陶瓷食品包装材料中铅、镉向真实食品的迁移研究

陶瓷食品包装容器中的有害重金属铅、镉向食品的迁移会造成食品污染进而危害消费者身体健康。本文通过制备含有铅、镉这两种重金属元素的陶瓷样品,使之分别在20℃和40℃的条件下与白酒、黄酒、醋和酸豆角汁这四种真实食品接触一定时间来研究这两种重金属的迁移行为。结果表明:铅、镉迁移量随着温度的升高而增加,并且迁移速率也与温度成正比;铅、镉的迁移量受食品的pH影响,pH越低,迁移量越高;铅的迁移量还与酒精度成反比,酒精度越高,铅的迁移量越少。      

陶瓷食品包装材料中铅、镉向真实食品的迁移研究

陶瓷食品包装容器中的有害重金属铅、镉向食品的迁移会造成食品污染进而危害消费者身体健康.本文通过制备含有铅、镉这两种重金属元素的陶瓷样品,使之分别在20℃和40℃的条件下与白酒、黄酒、醋和酸豆角汁这四种真实食品接触一定时间来研究这两种重金属的迁移行为.结果表明:铅、镉迁移量随着温度的升高而增加,并且迁移速率也与温度成正比;铅、镉的迁移量受食品的pH影响,pH越低,迁移量越高;铅的迁移量还与酒精度成反比,酒精度越高,铅的迁移量越少.     

Migration of iron,lead, cadmium and tin from tinplate-coated cans into chickpeas

Migration studies of trace metals were carried out on coated chickpea cans marketed in Lebanon. Four elements – iron (Fe), tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) – were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after microwave digestion. Over 3 months, three different storage temperatures (5°C, room temperature and 40°C) were tested. In all cases, the migration of Fe reached a plateau after around 50 days of storage, while the migration of Pb was slow till 50 days, then it increased rapidly. Cd and Sn levels did not increase. Moreover, no effect of temperature was observed in the case of Fe, whereas Pb levels showed slower migration in cans stored at 5°C. Comparing cans from different chickpea brands (Lebanese and foreign) showed that the characteristics of the container have an effect on metal release.     

Quantification of cadmium and lead in offal by SF-ICP-MS: Method development and uncertainty estimate

Offal of bovine, ovine and porcine are able to accumulate potentially toxic heavy metals, such as Cd and Pb, posing a risk for human health. For this reason, the Commission Regulation no. 466/2001 provided the maximum admitted levels for these metals in this kind of matrix (Cd, 500 ng g⁻¹ in all kinds of offal; Pb, 500 ng g⁻¹ in liver and 1000 ng g⁻¹ in kidney). A method based on sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for Cd and Pb quantification in calf liver was developed and further applied to offal of different animals. The uncertainty of measurements was calculated according to the Eurachem/Citac Guide. The method LoDs and LoQs were 3.5 and 11 ng g⁻¹ for Cd, and 2.0 and 6.0 ng g⁻¹ for Pb. The repeatability and the intra-laboratory reproducibility showed relative standard deviations equal to 2.25% and 1.99% for Cd and 1.49% and 6.55% for Pb. Relative expanded uncertainties at the mean value in calf liver were 4.74% for Cd and 13.8% for Pb. In Italian offal the following concentration intervals were found (in ng g⁻¹): (i) Cd: calf, from <3.5 in spleen and lung to 96.4 in kidney; lamb, <3.5 in all offal; pig, 114 in liver and (ii) Pb: calf, from 4.03 in lung to 31.8 in liver; lamb, from 4.71 in heart to 279 in liver; pig, 9.19 in liver.     

陶瓷制品铅镉迁移量食品安全国家标准对比分析研究

GB 4806.4-2016《食品安全国家标准陶瓷制品》已发布和正式实施。该标准为食品接触用陶瓷制品的国家强制性标准,因此国内生产与销售的该类陶瓷制品,都必须符合GB 4806.4标准的要求。该标准基于食品接触用陶瓷制品相关标准清理的研究,整合了铅、镉迁移量食品安全卫生指标,新增了检验技术方法,全面替代了以往针对日用陶瓷器的铅、镉溶出量限制标准,如GB 12651-2003《与食品接触的陶瓷制品铅、镉溶出量的允许极限》、GB 13121-1991《陶瓷食具容器卫生标准》、GB 14147-1993《陶瓷包装容器铅、镉溶出量的允许极限》和GB 8058-2003《陶瓷烹调器铅、镉溶出量的允许极限和检测方法》等国家标准,形成了一套相对完整的陶瓷制品食品安全国家标准体系。本研究对比了陶瓷制品铅、镉迁移量食品安全国家标准和已被替代的国家标准,采用能力验证试验对标准陶瓷样品和市场陶瓷制品进行对比测试分析研究,并对新旧标准进行对比评价,以便于检验监管部门和消费者更好地理解与应用。     

