MIMO GS OVSF/OFDM Based Underwater Acoustic Multimedia Communication Scheme

An underwater acoustic multimedia communication (UWAMC) system is proposed with 2400 transmission modes according to time-varying multipath underwater acoustic (UWA) channel conditions. The orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) scheme and Gold sequence (GS) scramble code are integrated into multi-input multi-output UWAMC system based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing to achieve the quality of service of multimedia transmission in the UWA channel. Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) adaptive modulation, direct mapping (DM) or space–time block code (STBC) transmission strategies, convolution channel code with rate 1/2 and 1/3, and a power assignment mechanism were adopted in the proposed system. Simulation results show that the bit error rate (BER) and power saving ratio (PSR) performance of the STBC strategy with transmission diversity is superior to that of the DM strategy without transmission diversity, and the performance of the BERs and PSRs of the transmission scheme with the GS scramble code surpasses that of the scheme without the code. The performance of the BERs and PSRs of BPSK modulation with a channel code rate of 1/3 is better than that of BPSK modulation with a channel code rate of 1/2, and the performances of BERs and PSRs of BPSK modulation with a channel code rate of 1/3 are better than that of QPSK modulation with a channel code rate of 1/3. As the length of the OVSF codes increases, the UWAMC system’s BERs decrease, and its PSRs increase. The UWAMC system can achieve either maximum transmission speed or maximum transmission power efficiency.     

A new optimized least-square sparse channel estimation scheme for underwater acoustic communication

In underwater acoustic (UWA) communication, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising technology that is highly essential to get channel state information meant for channel estimation (CE). Nevertheless, higher complexity, slower convergence, and poor performance, which degrade the performance estimation, are the limitations of the traditional CE methodologies. Thus, by amalgamating the least square (LS)-CE algorithm along with polynomial interpolated black widow optimization (PI-BWO) model, an optimized least square sparse (OLSS) CE algorithm has been proposed to intend for a UWA-OFDM communication system. Formerly, by utilizing the 2's complement shift left turbo encoding (2CSL-TE) methodology, the input signal is encoded. After that, the modulated encoded signal is provided for inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operations; subsequently, they are transferred over the UWA channel toward the receiver OFDM. By employing the OLSS methodology, the received OFDM signal's interference-free region is utilized for sparse CE at the receiver. Regarding symbol error rate (SER), bit error rate (BER), mean square error (MSE), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), the proposed model's experiential outcome is evaluated and analogized with the other prevailing methodologies. When analogized with the conventional models, the proposed estimation methodologies achieved better performance.     

Time-Domain Block and Per-Tone Equalization for MIMO–OFDM in Shallow Underwater Acoustic Communication

Shallow underwater acoustic (UWA) channel exhibits rapid temporal variations, extensive multipath spreads, and severe frequency-dependent attenuations. So, high data rate communication with high spectral efficiency in this challenging medium requires efficient system design. Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO–OFDM) is a promising solution for reliable transmission over highly dispersive channels. In this paper, we study the equalization of shallow UWA channels when a MIMO–OFDM transmission scheme is used. We address simultaneously the long multipath spread and rapid temporal variations of the channel. These features lead to interblock interference (IBI) along with intercarrier interference (ICI), thereby degrading the system performance. We describe the underwater channel using a general basis expansion model (BEM), and propose time-domain block equalization techniques to jointly eliminate the IBI and ICI. The block equalizers are derived based on minimum mean-square error and zero-forcing criteria. We also develop a novel approach to design two time-domain per-tone equalizers, which minimize bit error rate or mean-square error in each subcarrier. We simulate a typical shallow UWA channel to demonstrate the desirable performance of the proposed equalization techniques in Rayleigh and Rician fading channels.     

Performance enhancement of UWA‐OFDM communication systems based on FWHT

The available bandwidth of underwater environment tends to several kilohertz, which considers the main challenges of communications under sea water. On the other hand, the bit‐error‐rate (BER) performance degrades because of several reasons such as multipath propagation, time variabilities of the channel, attenuation, and water temperature. In this paper, we aim to improve the underwater acoustic (UWA) BER system performance by using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based on fast Walsh‐Hadamard transform (FWHT) instead off fast Fourier transform (FFT). We proposed a low‐complexity equalization and carrier frequency offset (CFO) compensation for UWA‐OFDM–based FWHT using banded‐matrix approximation concept. Simulation results show that the UWA‐OFDM–based FWHT with low‐density parity check (LDPC) codes give a good improvement performance compared with traditional OFDM in UWA system especially in case of estimation errors.     

