Assessment of in vitro antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic composition of selected medicinal herbs from Leguminosae family in Peninsular Malaysia

Determination of total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid and anthocyanin contents, and various antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, ferrous ion chelating and lipid peroxidation inhibition) of leaves and flowers of Bauhinia kockiana, Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Cassia surattensis were performed in this study. The B. kockiana flower was found to possess the highest TPC (8280 ± 498 mg GAE/100 g), free radical scavenging activity (ascorbic acid equivalents 14,600 ± 2360 mg AA/100 g) and reducing ability (72.4 ± 8.7 mg GAE/g). Rutin and chlorogenic acid were detected in the plants, where the C. pulcherrima leaf contained the highest amount of rutin (669 ± 26 mg/100 g), while minute amounts of chlorogenic acid were detected in C. surattensis leaf (9.13 ± 0.44 mg/100 g). The C. pulcherrima leaf displayed the highest ferrous ion chelating and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities. Positive correlation was observed between TPC and various antioxidant activities.     

Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in salad vegetables in Malaysia

The main aim of this study was to combine the techniques of most probable number (MPN) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for quantifying the prevalence and numbers of Campylobacter spp. in ulam, a popular Malaysian salad dish, from a traditional wet market and two modern supermarkets in Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 309 samples of raw vegetables which are used in ulam were examined in the study. The prevalences of campylobacters in raw vegetables were, for supermarket I, Campylobacter spp., 51.9%; Campylobacter jejuni, 40.7%; and Campylobacter coli, 35.2%: for supermarket II, Campylobacter spp., 67.7%; C. jejuni, 67.7%; and C. coli, 65.7%: and for the wet market, Campylobacter spp., 29.4%; C. jejuni, 25.5%; and C. coli, 22.6%. In addition Campylobacter fetus was detected in 1.9% of raw vegetables from supermarket I. The maximum numbers of Campylobacter spp. in raw vegetables from supermarkets and the wet market were >2400 and 460 MPN/g, respectively.     

大蒜素对肉仔鸡生长性能及抗氧化能力的影响

探讨大蒜素对AA肉仔鸡生长性能及抗氧化能力的影响.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在日粮中分别添加200、400和600 mg/kg的大蒜素.结果表明:在21、42日龄时,添加400、600mg/kg的大蒜素组与对照组比,平均日采食量和平均日增重增加显著,料肉比下降显著;丙二醛含量下降显著;谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活力显著上升,21日龄时过氧化氢酶活力上升显著,42日龄时过氧化氢酶活力无显著性变化.     

Hydrogen peroxide concentration measured in cultivation substrates during growth and fruiting of the mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus spp.

Hydrogen peroxide is suspected of being highly implicated in mushroom nutrition and in substrate bleaching during cultivation. The parameters for measuring H₂O₂ in compost samples were examined and the methodology was applied to samples from both compost colonized by cultivars and wild isolates of Agaricus bisporus, and wheat straw or coffee pulp colonized by Pleurotus spp. Laccase and peroxidase activities were also measured. H₂O₂ concentration measured after heating at 80 °C for inactivating laccases and peroxidases was probably both H₂O₂ pre‐existing in the compost and H₂O₂ generated from quinones and active oxygen species. This potential H₂O₂ concentration increased during the vegetative growth for all the strains, in agreement with a direct relationship between H₂O₂ concentration and active biomass of A. bisporus or Pleurotus spp. in their cultivation substrates. Correlations were observed between H₂O₂ concentration and manganese peroxidase activity in cultivation substrates at the stage of primordia formation. At this stage of development, H₂O₂ generation via biotic or abiotic mechanisms should be an important physiological trait of mushrooms. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

虫草属真菌的ITS序列分析和系统发育研究

收集不同产地虫草属真菌,进行ITS(Internal Transcribed Spacer)区段克隆测序和序列特征比较分析,并对ITS序列进行核酸序列数据库GenBank同源性检索比对,并与检索获得的7个最相似物种的ITS序列构建系统发育树.结果表明,虫草属真菌的ITS序列长度为570～576bp,GC含量56.29～56.77%,系统发育分析显示,供试菌株中除C-6与九州虫草高度同源外,其他与蛹虫草均具有高度的亲缘关系.     

Extraction,isolation, characterisation,antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities of Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides

Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide (PEP) was obtained using hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation. Three purified polysaccharide fractions (namely PEP1-A, PEP2-A and PEP3-A) were obtained from PEP using DEAE-cellulose-52 chromatography and a gel permeation Sephadex G-100 column. Firstly, this paper examined the characterisation of PEP1-A, PEP2-A and PEP3-A. The corresponding molecular weights were 5.378 × 10⁵, 9.506 × 10⁶ and 4.975 × 10⁵ Da, respectively. PEP1-A, PEP2-A and PEP3-A had similar monosaccharide compositions. PEP1-A was β-configuration, and PEP2-A and PEP3-A were α-configuration. PEP1-A, PEP2-A and PEP3-A had pyran-type rings, (1 → 3) glucose and (1 → 6) galactose linkages. Secondly, PEP, PEP1-A, PEP2-A and PEP3-A possessed antioxidant activities, and PEP was best. Therefore, only PEP was used to study its anti-fatigue activity in vivo. The result proved that PEP had anti-fatigue activity. PEP could be used as a valuable natural food supplement for preventing anti-fatigue or functional food.     