Determination of lead and cadmium content in sausages from Iran

The contents of lead and cadmium in five major brands of six types of cooked beef sausages consumed in Iran were determined by a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS) after hydrogen peroxide/nitric acid digestion. The metal content in the samples, expressed in µg?kg^?1 wet weight, varied from 24.0 to 158.7 with an average of 53.5 for lead and from 2.2 to 13.5 with an average of 5.7 for cadmium. The highest lead and cadmium concentrations were obtained from a German sausage (158.7?µg?kg^?1; brand B) and hot dog (13.5?µg?kg^?1; brand D), respectively. The results indicate that the sausages from Iran have concentrations below the permitted levels for these heavy metals. The daily dietary intakes and the percentage contribution of the two considered metals to the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) were calculated for sausages.     

日用陶瓷制品铅、镉迁移限量的变迁及国内外限量对比分析

日用陶瓷制品的重金属铅、镉迁移量一直是陶瓷产品关注的重点。在日用陶瓷产品标准中也给出了限量要求, 并不断地进行了修订, 特别是近年来, 国家对食品及相关产品质量安全高度重视, 对陶瓷制品的铅、镉迁移量做出了重新整合和制订。本文总结了国内关于陶瓷制品铅、镉迁移限量的变迁, 回顾了国内对陶瓷产品质量不断提升的历程, 对比分析了国外主要相关标准的限量, 确定了我国目前陶瓷制品的铅、镉限量所处的水平, 阐述了新标准的实施的要点。     

皮革中铅镉含量的测定

试样用硝酸镁助灰干法消解 ,火焰原子吸收法测定皮革中铅、镉含量。铅、镉相对标准偏差分别为 :8.3% ,11.6 % ;加标回收率分别为 :84 .2 % - 93.5 % ,88.2 % - 91.3%。     

Rapid removal of lead and cadmium from water by specific lactic acid bacteria

Cadmium and lead are highly toxic metals. People are exposed to them primarily through food and water. Available conventional methods (precipitation, flocculation, ion exchange, and membrane filtration) for removal of these metals from water at low concentrations are claimed to be expensive and inefficient. Different microbes have been proposed to be an efficient and economical alternative in heavy metal removal from water. In this work, specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were assessed for their ability to remove cadmium and lead from water. Significant removal was observed, and it was found to be metal and bacterial strain specific. Removal was a fast, metabolism-independent surface process. It was also strongly influenced by pH, indicating that ion exchange mechanisms could be involved. The most effective metal removers were Bifidobacterium longum 46, Lactobacillus fermentum ME3 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12. The highest maximum cadmium and lead removal capacities of 54.7 mg metal/g and 175.7 mg/g dry biomass, respectively, were obtained with B. longum 46.     

陶瓷片密封水嘴铅析出量超标原因分析

目的研究某品牌陶瓷片密封水嘴铅析出量超标的主要因素。方法将水嘴样品按不同材质拆解成部件,采用X射线荧光光谱(X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, XRF)对部件中铅含量进行快速筛查,将筛查出的铅含量高的部件消解,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(inductivelycoupledplasmaopticalemission spectrometery, ICP-OES)测定其中铅含量。通过测定铅含量高部件的铅析出量,对水嘴铅析出量超标原因进行了深入分析。结果 XRF筛查试验结果表明进水软管铜接头和进水软管橡胶管是铅含量高部件,ICP-OES测试对这一结果进行了确证。进水软管橡胶管铅析出量高于进水软管铜接头。结论推测认为进水软管橡胶管中的铅是引起该产品铅析出超标的主要原因。     

江西赣南地区脐橙中镉、铬、铅的测定

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了江西赣南地区脐橙的根、枝、叶、皮及果实中镉、铬、铅等元素,采用微波消解,直接测定.其方法检出限低,准确度好.为进一步研究脐橙与镉、铬、铅关系,提供了很好的分析方法和信息.     