Adaptive predistortion of COFDM signals for a mobile satellite channel

In this paper, we consider the optimization of the performance of QPSK and 16‐QAM coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM) signals over the non‐linear and mobile satellite channel. A high power amplifier and Rician flat fading channel produces non‐linear and linear distortions; an adaptive predistortion technique combined with turbo codes will reduce both types of distortion. The predistorter is based on a feedforward neural network, with the coefficients being derived using an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The conventional turbo code is used to mitigate Rician flat fading distortion and Gaussian noise. The performance over a non‐linear satellite channel indicates that QPSK COFDM followed by a predistorter provides a gain of about 1.7 dB at a BER of 3×10^?3 when compared to QPSK COFDM without the predistortion scheme and 16‐QAM COFDM provides a gain of 0.5 dB output back‐off and 1.2 dB signal to noise ratio at a BER of 3×10^?5 when compared with an adaptive predistorter based on the Harmmerstein model. We also investigate the influence of the guard time interval and Doppler frequency effect on the BER performance. When the guard interval increases from 0 to 0.125T samples and the normalized Doppler frequency is 0.001, there is a gain of 0.7 and 1 dB signal to noise ratio at a BER of 6×10^?4 for QPSK and 16‐QAM COFDM, respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Underwater Acoustic Multimedia Communication Based on MIMO–OFDM

A transmission scheme is proposed based on multi-input multi-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) for underwater acoustic multimedia (UWAM) communication. The proposed scheme integrates direct mapping and space-time block code strategies, a power assignment mechanism, OFDM, adaptive modulation, and unequal error protection in a UWAM system. The proposed UWAM system employs high power, low speed modulation, with schemes providing significant error protection for transmission of sensor data messages requiring a stringent bit-error rate (BER). In contrast, low power, high speed modulation schemes with reduced error protection are provided for messages that can tolerate a high BER, such as image and audio signals. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme not only fulfils the quality of services requirements of a UWAM system, but also maximizes transmission bit rates or minimizes transmission power requirements.     

Performance analysis of visible light communication using the STBC-OFDM technique for intelligent transportation systems

Visible light communication (VLC) applied in an intelligent transportation system (ITS) has attracted growing attentions, but it also faces challenges, for example deep path loss and optical multi-path dispersion. In this work, we modelled an actual outdoor optical channel as a Rician channel and further proposed space-time block coding (STBC) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) technology to reduce the influence of severe optical multi-path dispersion associated with such a mock channel for achieving the effective BER of 10^?6 even at a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this case, the optical signals transmission distance can be extended as long as possible. Through the simulation results of STBC-OFDM and single-input-single-output (SISO) counterparts in bit error rate (BER) performance comparison, we can distinctly observe that the VLC–ITS system using STBC-OFDM technique can obtain a strongly improved BER performance due to multi-path dispersion alleviation.     

一种改进的OFDM载波干扰自消除算法

OFDM系统因采用正交子载波技术使得对频率偏移非常敏感,尤其是当频率偏移较大时,误码率性能严重恶化.在分析由Zhao等提出的ICI自消除算法及其改进算法的基础上,提出一种收发端权重因子联合优化算法,该算法极大地提高了OFDM系统的载干比(CIR,carrier-to-interference power ratio)性能.仿真表明,该算法不仅实现简单,而且在频率偏移较大时仍然具有很好的性能.     

Research on the transmission performance of turbo codes in DDO-OFDM system

With the rapid development of optical elements with large capacity and high speed,the network architecture is of great importance in determing the performance of wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network(WDM-PON).This paper proposes a switching structure based on the tunable wavelength converter(TWC)and the arrayed-waveguide grating(AWG)for WDM-PON,in order to provide the function of opitcal virtual private network(OVPN).Using the tunable wavelength converter technology,this switch structure is designed and works between the optical line terminal(OLT)and optical network units(ONUs)in the WDM-PON system.Moreover,the wavelength assignment of upstream/downstream can be realized and direct communication between ONUs is also allowed by privite wavelength channel.Simulation results show that the proposed TWC and AWG based switching structure is able to achieve OVPN function and to gain better performances in terms of bite error rate(BER)and time delay.     

