三维地质建模技术在油田基础地质研究中的应用

基于钻井资料的三维地质建模技术,通过在留楚油田建立精细的三维地质模型,使油藏研究达 到较高的精确性。在建模过程中,将三维建模软件特有的技术手段与基础地质研究相结合,在构造精细 落实、地层精细对比等基础地质研究方面发挥重要作用,解决了许多通过常规方法难以解决的问题。精 细地质模型在C2020井开发措施调整及C2945井注采关系分析等方面取得了良好的效果。由于三 维地质模型是地质体的一种数字化表述,因此,它还在数字化油藏方面起到了重要作用。     

Framework system and research flow of uncertainty in 3D geological structure models

Uncertainty in 3D geological structure models has become a bottleneck that restricts the development and application of 3D geological modeling.In order to solve this problem during periods of accuracy assessment,error detection and dynamic correction in 3D geological structure models,we have reviewed the current situation and development trends in 3D geological modeling.The main context of uncertainty in 3D geological structure models is discussed.Major research issues and a general framework system of uncertainty in 3D geological structure models are proposed.We have described in detail the integration of development practices of 3D geological modeling systems,as well as the implementation process for uncertainty evaluation in 3D geological structure models.This study has laid the basis to build theoretical and methodological systems for accuracy assessment and error correction in 3D geological models and can assist in improving 3D modeling techniques under complex geological conditions,     

水利水电工程3维地质建模系统一体化设计

针对水利水电三维地质建模软件在地质信息数据库与建模系统分离的弱点,提出结合三维地质数据库与三维建模软件交互设计的方法,并在CATIA软件上开发了适用于水利水电工程的三维地质建模平台。利用Microsoft SQL 8.0软件建立了三维地质建模数据库,能实现数据录入、查询、删除、EXCEL模版导入导出等功能,利用Visual Basic.net软件搭建了三维地质建模平台,包括三维地质建模中所需的覆盖层、地质层、水文层、模型分析等基本模块,并将三维地质建模数据库嵌入到三维地质建模平台中,实现钻孔数据导入、虚拟钻孔、以及三维地质模型的任意剖切出图等功能。实现了三维地质建模数据库与三维建模平台一体化的设计理念。     

An automatic unified modeling method of geological object and engineering object based on tri-prism(TP)

For the interaction relation between geological object and engineering object in some fields related to water conservancy and hydropower, a unified modeling idea was proposed. On the basis of summarizing both advantages and disadvantages of existing modeling methods, an automatic unified modeling method of both engineering and geological objects based on tri-prism(TP) model was presented. Through the lossless correction algorithm of deviated drill holes contained in this method, the real deviated drill holes could be corrected into the equivalent virtual vertical ones. And the correction accuracy fully meets the requirements of unified modeling. With the virtual vertical drilling data, TIN construction of both cover layer and other stratums would be built in order to obtain the 3D geological model. Then, the engineering design data would be introduced into the 3D geological model for achieving unified modeling. For this process, the volume subdividing and restructuring principles were introduced to deal with the spatial relationships between engineering object and geological object. In order to improve the efficiency of unified modeling, the reconstruction of TIN based on constraint information was also applied in this method. At last, the feasibility and validation of the unified modeling method as well as its relevant key algorithms were verified by specific experiments and analysis of results.     

An Approach to Computer Modeling of Geological Faults in 3D and an Application

3D geological modeling, one of the most important applications in geosciences of 3D GIS, forms the basis and is a prerequisite for visualized representation and analysis of 3D geological data. Computer modeling of geological faults in 3D is currently a topical research area. Structural modeling techniques of complex geological entities containing reverse faults are discussed and a series of approaches are proposed. The geological concepts involved in computer modeling and visualization of geological fault in 3D are explained, the type of data of geological faults based on geological exploration is analyzed, and a normative database format for geological faults is designed. Two kinds of modeling approaches for faults are compared： a modeling technique of faults based on stratum recovery and a modeling technique of faults based on interpolation in subareas. A novel approach, called the Unified Modeling Technique for stratum and fault, is presented to solve the puzzling problems of reverse faults, syn-sedimentary faults and faults terminated within geological models. A case study of a fault model of bed rock in the Beijing Olympic Green District is presented in order to show the practical result of this method. The principle and the process of computer modeling of geological faults in 3D are discussed and a series of applied technical proposals established. It strengthens our profound comprehension of geological phenomena and the modeling approach, and establishes the basic techniques of 3D geological modeling for practical applications in the field of geosciences.     

