Bioinspired Aerogel with Vertically Ordered Channels and Low Water Evaporation Enthalpy for High-Efficiency Salt-Rejecting Solar Seawater Desalination and Wastewater Purification

Solar energy-driven water evaporation is a promising sustainable strategy to purify seawater and contaminated water. However, developing solar evaporators with high water evaporation rates and excellent salt resistance still faces a great challenge. Herein, inspired by the long-range ordered structure and water transportation capability of lotus stem, a biomimetic aerogel with vertically ordered channels and low water evaporation enthalpy for high-efficiency solar energy-driven salt-resistant seawater desalination and wastewater purification is developed. The biomimetic aerogel consists of ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires as heat-insulating skeletons, polydopamine-modified MXene as a photothermal material with broadband sunlight absorption and high photothermal conversion efficiency, polyacrylamide, and polyvinyl alcohol as reagents to lower the water evaporation enthalpy and as glues to enhance the mechanical performance. The honeycomb porous structure, unidirectionally aligned microchannels, and nanowire/nanosheet/polymer pore wall endow the biomimetic aerogel with excellent mechanical properties, rapid water transportation, and excellent solar water evaporation performance. The biomimetic aerogel exhibits a high water evaporation rate (2.62 kg m⁻² h⁻¹) and energy efficiency (93.6%) under one sun irradiation. The superior salt-rejecting ability of the designed water evaporator enables stable and continuous seawater desalination, which is promising for application in water purification to mitigate the global water crisis.     

Improved Photo-Excited Carriers Transportation of WS2-O-Doped-Graphene Heterostructures for Solar Steam Generation (Small 19/2023)

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides and graphene have revealed promising applications in optoelectronic and energy storage and conversion. However, there are rare reports of modifying the light-to-heat transformation via preparing their heterostructures for solar steam generation. In this work, commercial WS₂ and sucrose are utilized as precursors to produce 2D WS₂-O-doped-graphene heterostructures (WS₂-O-graphene) for solar water evaporation. The WS₂-O-graphene evaporators demonstrate excellent average water evaporation rate (2.11 kg m⁻² h⁻¹) and energy efficiency (82.2%), which are 1.3- and 1.2-fold higher than WS₂ and O-doped graphene-based evaporators, respectively. Furthermore, for the real seawater with different pH values (pH 1 and 12) and rhodamine B pollutants, the WS₂-O-graphene evaporators show great average evaporation rates (≈2.08 and 2.09 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively) for producing freshwater with an extremely low-grade of dye residual and nearly neutral pH values. More interestingly, due to the self-storage water ability of WS₂-O-graphene evaporators, water evaporation can be implemented without the presence of bulk water. As a result, the evaporation rate reaches 3.23 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, which is ≈1.5 times higher than the regular solar water evaporation system. This work provides a new approach for preparing 2D transition metal dichalcogenides and graphene heterostructures for efficient solar water evaporation.     

Vertically aligned reduced graphene oxide/Ti3C2Tx MXene hybrid hydrogel for highly efficient solar steam generation

Effective utilization of abundant solar energy for desalination of seawater and purification of wastewater is one of sustainable techniques for production of clean water, helping relieve global water resource shortage. Herein, we fabricate a vertically aligned reduced graphene oxide/Ti₃C₂T_x MXene (A-RGO/MX) hybrid hydrogel with aligned channels as an independent solar steam generation device for highly efficient solar steam generation. The vertically aligned channels, generated by a liquid nitrogen-assisted directional-freezing process, not only rapidly transport water upward to the evaporation surface for efficient solar steam generation, but also facilitate multiple reflections of solar light inside the channels for efficient solar light absorption. The deliberate slight reduction endows the RGO with plenty of polar groups, decreasing the water vaporization enthalpy effectively and hence accelerating water evaporation efficiently. The MXene sheets, infiltrated inside the A-RGO hydrogel on the basis of Marangoni effect, enhance light absorption capacity and photothermal conversion performance. As a result, the A-RGO/MX hybrid hydrogel achieves a water evaporation rate of 2.09 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹ with a high conversion efficiency of 93.5% under 1-sun irradiation. Additionally, this photothermal conversion hydrogel rapidly desalinates seawater and purifies wastewater to generate clean water with outstanding ion rejection rates of above 99% for most ions.