基于极化码的无线光通信副载波误码性能分析

提出了一种基于极化码的无线光信道副载波调制方法,给出了极化编译码的具体算法过程,并将其应用于无线光通信系统。在不同大气湍流强度下,对系统的差错性能进行了仿真分析,其重对基于极化码的二相相移键控和四相相移键控两种调制方法的误码率进行了对比,结果表明,采用极化码的副载波二相相移键控调制系统的性能优于四相相移键控系统。最后,实验比较分析了极化编码前后副载波调制系统的误比特率,结果表明,在无线光通信大气湍流信道模型下,采用副载波极化码编码调制技术可使误码率性能改善一个量级。     

Weighting Factor Estimation Method for Peak Power Reduction Based on Adaptive Flipping of Parity Bits in Turbo-Coded OFDM Systems

In this paper, we propose a weighting factor (WF) estimation method for peak power reduction (PPR) based on adaptive flipping of parity carriers in a turbo-coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system. In this PPR scheme, the peak-to-average power ratio of a turbo-coded OFDM signal is reduced with adaptive flipping of the phase of the parity carriers corresponding to the WFs. At the receiver, the WFs are estimated at a turbo decoder by exploiting the redundancy of an error-correcting code using no extra side information. The proposed WF estimation method is based on an iterative decoding of the turbo code, i.e., the turbo decoder provides not only error correction capability but the WF estimation function as well. When the proposed WF estimation method is used for the system using a turbo code with constraint length $K = 4$ and a code rate of $R = 1/2$, the instantaneous power of the OFDM signal at the complementary cumulative distribution function of $10^{-4}$ can be reduced by about 2.1 dB through the application of the PPR scheme. When the bit error rate (BER) performance is evaluated as a function of the peak signal-to-noise power ratio (PSNR), the proposed method achieves better BER performance than the case without the PPR in an attenuated 12-path Rayleigh fading condition. The improvements in BER performance as a function of PSNR are about 1.1, 2.0, and 2.1 dB at $hbox{BER} = 10^{-4}$ for turbo-coded OFDM signals using QPSK, 16-state quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and 64-state QAM schemes, respectively.      

基对称扩展信道极化算法及其在OFDM水声通信系统中的应用

针对水声通信系统中低密度校验 (Low Density Parity Check, LDPC) 码存在的译码复杂度高和译码错误平层问题,设计了基于极化码编码的水声通信系统,并针对水声信道的极化问题提出了新的基对称扩展极化权重 (Polarization Weight, PW)信道极化法。该算法通过PW高阶基计算各个子信道的极化权重,实现了独立于信道状态的信道极化,解决了传统Polar码编码稳健性差和依赖信道状态的问题。理论研究和仿真结果表明,与传统信道极化方法相比,改进的PW方法具有更稳定的信道极化结果。将该方法应用于正交频分复用 (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM) 水声通信系统中,与现有的LDPC编码方法相比,基于改进的PW极化码具有更低的通信误码率和译码复杂度,且不存在译码错误平层。      

Low-Complexity Block Turbo Equalization for OFDM Systems in Time-Varying Channels

We propose low-complexity block turbo equalizers for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in time-varying channels. The presented work is based on a soft minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) block linear equalizer (BLE) that exploits the banded structure of the frequency-domain channel matrix, as well as a receiver window that enforces this banded structure. This equalization approach allows us to implement the proposed designs with a complexity that is only linear in the number of subcarriers. Three block turbo equalizers are discussed: two are based on a biased MMSE criterion, while the third is based on the unbiased MMSE criterion. Simulation results show that the proposed iterative MMSE BLE achieves a better bit error rate (BER) performance than a previously proposed iterative MMSE serial linear equalizer (SLE). The proposed equalization algorithms are also tested in the presence of channel estimation errors.      

基于双模turbo码的自由空间光通信系统特性分析

在自由空间光通信(FSO)系统中,大气信道的信噪比(SNR)特性对系统的通信性能影响很大,提出了双模turbo码的编码方案.从研究大气对自由空间光通信系统的影响出发,在分析了大气信道特性后建立了大气信道信噪比和能见度的关系,详细阐述了双模turbo码的编码、译码原理.应用建立的大气信道的信噪比关系,仿真分析了大气信道的信噪比和大气能见度的关系和两种编码条件下自由空间光通信系统的误码率(BER).结果表明,对于一个实用的无线光通信系统,在要求系统的误码率低于10-5时,基于双模turbo码的系统所要求的信道信噪比比基于普通turbo码的系统的要求低1 dB.因此在相同的信噪比条件下,相对于普通turbo码,双模turbo码能有效降低系统的误码率.     