Assessment of antioxidant capacity of energy drinks,energy gels and sport drinks in comparison with coffee and tea

Antioxidant capacities of energy drinks (ED) and energy gels (EG) were evaluated by means of Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), Ferric‐ion Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Values obtained by the four methods linearly correlated and a ranking scale of their antioxidant contributes was drawn. The ORAC values per serving of ED and EG ranged between 100–7610 and 26–404 μmol Trolox Equivalents (TE), respectively, and correlated linearly with the total phenols (TP). TP and ORAC values of ED and EG were compared with a number of coffee, tea and sport drinks (SDR) samples. In coffees and teas, ORAC values ranged from 603 to 2954 and from 594 to 2587 μmol TE per serving, respectively. In SDR, ORAC values ranged between 420 and 1445 μmol TE per serving. The ORAC/TP and ORAC/Kcal ratios were also used to compare antioxidant capacities of the beverages and an optimal range for these ratios was discussed and proposed. Overall, our results supply new information to producers for a better formulation of antioxidant mixtures in ED and EG and also suggest advice to consumers concerning the choice of energy beverages.     

Effects of foliar fertilization and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on Salvia officinalis L. growth,antioxidant capacity,and essential oil composition

BACKGROUND: The effect of foliar fertilization and Glomus intraradices inoculation on the growth, qualitative and quantitative pattern of essential oil in Salvia officinalis was determined. Sage plants were grown in a glass house on a soil/sand mixture (w/w = 3:1). Agroleaf^® total, N:P:K = 20:20:20 + microelements, was used at the whole vegetative growth stage as a 0.3% solution. Inoculation with Glomus intraradices was done at the sowing stage. RESULTS: Application of foliar fertilization and/or mycorrhizal colonization improved dry biomass accumulation and increased the content of antioxidant metabolites (ascorbate and reduced glutathione). Applied treatments lowered the activities of the antioxidants enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, while guaiacol peroxidase increased. The relative quantity of essential oil pattern was also altered as a result of the applied treatments. Combined application (FF + Gi) significantly promoted 1,8‐cineole and α‐thujone, mycorrhizal colonization enhanced bornyl acetate, 1,8‐cineole, α‐ and β‐thujones, while foliar fertilization increased bornyl acetate and camphor. The favorable effect of root colonization by Glomus intraradices was determined both on quantitative and qualitative pattern of sage essential oil. CONCLUSION: We conclude that inoculation with Glomus intraradices resulted in improved essential oil yield and quality, while combined application of foliar fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi predominantly enhanced shoot biomass accumulation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

苦杏仁对肉鸡生长性能和肉品质及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响

通过在肉鸡饲料中添加不同剂量的苦杏仁粉,评价其对肉鸡生长性能、肉品质及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响,探究苦杏仁在畜禽生产中应用及最适添加量,为饲料中抗营养因子的开发利用提供试验依据。试验将100只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为4组,每组25只;对照组(C组)饲喂基础全价饲料,低剂量组(L组)饲喂含4.5 g/kg苦杏仁粉的基础全价饲料,中剂量组(M组)饲喂含9 g/kg苦杏仁粉的基础全价饲料,高剂量组(H组)饲喂含17 g/kg苦杏仁粉的基础全价饲料,试验周期为45 d。结果表明,与C组相比,H组肉鸡的终末体重和平均日增重极显著降低(P<0.01),料重比极显著升高(P<0.01),而L组、M组肉鸡的末体重和平均日增重及料重比无显著差异(P>0.05);肌肉放置24 h和48 h后,H组肌肉肉色显著降低(P<0.05),肌肉剪切力极显著增加(P<0.01);L组胸肌粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P<0.05),M组、L组差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中添加不同剂量的苦杏仁粉均增强肉鸡肝脏中SOD、CAT和GSH-PX的活性(P<0.05)。试验说明,饲料中添加的低剂量(4.5 g/kg)和中剂量(9 g/kg)苦杏仁粉均可改善肉鸡肉品质和增强肝脏抗氧化性能,其中以添加9 g/kg苦杏仁的效果最佳。而添加高剂量(17 g/kg)的苦杏仁粉虽能增强肉鸡肝脏的抗氧化能力,但会导致肉鸡的生长性能和肉品质降低。     

Pleurotus mushrooms. Part IB. Pathology, in vitro and in vivo growth requirements, and world status

Part IB of this review discusses growth abnormalities and diseases of the fruit bodies, as well as containments in the substrates that affect the quality and yield of the fruit bodies. The means and methods to overcome these problems during culturing of Pleurotus on commercial scales are described. In vitro growth requirements and prospects of producing mycelium on organic wastes in liquid culture are discussed. The effects of changes in the nutrients of growth substrate on the yield and quality of fruit bodies in vivo are brought out. Status of culturing Pleurotus in different parts of the world is evaluated. Finally, a critical consideration of the scope and problems of Pleurotus cultivation technology is given.     