铅和镉对牦牛肾脏细胞的影响

为了揭示牦牛肾脏细胞在重金属胁迫下的毒理性影响,在培养出的肾脏细胞中加入不同浓度的重金属离子铅（Pb²+）和镉（Cd²+）,提取总RNA,在逆转录酶的作用下生成c DNA,利用实时荧光定量技术检测牦牛肾脏细胞中金属硫蛋白mRNA的相对表达量。结果显示,将牦牛肾脏细胞中加入重金属浓度为0μmol/L的值设定为对照组,2^-ΔΔCt值设为1时,加入重金属铅的不同浓度0、5、10、20、30μmol/L的样品相对定量五种不同浓度的样品的2^-ΔΔCt分别为0.489、0.603、0.796、3.031;添加镉的五种不同浓度的样品的2^-ΔΔCt分别为5.280、3.530、8.110、11.630。通过差异性显著分析得出当重金属离子铅（Pb²+）和镉（Cd²+）添加10μmol/L时对肾脏细胞的生长有明显的抑制作用,相应的金属硫蛋白mRNA表达量较高,通过mRNA相对表达量的比较得出重金属镉的毒性比铅强,当重金属的添加量比较低时,重金属离子通过结合MT降低对肾脏细胞的毒害作用。      

Contamination of foods and feeding stuffs from selected areas of the Erfurt district with lead and cadmium. I. Determination of lead and cadmium in vegetable material by inverse voltammetry

An inverse voltammetric method is used for determining the trace elements lead and cadmium in vegetable foods and feeding stuffs. The organic meterials are mineralized by nitric acid vapour and, in the second stage, with the addition of perchloric acid. The procedure is very sensitive and suited for routine work. The detection limits are: 0.66 ng/ml for lead, and 0.30 ng/ml for cadmium. The error of the method is: VPb = 20.5% and VCd = 28.6%. The respective recoveries of amounts of lead and cadmium added to the samples prior to digestion were: 102.0 +/- 10.8% and 101.6 +/- 11.4%.     

Mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium in fish and shellfish from the Adriatic Sea

The aim was to measure concentrations of total mercury, total arsenic, lead and cadmium in common edible fresh fish and shellfish from various areas of the Adriatic Sea. Estimates of intake of these elements were made through seafood consumption by the general population. Samples were either wet digested for mercury and arsenic, or dry ashed for lead and cadmium analysis. Mercury was measured by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV AAS) and arsenic, lead and cadmium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET AAS). Quality control procedures of analytical methods, which included analyses of dogfish muscle-certified reference material DORM-2, confirmed the acceptability of methods. The highest mercury and arsenic concentrations were found in hake ( Merluccius merluccius ) and the lowest in mackerel ( Scomber scombrus ). The respective values in hake were 0.373 ±0.075 and 23.3 ±3.6, and in mackerel 0.153 ±0.028 and 1.06 ±0.29 mg kg -1 fresh weight (mean ±SD). Lead and cadmium concentrations were about 10 times higher in shellfish than in analysed fish. The highest lead and cadmium concentrations were found in mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) and the lowest in hake. Respective lead and cadmium values in mussel were 0.150 ±0.009 and 0.142 ±0.017, and in hake were 0.007 ±0.004 and 0.002 ±0.001 mg kg -1 fresh weight. The concentrations of analysed elements were below acceptable levels for human consumption set by the Croatian Ministry of Health, except for total arsenic. The estimated intake of those trace elements included in this study through seafood consumption by the general population did not exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.     

Mercury,cadmium and lead content of canned tuna fish

Mercury levels in canned tuna fish were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry while cadmium and lead levels were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metal contents in the samples, expressed in μg g⁻¹ wet weight, varied from 0.20 to 0.66 with an average value of 0.29 for mercury, from 0.09 to 0.32 with an average value of 0.18 for cadmium and from 0.18 to 0.40 with an average value of 0.28 for lead. The results of this study indicate that tuna fish from the Mediterranean coast of Libya have concentrations well below the permissible levels for these toxic metals. Their contribution to the body burden can therefore be considered negligible.     