     

Synergistic Dual-Mechanism Localized Heat Channeling and Spectrum-Tailored Liquid Metal Hydrogels for Efficient Solar Water Evaporation and Desalination

Photothermal hydrogels featuring broadband light absorption abilities and highly hydrated networks provide an appealing mass-energy transfer platform for water evaporation by using solar energy. However, the targeted delivery of solar heat energy to power the water evaporation process remains challenging. Herein, enlightened by metal-phenolic coordination chemistry and camouflaged architecture, photothermal hydrogels with dual-mechanism vaporization structure are tactfully designed via a rational interfacial engineering and integration strategy to enable near-µm heat confinement and highly efficient light-to-heat conversion ability. The spectrum-tailored liquid metal droplet (LMGAs-Fe^III) and optimized carbon-wrapped silver nanowire sponge (Ag@C₇₅₀) are integrally built as photothermal promotors/channels and jointly embedded into a highly hydratable poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel, denoted as PALGH, to synergistically boost water molecule activation and interfacial vaporization behavior by triggering robust photothermal performance. As a result, under one sun irradiation, the all-embracing PALGH hydrogel evaporation system achieves a brine evaporation rate to a high level of 3.47 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, and >19 L m⁻² clean water of PALGH is ideally delivered daily when purifying natural seawater. This work offers not only a rational design principle to create sophisticated photothermal materials but also replenishes insight into solar heat generation and water transportation in a cross-media system.     

Cellular Structured CNTs@SiO2 Nanofibrous Aerogels with Vertically Aligned Vessels for Salt-Resistant Solar Desalination

The emerging solar desalination technology is considered as one of the most promising strategies to ensure water security. However, with the proceeding of solar desalination, salt crystallization on the surface of solar evaporators caused by increasing salinity of seawater will result in a decrease in the evaporation rate. Thus, it is still challenging to fabricate solar evaporators with superior salt resistance. In this work, elastic ceramic-based nanofibrous aerogels with a cellular architecture are fabricated by the combination of electrospinning and fiber freeze-shaping technologies, which are composed of vertically aligned vessels and porous vessel walls. Under the action of convection and diffusion promoted by this unique cellular architecture, the aerogels exhibit a superior salt-resistance without any salt crystals on the surface of aerogels even in 20% brine and under 6-sun irradiation. Moreover, by virtue of the synergistic effect of the promising structure and light absorbance of carbon nanotubes, aerogels possess a high light absorbance of up to 98% and excellent evaporation performance achieving 1.50 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under 1-sun irradiation. This work may provide a fascinating avenue for the desalination of seawater in a salt-resistance and efficient manner.     

Sandwich Photothermal Membrane with Confined Hierarchical Carbon Cells Enabling High‐Efficiency Solar Steam Generation

Solar‐driven vaporization is a sustainable solution to water and energy scarcity. However, most of the present evaporators are still suffering from inefficient utilization of converted thermal energy. Herein, a universal sandwich membrane strategy is demonstrated by confining the hierarchical porous carbon cells in two energy barriers to obtain a high‐efficiency evaporator with a rapid water evaporation rate of 1.87 kg m^?2 h^?1 under 1 sun illumination, which is among the highest performance for carbon‐based and wood‐based evaporators. The significantly enhanced evaporation rate is mainly attributed to the inherently optimized porous evaporation mode derived from the hierarchical hollow structures of pollen carbon cells, and the synergistically regulated water transporting and thermal management performance of the sandwich membrane. Moreover, the constructed sandwich membrane also exhibits excellent self‐regenerating performance in simulated seawater and high salinity water. The developed device can maintain an average evaporation rate of 4.3 L m^?2 day^?1 in a 25 day consecutive outdoor test.     

