纳米WS_2对汽油机机油性能影响的发动机台架实验研究

采用多能场复合作用下的湿式粉碎法制备出纳米WS2粉末,并加入汽油机机油中制备成含纳米WS2汽油机机油.在自行研制的发动机模拟实验台架上考察了该汽油机机油在发动机上的实际应用效果,分析了纳米WS2粉末对汽油机机油摩擦学性能的影响,研究了其在减少发动机内部磨损和降低发动机油耗方面的效果.结果表明:纳米WS2粉末能使汽油机机油的油膜强度、抗烧结负荷分别提高21.6%和100%,磨斑直径减小11.8%,并可以显著提高汽油机机油的使用寿命,延长汽油机机油的换油周期,减少发动机活塞环的磨损量27.6%,降低发动机油耗13%～28%.     

纳米TiN对润滑油性能的影响及其在柴油发动机上的应用

控制纳米TiN添加量处于0.25%~1%范围内,利用MRS-10A四球摩擦试验机研究其对润滑油性能的影响。利用磨斑测量系统、激光共聚焦扫描显微镜OLS  1100和EDX能谱仪测试分析含纳米TiN润滑油的摩擦磨损及修复性能。在柴油发动机试验台上考察含有0.5%纳米TiN的润滑油对发动机运转性能的改善,在不同转速条件下检测润滑油添加剂对发动机外特性的影响。试验结果表明：含有0.5%纳米TiN的润滑油比基础油的抗磨减摩及自修复性能更好。纳米TiN润滑油添加剂能显著提高润滑油质量,减小发动机摩擦功,降低机油温度,改善发动机的运转性能,提高发动机的功率和转矩,降低耗油率,从而达到延长发动机的使用寿命和节约能源的目的。     

柴油醇的燃料性质和排放特性

为解决柴油醇在应用中存在的相分离、十六烷值低下等问题,提出一种由中碳醇 低分子醚 高分子聚合物 有机硝酸酯构成的复合添加剂.结果表明:添加1%～2%容积百分比的复合添加剂后,柴油醇的溶解度明显提高;并且发动机的冷启动试验也表明加入复合添加剂后,柴油醇的着火性能己同于柴油的水平.由发动机台架试验还研究了柴油和不同乙醇掺合率的柴油醇给与发动机的燃料经济性、排气烟度和THC、CO、NOx气体排放的影响.结果表明:柴油醇以重量计的比油耗较柴油的相应地增加,但以能量计的有效热效率却较柴油的略有提高;各种乙醇掺合率下的排气烟度都大幅地降低;NOx排放浓度则随负荷增加而逐渐增大,但在高负荷工况时,随乙醇掺合率的增加,NOx排放浓度呈下降趋势.     

纳米润滑添加剂改善摩擦磨损提高发动机性能的研究

以5W-30润滑油为基础油,Al_2O_3/TiO_2为纳米添加剂,配制添加剂质量分数为2%的纳米润滑油。通过摩擦学性能试验台模拟缸套-活塞环摩擦副实际工作过程,研究Al_2O_3/TiO_2纳米添加剂对摩擦学性能的改善;通过场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)对活塞环样本微观形貌进行观察,确定表面磨损情况;通过发动机台架实验研究确定实际使用工作过程中,纳米添加剂对发动机动力性能的影响。结果表明,润滑油中加入Al_2O_3/TiO_2纳米添加剂后,缸套-活塞环摩擦副摩擦磨损性能得到明显改善,摩擦因数和活塞环磨损率显著下降,摩擦因数最大下降50.6%,平均下降42%;活塞环磨损率最大下降34.8%,平均下降27.2%;活塞环表面微观形貌得到明显改善,磨损表面得到修复,划痕显著减少;在转速为4 400 r/min时随着负荷逐渐增大,发动机台架实验输出功率最高提升24.2%,低负荷功率增幅显著,高负荷范围内功率平均提升3.3%,动力性能得到较大提升。     