Concentrations of cadmium and lead in different types of milk

 Concentrations of Pb and Cd were determined in samples of human, raw and pasteurized cow's and goat's milk and powdered infant formula. The following mean Cd concentrations (and ranges) were recorded: in human milk, 2.70 μg/l (0.6–11.3, n=55); in raw cow's milk, 4.88 μg/l (0.7–23.1, n=47); in pasteurized cow's milk, 4.30 μg/l (3.4–5.9, n=6); in goat's milk, 7.81 μg/l (1.0–18.4, n=38); and in powdered, infant formula, 3.81 μg/l (3.4–4.1, n=5). The concentrations (and ranges) of Pb were: in human milk, 8.34 μg/l (0.1–32.3, n=55); in raw cow's milk, 14.82 μg/l (1.3–39.1, n=28); in pasteurized cow's milk, 10.25 μg/l (6.9–19.6, n=6); in goat's milk, 11.86 μg/l (0.4–38.5, n=36); and in powdered, infant formula, 8.30 μg/l (5.1–10.6, n=5). Our data were within the normal ranges for each kind of milk. The Cd and Pb concentrations in goat's milk were significantly higher than the concentrations observed in the other milks, whereas human milk and powdered infant formula presented the lowest Cd and Pb concentrations. A considerable decrease in the concentration of Cd with the stage of lactation was observed. The concentrations of Cd and Pb in human, cow's and goat's milk also varied according to the time of year. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in the different milks did not present any risk to human health (infants or adults). Received: 26 May 1998     

2006—2011年广州市猪内脏铅、镉污染状况分析

目的 分析2006-2011年广州市猪内脏重金属铅、镉污染状况.方法 采取分层随机抽样方法,于2006-2011年在全市12个行政区域内的超市、农贸市场等监测点,采集猪内脏样品共235份,其中包括44份猪肺、103份猪肝以及88份猪肾.用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测铅、镉含量.利用卡方检验和Pearson相关分析进行统计分析.结果 2006-2011年广州市猪内脏铅的检出范围为0.01 ～2.45 mg/kg,均值为0.09 mg/kg,中位数为0.06 mg/kg,合格率99.1％;镉的检出范围为0.001～ 5.232 mg/kg,均值为0.161 mg/kg,中位数为0.036 mg/kg,合格率97.4％.肾脏镉的合格率明显低于其他类型内脏的合格率(x2=4.83,P=0.02).6年的监测数据中,铅的合格率差异无统计学意义;镉的合格率以2006年最低,合格率有逐年增高的趋势.结论 广州市猪内脏中以肾脏镉污染比较严重,值得引起重视并加强食品安全风险监测与监督.     

Uptake of lead, cadmium and mercury by cultivated mushrooms

It is reported of the uptake of lead, cadmium and mercury by cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) from lead, cadmium and mercury-containing substrates. Cd and Hg were observed to accumulate significantly via the mycelium, whereas Pb accumulated scarely, even if the Pb contents in the substrate were high. High lead concentrations in wild mushrooms, therefore, are likely to be mainly due to emissions; whereas, with Cd and Hg, uptake from the soil must also be considered.     

Levels of lead,arsenic, mercury and cadmium in clays for oral use on the Dutch market and estimation of associated risks

Pregnant women in Africa, Asia and Suriname, and some immigrants in Western societies, traditionally consume clay products known by a variety of names such as mabele, calabash chalk, sikor and pimba. Furthermore, clay is used for health purposes in Western societies. Because certain clays can contain high levels of metals and metalloids, the aim of this study was to determine lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium in clay products for oral use available on the Dutch market. Traditional clays originating from Africa (n = 10) and Suriname (n = 26), and health clays (n = 27) were sampled from 2004 up to and including 2012. Total metal and metalloid contents were measured by ICP-MS and showed maximum levels of lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium of 99.7, 45.1, 2.2 and 0.75 mg kg^–1, respectively. In the absence of maximum limits for these type of clays, the potential exposure was estimated from the determined concentration, the estimated daily use level of the clays, and the estimated bioaccessibility of the different metals and arsenic. The intake estimates were compared with existing health-based guidance values. For lead, the use of 34 of the 36 traditional clays and two of the 27 health clays would result in intake levels exceeding the toxicological limit by up to 20-fold. Use of 15 of the 35 traditional clays and 11 of the 27 health clays would result in intake levels exceeding the toxicological limit for inorganic arsenic by up to 19-fold. Although limited bioaccessibility from the clay may limit the exposure and exceedance of the health-based guidance values, it was concluded that lead and arsenic intakes from some clay products could be of concern also because of their use by pregnant women and the potential developmental toxicity. As a result the use of these products, especially by pregnant women, should be discouraged.