A Magneto-Heated Silk Fibroin Scaffold for Anti-Biofouling Solar Steam Generation

Macroscopic 3D porous materials are ideal solar evaporators for water purification. However, the limited sunlight intensity and penetrating depth during solar-driven evaporation cannot prevent the biofouling formation by photothermal effect, thus leading to the deterioration of evaporation rate. Herein, a magnetic heating strategy is reported for anti-biofouling solar steam generation based on a magnetic silk fibroin (SF) scaffold with bi-heating property. Under one sun, the solar-heated top surface of magnetic SF scaffolds accelerates water evaporation at 2.03 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, while the unheated inner channels suffer from the formation of biofilm. When exposed to alternating magnetic field (AMF), the magnetic SF scaffold can be integrally heated, leading to an efficient inner temperature to prevent biofouling in channels for water transportation. Accordingly, magneto-heated scaffolds show steady water evaporation rates after exposure to S. aureus and E. coli, which maintained 93.6–94.6% of original performance. In contrast, the evaporation rates of the scaffolds without AMF treatment are reduced to 1.31 (S. aureus) and 1.32 (E. coli) kg m⁻² h⁻¹, decreased by 35.5% and 35.0%, respectively. In addition, the magneto-heated scaffold inhibits biofouling formation in natural lake water, maintaining 99.5% original performance.     

Architecting a bifunctional solar evaporator of perovskite La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 for solar evaporation and degradation

Solar-driven interfacial water evaporation can efficiently utilize abundant and sustainable solar energy to alleviate the scarcity of freshwater resources, which has been recognized as one of the most attractive technologies for purifying seawater and wastewater. However, photothermal evaporation process cannot eliminate pollutions in residual wastewater. Therefore, inducing photocatalytic degradation technology into photothermal evaporation will greatly realize the concurrent freshwater collection and pollution degradation. Herein, bifunctional La_0.5Sr_0.5CoO₃ (LSC5) solar evaporator with various architecture structures is constructed. It is demonstrated that the LSC5 photothermal catalyst has excellent solar absorption and photothermal conversion property. Furthermore, interpenetrating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) into LSC5 can promote water transport capacity and decrease water evaporation enthalpy. Benefited from these advantages, three-dimensional (3D) solar evaporator comprised of LSC5 and PVA/CS polymer achieves a relatively high evaporation rate of 2.45 kg m^?2 h^?1 with the photothermal conversion efficiency of 93.0%. Moreover, the LSC5 displays obvious photocatalytic degradation effect on tetracycline pollutants. Therefore, this photothermal–photocatalytic degradation bifunctional hydrogel provides a promising alternative material for comprehensive water purification and pollution elimination.

     

Engineering Metal–Phenolic Networks for Solar Desalination with Directional Salt Crystallization

Solar desalination is one of the most promising strategies to address the global freshwater shortage crisis. However, the residual salt accumulated on the top surface of solar evaporators severely reduces light absorption and steam evaporation efficiency, thus impeding the further industrialization of this technology. Herein, a metal–phenolic network (MPN)-engineered 3D evaporator composed of photothermal superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic sponges and side-twining hydrophilic threads for efficient desalination with directional salt crystallization and zero liquid discharge is reported. The MPN coatings afford the engineering of alternating photothermal superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic sponges with high heating efficiency and defined vapor escape channels, while the side-twining threads induce site-selective salt crystallization. The 3D evaporator exhibits a high and stable indoor desalination rate (≈2.3 kg m⁻² h⁻¹) of concentrated seawater (20 wt%) under simulated sun irradiation for over 21 days without the need for salt crystallization inhibitors. This direct desalination is also achieved in outdoor field operations with a production rate of clean water up to ≈1.82 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ from concentrated seawater (10 wt%). Together with the high affinity and multiple functions of MPNs, this work is expected to facilitate the rational design of solar desalination devices and boost the research translation of MPN materials in broader applications.     

Nanoconfined Water-Molecule Channels for High-Yield Solar Vapor Generation under Weaker Sunlight

Solar vapor generation is a promising method to efficiently produce fresh water. However, the insufficient vapor yields under natural daylight restrict its practical applications, and the basic evaporation mechanisms are deficient for reasonable design of evaporator structure. Here, hydrophobic nano-confined water molecule channels (NCWMCs) are demonstrated, which can reduce the vaporization enthalpy for water evaporation and achieve a record vapor generation rate of 1.25 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under 0.5 sun irradiation. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the cluster-evaporation process in the NCWMC system. As a result, the evaporator with NCWMC system can effectively purify seawater and wastewater samples using this environmentally friendly strategy.     

