic, malic, propionic, and tartaric among others). Organic acids have been utilized for many years for decontamination of beef, pork and poultry products from several bacteria including Salmonella. Current reports describe new treatments with organic acids using the hurdle technology approach to inhibit Salmonella. Also, preventive actions should be taken in order to decrease the appearance of resistant strains of Salmonella as a result of insufficient or sub-lethal treatments with organic acids in meat and poultry products. This review presents general insights on the use of the organic acids to control Salmonella in meat and poultry products. Also, information of the action mechanism, types and doses of treatments, as well as how resistance can occur from improper application of organic acids.     

A preliminary evaluation of the Super-Scan meat analyser for the analysis of poultry meat

The Super-scan meat analyser measures protein, fat and moisture on an homogenate of the sample by infrared absorption in the transmittance rather than the reflectance mode. A preliminary evaluation of the instrument using fifty-two samples of chicken or turkey meat indicated that the instrument gave reliable results for fat but not for protein and moisture. Regression equations were obtained from the combined data and used to correct the protein and moisture results. These equations were tested on a further twenty-eight samples of turkey meat and the results obtained demonstrated that the instrument could be used for the rapid analysis of poultry meat.     

禽肉糜生产加工工艺及质量控制

随着我国农业结构政策的调整,以及消费者对禽肉营养结构认识的提高,禽肉消费量呈现逐年上升态势.禽肉主要以分割肉形态进行销售,而取肉后的各种禽类骨架因含肉量少,人工取肉不易而被视为副产次级产品.     

Arcobacter spp. enumeration in poultry meat using a combined PCR-ELISA assay

A rapid assay for enumeration of Arcobacter spp. in chicken meat was developed by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following a short selective enrichment of poultry samples, bacterial DNA was extracted and amplified using digoxigenin-labelled primers specific for 16S rRNA sequences of Arcobacter spp. Amplified fragments were heat denatured before being quantified by an ELISA. In this technique, a biotinylated probe immobilized onto streptavidin-coated microplates was used to capture the digoxigenin-PCR products. A peroxidase antidigoxigenin conjugate was added to the plate and, in the presence of substrate, PCR products were quantitated based on an optical density reading. Distinct absorbance differences were obtained when assaying poultry samples containing Arcobacter spp. in the range 10-10(4) CFU/g.     

禽类骨架残留肉回采设备的研究

骨架是禽类屠宰加工的主要副产物,其上还附着50%以上的残留肉可以再利用.通过人工难以将这些残留肉剔取.本文将就如何使用机械回采禽类骨架上的残留肉进行阐述,并对回采设备的工作原理、结构参数予以讨论.     

饲养因素对兔肉脂肪酸组成影响的研究进展

兔肉除了其\