基于三级调制的多带OFDM-UWB多址算法

根据多带OFDM-UWB通信系统的特点，提出一种基于三级调制的多带OFDM-UWB多址算法—TSM-MA算法。该算法通过MC-CDMA、OFDMA与FHMA技术的融合，实现多种技术的优势互补，减少了多用户间的干扰，充分利用了各子载波的可用资源。为了降低接收机的复杂度，TSM-MA算法采用了二级扩频与二级跳频的机制。结果表明，TSM-MA算法的多址性能要明显优于时频多址算法的性能，可以改善系统信噪比3dB左右，并且在接收机的复杂度方面也有一定的优势。     

Efficient coding techniques for ADO-OFDM in IM/DD systems

Optical wireless communication (OWC) is an age-long technology, which is based on optical data transmission through free space, and it can be implemented in both indoor and outdoor applications. Asymmetrically clipped DC-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ADO-OFDM) is a modulation scheme that can be utilized in indoor OWC systems. It is based on transmitting DC-biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) for even-frequency subcarriers and asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) for odd-frequency subcarriers. The ADO-OFDM exhibits better optical power performance than those of the conventional ACO-OFDM and DCO-OFDM. The main disadvantage of ADO-OFDM is the clipping noise, which mainly affects the even subcarriers. So, in this paper, convolutional and turbo coding techniques are investigated to improve the bit error rate performance of the ADO-OFDM over Additive white Gaussian noise and diffuse channels. Simulation results show that the proposed coded ADO-OFDM using convolutional and turbo coding techniques achieves significantly lower BERs compared to that of the uncoded ADO-OFDM. In addition, turbo-coded ADO-OFDM gives the best BER performance.     

Two Novel Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems by Time-Domain Cluster Discriminant Analysis Based on Parametric Channel Modeling

In this paper, we describe two novel channel estimation technologies for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing mobile communication systems using cluster discriminant analysis for sparse multipath channels. The least-squares estimator has a merit of low complexity and simple structure; however one of its drawbacks is that it does not take into consideration the effect of noise. Conventional DFT-based channel estimator improved its performance by suppressing time domain noise, but it does not completely suppress the noise. In order to overcome this disadvantage, we propose two novel channel estimation algorithms for Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems based on cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. The cluster analysis can be used to cluster residual noise. Discriminant analysis can distinguish the noise and channel taps in time domain. Computer simulation demonstrates the performance of the proposed algorithms in terms of bit error rate and mean square error performance.     

MIMO-OFDM信道估计仿真实现

正交频分复用（OFDM）可以有效地将频率选择性衰落信道转化成多个并行平坦衰落信道,从而大大提高传输效率。多输入多输出正交频分复用（MIMO-OFDM）技术可以大幅度地提高无线通信系统的信道容量与传输速率,其信道估计精度对系统性能有着直接的影响。研究了基于导频插入的SISO-OFDM和MIMO-OFDM最小二乘法估计（LS）信道估计方法。采用广义平稳非相关散射下的多径时变瑞利信道模型,对各个算法进行了仿真试验,得出不同算法下信道估计的误比特曲线,比较了各个算法的性能。仿真结果表明：MIMO-OFDMLS算法在误码率性能上优于SISO-OFDM。     

Turbo Coded OFDM for Reducing PAPR and Error Rates

A selective-mapping (SLM) scheme which does not require the transmission of side information and can reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) in turbo coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed. The candidates of the proposed SLM are respectively generated by a turbo encoder using various interleavers. The waiver of side information can avoid the degradation of error rate performance which results from the incorrect recovery of side information at receiver in the conventional SLM OFDM system.     

水声通信中脉冲干扰和载波频偏联合估计算法的研究

脉冲噪声和载波频率偏移严重影响正交频分复用(OFDM)水声通信系统性能。本文提出了基于稀疏贝叶斯学习(SBL)理论联合脉冲干扰和载波频偏估计算法。该算法在每次迭代中首先依据所有载波和频域信号的后验分布得到脉冲噪声最小均方误差(MMSE)估计值,然后根据该值估计出相应的载波频偏并对接收信号进行补偿,以降低脉冲噪声和载波频偏之间的相互影响。仿真结果表明,与已有分步估计算法相比较,新方法有效的降低了系统误比特率(BER),且该联合算法在非高斯背景下具有更好的稳定性。