Hierarchical structures hydrogel evaporator and superhydrophilic water collect device for efficient solar steam evaporation

Efficient light absorption and trapping are of vital importance for the solar water evaporation by hydrogel-based photothermal conversion materials.Conventional strategies are focused on the development of the composition and structure of the hydrogers internal network.In our point of view,the importance of the surface structure of hydrogel has usually been underestimated or ignored.Here inspired by the excellent absorbance and water transportation ability of biological surface structure,the hierarchical structured hydrogel evaporators(HSEs)increased the light absorption,trapping,water transportation and water-air interface,which is the beneficial photothermal conversion and water evaporation.The HSEs showed a rapid evaporation rate of 1.77 kg·m^-2·h^-1at about 92%energy efficiency under one sun(1 kW·m^-2).Furthermore,the superhydrophilic window device was used in this work to collect the condensed water,which avoids the light-blocking caused by the water mist formed by the small droplets and the problem of the droplets stick on the device dropping back to the bulk water.Integrated with the excellent photothermal conversion hydrogel and superhydrophilic window equipment,this work provides efficient evaporation and desalination of hydrogel-based solar evaporators in practical large-scale applications.     

Solar-Powered Interfacial Evaporation and Deicing Based on a 3D-Printed Multiscale Hierarchical Design

Solar-powered interfacial heating has emerged as a sustainable technology for hybrid applications with minimal carbon footprints. Aerogels, hydrogels, and sponges/foams are the main building blocks for state-of-the-art photothermal materials. However, these conventional three-dimensional (3D) structures and related fabrication technologies intrinsically fail to maximize important performance-enhancing strategies and this technology still faces several performance roadblocks. Herein, monolithic, self-standing, and durable aerogel matrices are developed based on composite photothermal inks and ink-extrusion 3D printing, delivering all-in-one interfacial steam generators (SGs). Rapid prototyping of multiscale hierarchical structures synergistically reduce the energy demand for evaporation, expand actual evaporation areas, generate massive environmental energy input, and improve mass flows. Under 1 sun, high water evaporation rates of 3.74 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ in calm air and 25.3 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ at a gentle breeze of 2 m s⁻¹ are achieved, ranking among the best-performing solar-powered interfacial SGs. 3D-printed microchannels and hydrophobic modification deliver an icephobic surface of the aerogels, leading to self-propelled and rapid removal of ice droplets. This work shines light on rational fabrication of hierarchical photothermal materials, not merely breaking through the constraints of solar-powered interfacial evaporation and clean water production, but also discovering new functions for photothermal interfacial deicing.     

3D Solar Evaporation Enhancement by Superhydrophilic Copper Foam Inverted Cone and Graphene Oxide Functionalization Synergistic Cooperation

Solar evaporation has become a promising and sustainable technique for harvesting freshwater from seawater and wastewater. However, the applicability and efficacy of solar evaporation need further improvement to achieve high production closer to theoretical limits in compact systems. A 3D (three-dimensional) hierarchical inverted conical solar evaporation is developed, which consists of a 3D copper foam skeleton cone decorated with micro-/nano-structures functionalized with graphene oxide, fabricated via easy and scalable wet oxidation, impregnation, and drying at room temperature. The proposed configuration empowers high-efficiency solar absorption, continuous liquid film spreading and transport, enhanced interfacial local evaporation, and rapid vapor diffusion through the pores. More notably, the 3D conical evaporator realizes thermal localization at the skeleton interface and allows evaporation to occur along the complete structure with unimpeded liquid and vapor rapid diffusion. The solar–thermal evaporation efficiency under 1-Sun is as high as 93% with a maximum evaporation rate per unit area of 1.71 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹. This work highlights the benefits of synergistic cooperation of an easily scalable 3D hierarchical functiomicro-/nano-structured copper foam skeletons and functionalized graphene oxide for high-efficient solar evaporation of interest to numerous applications.     