面向复杂体型建筑物的无人机倾斜摄影航线规划研究

为解决复杂体型建筑物存在拍摄盲区较多、影像采集分辨率差异较大而导致建模效果差的问题,本文提出一种无人机立体环绕式摄影与精细化建模方法.选用单镜头小型多旋翼无人机,根据复杂建筑物外观形态,设计出立体环绕式的影像采集航线,再将获取影像导入Context Capture软件进行分析和处理并完成模型建立,最后针对三维模型存在纹理缺失及模糊拉花等问题,使用DP-Modeler和3ds Max对模型进行联动修饰.以某公园内两相邻建筑物为研究对象,分别采用本文方法与传统无人机倾斜摄影方法,从建模效率、模型精度和纹理细节3方面进行对比实验.结果表明,本文方法具有建模效率高、精度高和纹理丰富的优点,提升了复杂体型建筑物建模的质量和效率,联动修饰解决了影像采集过程中信息缺失的问题,可以显著提升模型细节质量.     

3D integrated modeling approach to geo-engineering objects of hydraulic and hydroelectric projects

Aiming at 3D modeling and analyzing problems of hydraulic and hydroelectric en-gineering geology,a complete scheme of solution is presented. The first basis was NURBS-TIN-BRep hybrid data structure. Then,according to the classified thought of the object-oriented technique,the different 3D models of geological and engi-neering objects were realized based on the data structure,including terrain class,strata class,fault class,and limit class;and the modeling mechanism was alterna-tive. Finally,the 3D integrated model was established by Boolean operations be-tween 3D geological objects and engineering objects. On the basis of the 3D model,a series of applied analysis techniques of hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering geology were illustrated. They include the visual modeling of rock-mass quality classification,the arbitrary slicing analysis of the 3D model,the geological analysis of the dam,and underground engineering. They provide powerful theoretical prin-ciples and technical measures for analyzing the geological problems encountered in hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering under complex geological conditions.     

Probe into Key Techniques of Regional-Oriented 3D GIS

1 Introduction Geological exploration is one of the most im- portant approaches to study and solve multitudinous geological problems in the development of modern times. Since 1990s, geological work has been con- fronted with a new opportunity that is brought by the rapid development and extensive application of in- formation technology all over the world. It becomes a new working model for studies based on digital spa- tial database, computer cartography and Geographi- cal Information System …     

Probe into Key Techniques of Regional-Oriented 3D GIS On the key techniques of 3D GIS used for regional Geological Information System

Regional Geological Information System combines the multi-dimensional and dynamic spatial information into an integrated spatial information system. 3D geological modeling and its preprocessing or post-processing are the most difficult problems for constructing the system. Based on the current 3D GIS technique, some basic problems in establishing the system are discussed in this paper, including 3D spatial data model, 3D geological modeling, and visualization of 3D geological data. A kind of 3D vector data model based on boundary representation for geological object and its topology was developed in order to model and visualize complex geological structures. In addition, some key techniques are pointed out for further study.     

约束剖分的含断层地质体三维构模方法

针对地下空间三维地质构模技术发展慢的问题,提出一种快速三维构模的方法.首先利用径向扫描法将无约束的点集构建成无约束初始的三角网,再将多源数据中的约束线（包括剖面线、地表地质线、基岩地质线等）依次嵌入到无约束的初始三角网中重新生成带约束的德劳内三角剖分,生成了地层面、断层面等,然后通过人工拼接这些地层面,最终形成完整的三维地质体模型.运用Visual C++ 6.0生成的各种不规则三角网模型,建立了武汉市汉阳区城市三维地质模型.实践结果表明,建立的三角网范围广且包含了大部分的约束点,增加了构模的精度、速度.     

基于GOCAD的三维地质模型构建

阐明了利用GOCAD进行三维地质建模的思路及主要建模步骤。以哨牌矿区为例,利用GOCAD模拟了该区从震旦系灯影组到第四系地层及断裂。在模拟地形、地层及构造面时通过离散光滑插值技术（DSI）很好地消除了单纯的由克里金插值产生的畸变。由面模型向体模型转化时选用GOCAD的SGrid代替SOLID功能,更加方便准确的反应了真实地质情况。最后分析了GOCAD生成三维地质模型的实际应用并绘制Slicer法剖面图。     