生物催化剂对柴油发动机经济性影响研究

通过将一种生物质催化剂加入昆明市通用的0#柴油中进行柴油发动机台架试验,对比加入催化剂后柴油发动机和原柴油机的燃油经济性,为后期催化剂的发展及研究做出相应贡献。试验结果表明,在现有昆明市典型环境中,柴油发动机在外特性及低、中、高转速的各负荷特性下,加入催化剂后的各工况燃油消耗均有一定改善,在外特性工况下低转速低负荷工况下表现最为突出,最高节油率可达12.1%,高转速催化剂节油率影响不明显。     

两种不同润滑添加剂对车用二甲醚发动机性能影响的试验研究

开展了两种润滑添加剂对二甲醚发动机燃烧与排放特性影响的试验研究。结果表明:分别加入C100和R100这两种润滑添加剂后二甲醚发动机均可在宽广的转速和负荷范围内工作,其输出功率都可达到甚至超过原柴油机,但加入润滑添加剂R100时二甲醚发动机的输出功率、缸内最高爆发压力和最大压力升高率比加入润滑添加剂C100时的略高;加入两种不同润滑添加剂后二甲醚发动机都可以实现无烟燃烧,NOx、HC和CO排放相当。     

重型柴油机基于ESC试验的颗粒物及有害气体排放规律试验研究

本文主要通过增压重型6缸12升柴油发动机台架法规试验,测试发动机性能及排放数据,研究试验工况中有害气体及颗粒物与负荷的关系,在同等边界下,污染物NOX等与转速、扭矩等性能参数的关系,烟度与颗粒数基本表现出同向关系,有助于研发过程针对性能及排放标定的权衡。     

纳米减摩润滑剂在发动机中的应用效果研究

利用合成和复配技术制备了纳米减摩润滑剂,采用LPW4型柴油发动机考察了该润滑剂的实际应用效果,分析了纳米润滑剂对油品理化指标和减摩润滑性能的影响,研究了纳米润滑剂改善发动机油压、油耗和尾气排放等外特性的效果。结果表明:经过620 h的可靠性发动机试验,纳米润滑剂中金属元素Fe含量较专用机油降低了47.8%,机油压力提高了15.8%,说明纳米润滑剂具有优良的减摩润滑性能;与专用机油相比,纳米润滑剂的燃油消耗降低了3.6%,发动机的尾气颗粒含量降低了26.7%,排放烟度降低了51.3%,说明纳米润滑剂具有良好的节能效果和环保特性。这是由于纳米润滑剂充分利用了纳米特性和多种功能添加剂的复合协同功效,提升了传统润滑油的减摩润滑性能和整体性能。     

替代率对CNG柴油双燃料发动机排放性影响的研究

本文通过设计台架试验,测量以潍柴226B发动机改造的CNG柴油双燃料发动机在同一工况下,替代率分别为60%、70%、80%、90%时发动机尾气中HC、CO、NOx的排放量。通过多次试验测试,对试验数据选择分析后,讨论在不同的替代率下HC、CO、NOx的排放的变化情况。综合试验表明,HC的排放随着替代率的提高而增大,NOx、CO则随着替代率的提高而减小。     

EGR和催化转化净化汽油车排气的试验研究

在发动机排气再循环和催化转化机理与车用汽油机排气特性研究的基础上，本文通过对车用汽油机装上EGR的催化转化装置后，在发动机台架上进行中低转速下的发动机负荷特性试验，探讨在有无EGR时对催化转化净化效果的影响。     

Investigation of the effects of steam injection on the emissions and performance of a diesel engine using waste chicken oil methyl ester

