3D Printing of Living Responsive Materials and Devices

3D printing has been intensively explored to fabricate customized structures of responsive materials including hydrogels, liquid‐crystal elastomers, shape‐memory polymers, and aqueous droplets. Herein, a new method and material system capable of 3D‐printing hydrogel inks with programed bacterial cells as responsive components into large‐scale (3 cm), high‐resolution (30 μm) living materials, where the cells can communicate and process signals in a programmable manner, are reported. The design of 3D‐printed living materials is guided by quantitative models that account for the responses of programed cells in printed microstructures of hydrogels. Novel living devices are further demonstrated, enabled by 3D printing of programed cells, including logic gates, spatiotemporally responsive patterning, and wearable devices.     

高分子3D打印材料和打印工艺

3D打印技术亦称为增材制造,是基于三维数学模型数据,通过连续的物理层叠加,逐层增加材料来生成三维实体的技术。3D打印技术与传统材料加工技术相比有许多突出的优势,吸引了国内外工业界、投资界、学术界、新闻媒体和社会公众的热切关注。目前制约3D打印技术发展的因素主要有两个:打印工艺和打印材料。高分子聚合物在3D打印材料中占据主要地位。介绍了当前3D打印常用的高分子材料(热塑性高分子和光敏树脂)和与之相适应的打印工艺(FDM、SLS、SLA、Polyjet等),并对它们的特性和优缺点进行了评述,讨论了这些3D打印材料和工艺的开发面临的问题和挑战。     

Associative Liquid-In-Liquid 3D Printing Techniques for Freeform Fabrication of Soft Matter

Shaping soft materials into prescribed 3D complex designs has been challenging yet feasible using various 3D printing technologies. For a broader range of soft matters to be printable, liquid-in-liquid 3D printing techniques have emerged in which an ink phase is printed into 3D constructs within a bath. Most of the attention in this field has been focused on using a support bath with favorable rheology (i.e., shear-thinning behavior) which limits the selection of materials, impeding the broad application of such techniques. However, a growing body of work has begun to leverage the interaction or association of the two involved phases (specifically at the liquid–liquid interface) to fabricate complex constructs from a myriad of soft materials with practical structural, mechanical, optical, magnetic, and communicative properties. This review article has provided an overview of the studies on such associative liquid-in-liquid 3D printing techniques along with their fundamentals, underlying mechanisms, various characterization techniques used for ensuring the structural stability, and practical properties of prints. Also, the future paths with the potential applications are discussed.     

3D Printing of Textiles: Potential Roadmap to Printing with Fibers

3D printing (3DP) has transformed engineering, manufacturing, and the use of advanced materials due to its ability to produce objects from a variety of materials, ranging from soft polymers to rigid ceramics. 3DP offers the advantage of being able to print at a variety of lengths scales; from a few micrometers to many meters. 3DP has the unique ability to produce customized small lots, efficiently. Yet, one crucial industry that has not been able to adequately explore its potential is textile manufacturing. The research in 3DP of textiles has lagged behind other areas primarily due to the difficulty in obtaining some of the unique characteristics of strength, flexibility, etc., of textiles, utilizing a fundamentally different manufacturing technology. Textiles are their own class of materials due to the specific structural developments that occur during the various stages of textile manufacturing: from fiber extrusion to assembly of the fibers to fabrics. Here, the current 3DP technologies are reviewed with emphasis on soft and anisotropic structures, as well as the efforts toward 3DP of textiles. Finally, a potential pathway to 3DP of textiles, dubbed as printing with fibers to create textile structures is proposed for further exploration.     

3D打印发展背景下三维建模软件变革趋势分析

目的作为3D打印重要的辅助工具,现有三维建模软件针对专业用户开发设计,并不适用于普通用户。分析三维建模软件的变革趋势,目的在于让普通用户更方便地使用3D打印设备。方法采用实例分析方法,对具有代表性的三维建模软件进行分析。结论提出面向普通用户的三维建模软件开发思路,包括操作界面图形符号化、信息架构扁平化、建模功能智能化以及基于浏览器的三维建模软件服务平台。     

3D打印对首饰个性化定制过程的重塑研究

目的研究3D打印技术对传统的首饰个性化定制产业各个具体环节、过程的重塑,以此指导个性化定制首饰设计开发。方法通过对3D打印技术在首饰行业的应用介绍,并与传统的首饰个性化定制过程全面对比,讨论3D打印技术对首饰个性化定制产业在用户需求、设计环节、制作过程、销售环节、售后服务等各个环节的重塑。分析在3D打印技术下,个性化定制首饰开发的各环节的变化特点,尤其是对设计和制作环节的影响,来指导个性化定制首饰的设计开发。结论通过与传统首饰个性化定制全过程的对比阐述,理清了在新技术条件下,个性化首饰定制开发的特点和转变,助力产品开发和行业发展。     