矿井灾害的地质及巷道集成三维模型研究

针对目前地质和巷道独立建模给矿井灾害救援带来的问题,建立基于面模型的多层三维地质与巷道集成模型,并结合可视化技术为救援决策提供技术支持。研究复杂地质体的三维模型和巷道三维模型的关键技术,综合三维巷道网络的弧-节点模型与地层岩性、节点相互关联的拓扑关系,实现二者的集成建模。在此基础上,采用启发式路径搜索的A*算法,实现应急救援路线的智能快速选择。     

三维地质建模及其在水利水电工程中的应用

三维地质建模软件是计算机技术在地质中应用的重点和发展方向,它将大量地质资料和地质人员分析判断结果抽象为可视化的地质模型,使复杂的空间关系可视化,通过对模型的旋转,从不同的角度观看模型,形象直观,它充分利用计算机管理和分析的手段,将数据的输入、规模指数的计算、模型测算、成果输出综合为一个数据流,实现了全数字化信息处理,为快速、有效、准确地进行水利水电工程提供良好的现代化工具。本文以GeoEngine软件为建模工具,介绍了三维地质建模的过程以及模型的可视化方法。     

基于GPR试验数据和CATIA的三维地质建模

地质雷达(GPR)在水利水电工程地质勘探中得到了越来越广泛的使用,并且目前地质雷达勘探产生的地质解释图多被处理为二维图片.以湖南某工程坝址处5个剖面的地质雷达二维地质解释图为基础资料,使用Visual Basic语言以及三维建模软件CATIA的逆向工程模块,建立了研究区的三维地质模型,并实现了地质模型的数字钻孔与切片.首先用Visual Basic语言编程提取CAD地质解释图中的有用信息,然后将信息输入CATIA,使用CATIA中Part Design、GSD、DSE、QSR等工作台,建立研究区的三维地质模型,最后在GSD工作台中实现三维地质模型的数字钻孔与切片.数字切片与原地质解释图的对比显示,基于CATIA的三维地质建模与实际情况较为相符,CATIA在水利水电工程的三维可视化以及全过程的协同设计方面将有广阔的应用前景.     

河流相储层建模中测井和地震资料整合研究

对于储层非均质性非常严重的河流相储层来说，如何更好的利用三维地震资料一直是一个难点，本文探讨了一种综合地震、测井、地质资料的方法，并以大港油田某区块为例建立了基于地质统计和地震反演的定量储层地质模型．首先通过对测井约束地震反演得到的波阻抗数据体分析，提取三维空间变异函数，利用具外部漂移的泛克里金模拟方法建立出砂体的分布模型；然后以此砂体模型为相控制条件，建立储层物性参数模型．经过验证表明，本方法可以避免常规建模方法中存在的物性分布与岩相分布不匹配的现象，从而获得与地质认识一致的结论．     

陶厂石膏矿地质构造三维模拟及分析

为了掌握安徽陶厂石膏矿地质构造的分布规律,借助大型建模软件,在钻孔资料基础上建立了研究区三维地质模型,直观地展现了地质构造的三维形态特征以及断裂构造内部之间复杂的交切错断关系。通过分析矿层的空间变化规律来指导矿井生产及后期进一步的勘探开发工作。     

基于层面模型的矿床三维可视化及应用

鉴于目前矿山地质体三维建模技术的重要性与日俱增,设计一种由钻孔数据构建层面模型的三维可视化方法.该方法以钻孔资料为建模的源数据,以ArcGIS软件为技术平台,经过对钻孔数据的提取和处理等流程,分别建立每个层面模型并叠合形成矿床的三维可视化模型.建模实验表明：该模型存储效率高,可以很好地顾及地形特征.最后给出模型的应用实例.     

基于点云数据三维重建方法的研究

由于三维激光扫描仪采集的点云数据是离散的,这些离散的点云数据由于分辨率有限,缺少灵活性,导致无法满足对实际场景重建出具有几何精确性的模型。为解决上述问题,用Delaunay三角化方法构造网格逼近物体的i维表面模型,把离散的点云数据连续化生成表面模型来模拟场景,实验证明该方法有效。     

带精细属性特征的矿体实体模型动态构建方法

以地质统计学理论为基本工具,以三维栅格形式的矿体块体模型向其矢量形式的矿体几何结构模型转换,提出了一种矿体实体模型构建方法——克里格块体（KB）法.该方法对矿体内部相对稳定的矿石属性的空间分布情况进行了详细考查和评估;对特定约束条件下矿体三维块体模型的外部形态进行提取和重构,实现矿体实体模型的动态构建、更新及其表面地质属性的精细表达.理论分析和实际应用结果表明：对于大数多矿山,KB法都能够达到所期望的动态建模效果.