A 3D‐Structured Sustainable Solar‐Driven Steam Generator Using Super‐Black Nylon Flocking Materials

Solar‐driven evaporation is a promising way of using abundant solar energy for desalinating polluted water or seawater, which addresses the challenge of global fresh water scarcity. Cost‐effectiveness and durability are key factors for practical solar‐driven evaporation technology. The present cutting‐edge techniques mostly rely on costly and complex fabricated nanomaterials, such as metallic nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanoporous hydrogels, graphene, and graphene derivatives. Herein, a black nylon fiber (BNF) flocking board with a vertically aligned array prepared via a convenient electrostatic flocking technique is reported, presenting an extremely high solar absorbance (99.6%), a water self‐supply capability, and a unique salt self‐dissolution capability for seawater desalination. Through a carefully designed 3D structure, a plug‐in‐type BNF flocking board steam generator realizes a high evaporation rate of 2.09 kg m^?2 h^?1 under 1 kW m^?2 solar illumination, well beyond its corresponding upper limit of 1.50 kg m^?2 h^?1 (assuming 100% solar energy is being used for evaporation latent heat). With the advantages of high‐efficiency fabrication, cost‐effectiveness, high evaporation rate, and high endurance in seawater desalination, this 3D design provides a new strategy to build up an economic, sustainable, and rapid solar‐driven steam generation system.     

Multifunctional Polymer/Porous Boron Nitride Nanosheet Membranes for Superior Trapping Emulsified Oils and Organic Molecules

Effective oil/water separation and removal of organic molecules from water are of worldwide importance for water source protection. Multifunctional sorbent materials with excellent sorption capacity, stability, and recyclability properties need to be developed. Here, flexible and multifunctional polymer/porous boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) membranes with high water permeability, exhibiting high effectiveness and stability in the purification of simulated wastewater tainted with either oil/water emulsion or organic molecules, are reported. Remarkably, the flexible nature of these porous membranes enables simplicity of operation for water remediation processing and ease of post‐processing collection. The composite membrane also displays a remarkably high permeability of 8 × 10⁴ L μm m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹, roughly three orders of magnitude higher than pure polymer, and excellent filter efficiencies for the pharmaceuticals ciprofloxacin, chlortetracycline, and carbamazepine (up to 14.2 L g⁻¹ of BNNSs in the composite membrane for a concentration of 10 mg L⁻¹ ciprofloxacin) and the dye methylene blue (up to 9.3 L g⁻¹ of BNNSs in the composite membrane at a concentration of 30 mg L⁻¹). Exhausted membranes can be readily rejuvenated by simple washing with retention of their high‐performance characteristics. The results demonstrate the potential efficacy and practicality of these membranes for water cleaning.     

Incorporating Chaotropic/Kosmotropic Chemistries onto Plasmonic Nanoheater to Boost Steam Generation Beyond its Photothermal Property

Photothermal steam generation promises decentralized water purification, but current methods suffer from slow water evaporation even at high photothermal efficiency of ≈98%. This drawback arises from the high latent heat of vaporization that is required to overcome the strong and extensive hydrogen bonding network in water for steam generation. Here, light-to-vapor conversion is boosted by incorporating chaotropic/kosmotropic chemistries onto plasmonic nanoheater to manipulate water intermolecular network at the point-of-heating. The chaotropic-plasmonic nanoheater affords rapid light-to-vapor conversion (2.79 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ kW⁻¹) at ≈83% efficiency, with the steam generation rate up to 6-fold better than kosmotropic platforms or emerging photothermal designs. Notably, the chaotropic-plasmonic nanoheater also lowers the enthalpy of water vaporization by 1.6-fold when compared to bulk water, signifying that a correspondingly higher amount of steam can be generated with the same energy input. Simulation studies unveil chaotropic surface chemistry is crucial to disrupt water hydrogen bonding network and suppress the energy barrier for water evaporation. Using the chaotropic-plasmonic nanoheater, organic-polluted water is purified at ≈100% efficiency, a feat otherwise challenging in conventional treatments. This study offers a unique chemistry approach to boost light-driven steam generation beyond a material photothermal property.     