The use of biodiesel-blended fuels in diesel engines improves the engine performance parameters and the partial recovery of incomplete combustion products, while also increasing the level of NOx emissions. In this study; biodiesel obtained through the transesterification of waste chicken frying oil was mixed with diesel fuel (90% diesel + 10% biodiesel-B10), and was then used as fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. To reduce the increased NOx emissions caused by the use of B10 fuel, the steam injection method (which is one of the NOx reduction methods) was applied. Steam was injected into the intake manifold at different ratios (5%-S5, 10%-S10 and 15%-S15) and at the time of the induction stroke with the aid of an electronically controlled system. Based on the study results, it was observed that steam injection into the engine using B10 fuel improved both the engine performance and the exhaust emission parameters. It was determined that the S15 steam injection ratio resulted in the best engine performance and emissions parameters. In comparison to STD fuel; the highest increase observed at the S15 steam injection ratio in the effective engine power was 2.2%, while the highest decrease in the specific fuel consumption was 3.4%, the highest increase in the effective efficiency was 3.5%, and the highest decrease in NOx emissions was 13.7%.

     

Performance and emission studies on an agriculture engine on neat Jatropha oil

Diesel engines have proven their utility in the transportation, agriculture, and power sectors in India. They are also potential sources of decentralized energy generation for rural electrification. Concerns on the long-term availability of petroleum diesel and the stringent environmental norms have mandated the search for a renewable alternative to diesel fuel to address these problems. Vegetable oils have been considered good alternatives to diesel in the past couple of years. However, there are many issues related to the use of vegetable oils in diesel engine. Jatropha curcas has been promoted in India as a sustainable substitute to diesel fuel. This study aims to develop a dual fuel engine test rig for evaluating the potential suitability of Jatropha oil as diesel fuel and for determining the performance and emission characteristics of an engine with Jatropha oil. The experimental results suggest that engine performance using Jatropha oil is slightly inferior to that of diesel fuel. The thermal efficiency of the engine was lower, while the brake-specific fuel consumption was higher with Jatropha oil compared with diesel fuel. The levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from Jatropha oil during the entire duration of the experiment were lower than those of diesel fuel. The reduction of NOx was found to be an important characteristic of Jatropha oil as NOx emission is the most harmful gaseous emission from engines; as such, its reduction is always the goal of engine researchers and makers. During the entire experiment, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the case of using Jatropha oil were higher than when diesel fuel was used. The higher density and viscosity of Jatropha oil causes lower thermal efficiency and higher brakespecific fuel consumption. The performance and emission characteristics found in this study are significant for the study of replacing diesel fuel from fossils with Jatropha oil in rural India, where the availability of diesel has always been a problem.     

The characteristics of biodiesel and oxygenated additives in a compression ignition engine

In this study, experiments on the simultaneous reduction of smoke and NOx emissions of indirect-injection (IDI) diesel engines were conducted using a biodiesel fuel (BDF) and ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether (EGBE), which is an oxygenated fuel of mono-ethers, as a pre-processing method and by applying cooled EGR. A four-cylinder, water-cooled IDI diesel engine was used, while the engine performance and emission characteristics were considered using diesel fuel, BDF 100%, and a mixed fuel BDF and EGBE (maximum EGBE mixing ratio in mixed fuel: 20 vol-%). Results showed the BDF and the BDF and EGBE mix had significantly better smoke reduction effects than the diesel fuel. In particular, the use of the BDF and EGBE mix and the simultaneous application of 10% cooled EGR were confirmed to have reduced both smoke and NOx emissions.     

甲醇裂解气-柴油混合燃料对柴油机排放的影响

为研究甲醇裂解气-柴油混合燃料对柴油机排放的影响,设计了一种集成式尾气裂解甲醇反应器和进气共轨系统,将YC6A220型柴油机改装成燃烧由甲醇裂解而成的氢富气与柴油混合燃料的柴油机。实验研究表明,改装后的柴油机在中、高负荷运行时可以使NOx、HC和碳烟大幅度降低,且随着甲醇裂解气掺烧量的增加,各排放物质的减少量增加。     