Hybrid 3D Printing of Soft Electronics

Hybrid 3D printing is a new method for producing soft electronics that combines direct ink writing of conductive and dielectric elastomeric materials with automated pick‐and‐place of surface mount electronic components within an integrated additive manufacturing platform. Using this approach, insulating matrix and conductive electrode inks are directly printed in specific layouts. Passive and active electrical components are then integrated to produce the desired electronic circuitry by using an empty nozzle (in vacuum‐on mode) to pick up individual components, place them onto the substrate, and then deposit them (in vacuum‐off mode) in the desired location. The components are then interconnected via printed conductive traces to yield soft electronic devices that may find potential application in wearable electronics, soft robotics, and biomedical devices.     

3D 打印技术在金属成形领域的应用和展望

3D打印技术是新型精密成形技术,也是第三次工业革命的核心技术,在金属成形领域发挥着重要作用。3D打印由于加工速度快、材料利用率高、成形件形状不受限制的优势,应用领域相对广泛。文中重点介绍国内外3D打印的工艺研究现状、材料研究现状以及新型高端成形设备,从3D打印所占据市场份额出发,展望其发展前景。     

MakerBot3D打印机虚拟装配系统的设计与实现

目的满足新产品的研发、后期维护以及操作培训等方面的需求。方法选用型号为Makerbot Replicator2的3D打印机为例,通过实际测量在三维建模软件SolidWorks中进行精确建模,之后利用3dsMax进行模型优化,最后导入到VRP完成虚拟装配系统制作。结果该系统能够展示整个3D打印机的内外部结构和装配过程。结论将虚拟装配技术与3D打印机相结合,能够以数字化的形式呈现3D打印机的整体结构和功能,而不必再受客观条件的制约,为工业产品的设计、完善、维护和管理提供了一种崭新的方式,对市场现有的3D打印机具有一定的适用性。     

3D打印技术在火工品和炸药中的应用研究

围绕3D打印技术在火工品装药和炸药装药两个领域的国内外研究情况进行述评,内容涉及3D打印技术在火工品和炸药中的研究进展、3D打印技术在炸药装药领域中的应用分析等方面。结果表明,3D打印技术具有便于实现复杂结构装药、无需传统模具、小批量试制成本低、载质量小、本质安全性高等特点。所以,3D打印技术在火工品装药和炸药装药领域具有一定的应用价值,也是这两个领域今后重点发展的方向之一。     

参数化设计与3D打印的协同发展研究

目的论述在产品设计与制造领域,参数化设计与3D打印协同发展的意义和重要性。方法通过参数化设计与传统设计方法、3D打印与传统制造方式的比较分析,归纳参数化设计和3D打印的优势,以及当前其各自发展的局限性。并通过参数化设计与3D打印结合应用的案例,分析二者在产品设计和制造领域的互补性。结论参数化设计擅长的复杂形体设计,恰好可以使3D打印的优势显著发挥;同时相较传统制造方式,3D打印也可以帮助参数化设计的复杂形体付诸实物生产。参数化设计与3D打印互为裨益和助力,其在产品设计与制造领域的协同发展尤为重要。     

金属3D打印技术及其专用粉末特征与应用

3D打印技术提供了一种先进的制造方法,实现了从3D计算机模型出发直接制造复杂形状的工件。其中,金属3D打印技术在生物医疗、航空航天、自动化、汽车零部件、军工等领域的有效应用得到了印证。介绍了金属3D打印技术的基本情况和金属3D打印专用金属粉末特征,简述了金属粉末的分类及应用,并对金属3D打印技术存在的问题和面临的挑战与机遇进行了分析。     

3D打印技术研究现状和关键技术EI北大核心CSCD

本文首先简要介绍了3D打印技术的基本原理及分类,然后重点介绍了有关金属材料3D打印的几种方法:电子束熔化成形(EBM)、激光选区熔化成形(SLM)、激光快速成形技术(LDMD)。简述了金属材料3D打印的应用领域及国内外发展情况及研究现状。文章最后结合国内外金属材料3D打印的研究现状,指出金属材料3D打印需要在打印用粉末、金属3D打印设备、3D打印零件无损检测方法、3D打印零件的失效行为和寿命预测等方面进行重点研究,并建立3D打印零件的无损检测标准规范以及3D打印材料全面力学性能数据库。