Experimental investigation of two phases evaporative heat transfer coefficient of carbon dioxide as a pure refrigerant and oil contaminated under forced flow conditions in small and large tube

The evaporative two-phase heat transfer coefficient of CO₂/oil contaminated as a refrigerant under forced flow conditions through a smooth horizontal tube was experimentally investigated. The experiments were carried out for two test sections of evaporators. The test sections were made of seamless precision steel tubes with a length of 1.12 m and two inner diameters of 4 and 10 mm to fulfill the influence of the evaporator geometry. Experimental parameters include mass fluxes varied from 90 to 750 (kg m⁻² s), heat flux ranged from 5 to 40 (kW m⁻²), evaporation temperatures changed from −10 to −35 °C, and the oil concentration is varied from 0.2 to 7 %. The results from the experiment are compared with those calculated from correlations reported in the literature. The results of this study are of technological importance for the efficient design of evaporators when systems are assigned to utilize CO₂ as a refrigerant.     

MOF‐Based Hierarchical Structures for Solar‐Thermal Clean Water Production

Solar‐thermal water evaporation, as a promising method for clean water production, has attracted increasing attention. However, solar water evaporators that exhibit both high water vapor generation ability and anti‐oil‐fouling ability have not been reported. Here, a unique metal–organic‐framework‐based hierarchical structure, referred to as MOF‐based hierarchical structure (MHS), is rationally designed and prepared, which simultaneously displays a high solar absorption and a superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic surface property. As a proof‐of‐concept application, a device prepared from the MHS can achieve a high solar‐thermal water evaporation rate of 1.50 kg m^?2 h^?1 under 1 sun illumination. Importantly, the MHS also possesses an excellent anti‐oil‐fouling property, ensuring its superior water evaporation performance even in oil‐contaminated water. The high solar‐thermal water evaporation rate and anti‐oil‐fouling property make the MHS a promising material for the solar‐thermal water production.     

Nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients of HFO1234yf on various enhanced surfaces

In this study, nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of HFO1234yf HFC134a are measured on a flat plain, Turbo-B, Turbo-C, and Thermoexcel-E surfaces. All data are taken at the liquid pool temperature of 7 °C on small flat horizontal square copper plates (9.53 mm × 9.53 mm) at heat fluxes from 10 kW m⁻² to 200 kW m⁻² with an interval of 10 kW m⁻². Test results show that nucleate boiling HTCs of HFO1234yf on all four surfaces are similar to those of HFC134a at all heat fluxes tested in this study. At heat fluxes below 150 kW m⁻², Thermoexcel-E surface shows the highest heat transfer performance and hence is the best surface for the manufacture of the evaporators in refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. On the other hand, at high heat fluxes above 150 kW m⁻², Turbo-B and Turbo-C show better heat transfer performance than Thermoexcel-E and hence are good for electronic cooling applications. Overall, HFO1234yf is a good long term candidate with excellent environmental properties to replace successfully HFC134a from the view point of pool boiling heat transfer. Hence HFO1234yf can be readily applied to the conventional evaporators designed for HFC134a.     

Efficient Fabrication of Micro/Nanostructured Polyethylene/Carbon Nanotubes Foam with Robust Superhydrophobicity,Excellent Photothermality,and Sufficient Adaptability for All-Weather Freshwater Harvesting

The integration of fog collection and solar-driven evaporation has great significance in addressing the challenge of the global freshwater crisis. Herein, a micro/nanostructured polyethylene/carbon nanotubes foam with interconnected open-cell structure (MN-PCG) is fabricated using an industrialized micro extrusion compression molding technology. The 3D surface micro/nanostructure provides sufficient nucleation points for tiny water droplets to harvest moisture from humid air and a fog harvesting efficiency of 1451 mg cm⁻² h⁻¹ is achieved at night. The homogeneously dispersed carbon nanotubes and the graphite oxide@carbon nanotubes coating endow the MN-PCG foam with excellent photothermal properties. Benefitting from the excellent photothermal property and sufficient steam escape channels, the MN-PCG foam attains a superior evaporation rate of 2.42 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under 1 Sun illumination. Consequently, a daily yield of ≈35 kg m⁻² is realized by the integration of fog collection and solar-driven evaporation. Moreover, the robust superhydrophobicity, acid/alkali tolerance, thermal resistance, and passive/active de-icing properties provide a guarantee for the long-term work of the MN-PCG foam during practical outdoor applications. The large-scale fabrication method for an all-weather freshwater harvester offers an excellent solution to address the global water scarcity.