柴油引燃甲醇双燃料发动机排放性能试验分析

介绍了柴油引燃甲醇双燃料燃烧对柴油机CH、NOx和碳烟排放的影响。采用柴油引燃甲醇双燃料在一台单缸、直喷、中冷柴油机上进行。随着甲醇质量分数的增加,HC排放迅速增加,NOx排放减少,发动机碳烟排放大幅度降低。     

发动机燃用生物柴油的颗粒可溶有机组分及多环芳烃排放

以一台车用柴油机为样机,研究发动机燃用生物柴油的常规排放,重点探讨其颗粒(Particulate matter,PM)、可溶有机组分(Soluble organic fraction,SOF)及多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的排放特性。所用燃油分别为柴油、生物柴油掺混配比为10%的B10燃油。结果表明,与柴油相比,该车用柴油机燃用B10燃油后颗粒、SOF和PAHs的质量排放均有所降低;NOx排放略有增加,HC和CO排放有所下降。B10燃油燃烧的颗粒SOF中醇类、酮类、醚类质量分数下降;脂类、酸类、醛类质量分数上升。在检测到的12种PAHs中,B10燃油有10种质量排放减少,尤其是苯并(a)芘等高环数致癌性的PAHs降幅明显,这表明发动机燃用生物柴油后,排气颗粒的化学成分毒性有所降低。     

缸内直喷不同CH4/N2配比的混合燃料发动机掺氢燃烧负荷特性试验研究

在一台改装的单缸气体发动机上进行缸内直喷不同CH4/N2配比的混合燃料发动机掺氢燃烧负荷特性的试验,研究不同负荷下混合燃料中掺氢比和掺氮比对发动机动力性、排放性以及经济性的影响。研究结果表明,当混合气体燃料中氮气体积分数不同时,不同负荷区域,掺入氢气对缸内最大爆发压力影响不同。结果显示,掺氮25%燃料CO排放较掺氮15%的明显增大,且当不掺氢时,增长近30%,并且掺氢对减小HC排放有利,但氢气对不同氮气比燃料CO排放与NOx排放影响不同,对于掺氮15%燃料,掺氢10%后,CO排放升高,NOx排放降低,而对于掺氮25%燃料掺氢后CO排放降低,NOx排放升高。另外,随着负荷增大,有效燃气消耗率呈逐渐减小的趋势,而且掺氢有利于热效率的提高。     

The influence of engine oil on diesel exhaust emissions

Increasingly stringent emission legislation, together with the requirements for improved diesel engine performance, such as fuel economy, friction reduction, and extended drain intervals, have led to attention being focused on engine oil quality. The use of low‐friction engine oils can improve engine fuel efficiency and lead to a significant reduction of gaseous emissions. Therefore, engine oil is of importance when considering engine design parameters. This paper describes a study of the contribution of engine oil to diesel exhaust emissions. The investigations have shown that diesel engine particulate emissions as well as hydrocarbons and NO_X emissions depend on the lubricant oil properties, in particular on the sulphur content, volatility, and metal content.     

The experimental investigations of recirculated exhaust gas on exhaust emissions in a diesel engine

The effects of recirculated exhaust gas on the characteristics of NOx and soot emissions under a wide range of engine loads were experimentally investigated by using a four-cycle, four-cylinder, swirl chamber type, water-cooled diesel engine operating at three engine speeds. The purpose of this study was to develop the EGR-control system for reducing NOx and soot emissions simultaneously in diesel engines. The EGR system is used to reduce NOx emissions, and a novel diesel soot removal device with a cylinder-type scrubber for the experiment system was specially designed and manufactured to reduce soot contents in the recirculated exhaust gas to the intake system of the engine. The experiments were performed at the fixed fuel injection timing of 4° ATDC regardless of experimental conditions. It was found that soot emissions in exhaust gases were reduced by 20 to 70% when the scrubber was applied in the range of the experimental conditions, and that NOx emissions decreased markedly, especially at higher loads, while soot emissions increased owing to the decrease in intake and exhaust oxygen concentrations, and the increase in equivalence ratio as the EGR rate is elevated.