Assessment of antioxidant capacity by method comparison and amino acid characterisation in buffalo milk kefir

This study aimed to analyse the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of buffalo milk kefir fermented with grains or a commercial starter culture, as well as characterisation of the amino acid profile. During fermentation, the ferrous‐reducing activity of samples increased, while the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity decreased. The highest value of the ABTS and DPPH scavenging activity was recorded for buffalo milk kefir with grain, which also showed a lower ferric‐reducing antioxidant power during storage. Statistical analyses showed a significant effect of starter culture type and fermentation/storage time on the antioxidant capacity of buffalo kefir.     

蔬菜抗氧化能力及与酚酸和总黄酮相关性研究

分析常见蔬菜总抗氧化活性,探讨蔬菜抗氧化能力与酚酸、总黄酮的相关性。采用ABTS、DPPH与FRAP法测定10种常见蔬菜的抗氧化能力,采用Folin-Ciocalteu法测总酚酸,硝酸铝-亚硝酸钠-氢氧化钠法测总黄酮,采用matlab软件进行拟合抗氧化与酚酸、总黄酮的函数方程。结果表明:抗氧化活性与主要抗氧化物质(酚酸和黄酮)的函数关系为Z=-137.743 2-0.918 2 X2+0.211 2Y2-0.422 9 XY+52.843 5 X+2.229 9Y。当总黄酮在6～26mg/100g时,总黄酮、酚酸的量对总抗氧化活性有促进作用;而在27～54mg/100g范围内,总黄酮和酚酸的含量对总抗氧化能力具有一定的抑制作用。     

白灵菇、杏鲍菇、阿巍菇多糖体外抗氧化活性研究

以热水浸提、乙醇沉淀的方法,分别从白灵菇、杏鲍菇、阿魏菇子实体中提取多糖.通过水杨酸法检测多糖提取物对羟基自由基(·OH)的清除作用、对邻苯三酚自氧化系统产生的超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)的清除作用、还原力的测定以及在模拟胃液条件下对NO-2清除实验,对三种不同来源的多糖进行了体外抗氧化活性研究,结果表明:白灵菇、杏鲍菇、阿魏菇多糖提取物均具有较强的体外抗氧化性能,且随着多糖浓度的增大,其抗氧化活性逐渐增强.白灵菇对羟基自由基(·OH)的清除能力最强,杏鲍菇次之,阿魏菇最弱;杏鲍菇对超氧阴离子自由基(O-2·)的清除能力最强,白灵菇次之,阿魏菇最弱;在还原力以及对NO-2清除方面,白灵菇均表现为最强、杏鲍菇次之,阿魏菇则表现得最差.     

桑葚、蓝莓、黑加仑中多酚类物质的抗氧化活性

研究了桑葚、蓝莓和黑加仑3种小浆果的总酚、黄酮含量,并以DPPH·清除能力、·OH清除能力、总抗氧化能力及铁离子还原能力等4种体外体系对其抗氧化活性进行综合评价。结果表明:桑葚提取物总酚和黄酮含量最多,分别达到(88.78±3.751)mg/g和(19.89±1.261)mg/g,其抗氧化能力也最强,DPPH·清除能力[IC50(0.953±0.004)mg/m L]和铁离子还原能力均远高于其他2种小浆果;·OH清除能力[IC50(4.238±0.037)mg/m L]和总抗氧化能力也为最强。蓝莓除DPPH·清除能力不如黑加仑外,在其他3种体外体系中的表现均强于黑加仑。     

冷却猪肉中气单胞菌的定量暴露评估

开展某市冷却猪肉中气单胞菌的风险评估中最主要的暴露评估,包含气单胞菌从冷却猪肉原料的销售、运输以及贮藏3个环节。冷却猪肉的初始污染水平通过大量市场调研数据来确定,前期构建的气单胞菌生长模型用来估计消费者食用冷却猪肉时的有害菌摄入量。结果表明：大约有22.1%的冷却猪肉含有高于5(lg(CFU/g))的气单胞菌量,由此带来消费者的食用风险。进一步的敏感性分析结果表明,初始污染水平和家庭贮藏时间与气单胞菌量的相关性最高,分别为0.884和0.209,为消费者和食品监管者需要重视的主要风险因素。再结合猪肉烹饪阶段的评估和剂量反应关系研究,可为构建完整气单胞菌风险评估体系提供理论参考。