超重力旋转填充床脱除CO_2体积传质系数的研究

超重力技术应用于有机胺溶液吸收CO2是一项突破性新技术,体积传质系数KGa是衡量填料塔性能高低的重要参数.建立了填料床中气液间体积传质模型,推导出体积传质系数的数学表达式,搭建了实验台以探究转子转速、气体流量、吸收液流量、温度变化对气液间体积传质系数的影响.实验结果表明,合适的工况条件对提高气液间的体积传质系数非常重要.     

典型台风登陆过程平均风时距转换系数分析

为掌握中国东南沿海台风登陆过程近地面风速变化规律及影响因素,根据2005年浙江省东海塘观测塔和上海市芦潮港观测塔分别实测得到的2次典型强台风(麦莎(Matsa 0509)和卡努(Khanun 0515))登陆时段距地面10 m高度处的实时风速记录资料,计算了不同时距风速的转换系数及其概率分布.计算结果表明,风速时距转换系数服从广义极值分布,V3 s/V10 min服从极值Ⅱ型分布,V30 min/V10 min以及V1 h/V10 min服从极值Ⅲ型分布.分别处于台风远端和近端的两处观测塔的实测记录表明,A类场地下,在台风影响范围内,工程场地处台风气候条件下10 m高度处风速时距转换系数的取值及其概率分布基本保持稳定,基本不受台风路径、台风强度变化、观测点在台风风场中的相对位置以及台风登陆与否的影响.A类场地的台风气候条件下,采用基于概率统计的具有一定保证率的风速时距转换系数取值,能够为建筑结构抗风性能设计提供可靠保证.     

太阳能电池开路电压非接触定量成像检测

太阳能电池的开路电压(Voc)是影响太阳能电池的光电转化效率重要参数之一.为了准确检测太阳能电池开路电压图像,首先利用有限元仿真方法得到了太阳能电池开路电压与发光成像强度之间的关系;其次基于调制光致载流子锁相成像(LIC)系统对商用单晶硅太阳能电池和多晶硅太阳能电池进行了开路电压非接触定量成像研究,并与光致发光成像检测方法(PL)对比;最后利用LIC方法对不同注量1 MeV电子辐照Ga As太阳能电池进行开路电压成像研究.结果表明:LIC方法和PL方法均能获得太阳能电池的开路电压分布,且两种方法所测得的单晶硅太阳能电池和多晶硅太阳能电池开路电压均值均与Sun-Voc方法所测结果一致,误差小于1%.利用LIC方法测得开路电压分布结果与PL检测方法吻合,相比PL检测方法,LIC检测结果信噪比更高,且检测过程更简单;对不同注量1 MeV电子辐照的Ga As电池的开路电压进行LIC成像的结果与电测结果吻合,为分析辐照电池局部损伤提供了一种新方法.     

Quantum efficiency and temperature coefficients of GaInP/GaAs dual-junction solar cell

GaInP/GaAs dual-junction solar cell with a conversion efficiency of 25.2% has been fabricated using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD) technique.Quantum efficiencies of the solar cell were measured within a temperature range from 25 to 160 ℃.The results indicate that the quantum ef-ficiencies of the subcells increase slightly with the increasing temperature.And red-shift phenomena of absorption limit for all subcells are observed by increasing the cell's work temperature,which are consistent with...     

Design of small-area and high-efficiency DC-DC converter for 1 T SRAM

The direct current-direct current (DC-DC) converter is designed for 1 T static random access memory (SRAM) used in display driver integrated circuits (ICs), which consists of positive word-line voltage (V _PWL), negative word-line voltage (V _NWL) and half-V _DD voltage (V _HDD) generator. To generate a process voltage temperature (PVT)-insensitive V _PWL and V _NWL, a set of circuits were proposed to generate reference voltages using bandgap reference current generators for respective voltage level detectors. Also, a V _PWL regulator and a V _NWL charge pump were proposed for a small-area and low-power design. The proposed V _PWL regulator can provide a large driving current with a small area since it regulates an input voltage (VCI) from 2.5 to 3.3 V. The V _NWL charge pump can be implemented as a high-efficiency circuit with a small area and low power since it can transfer pumped charges to V _NWL node entirely. The DC-DC converter for 1 T SRAM were designed with 0.11 μm mixed signal process and operated well with satisfactory measurement results.     

Performance improvement of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n-i-p</Emphasis> μc-Si:H solar cells by gradient hydrogen dilution technique

High pressure radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) process was adopted to investigate the effect of constant hydrogen dilution technique and gradient hydrogen dilution technique on the structural evolution of intrinsic films and the performance of n-i-p microcrystalline silicon solar cells. The experiment results demonstrated that the grain size and crystalline volume fraction along the growth direction of intrinsic films can be controlled and the performance of solar cells can be greatly improved by gradient hydrogen dilution technique. An initial active-area efficiency of 5.7% (V _oc=0.47 V, J _sc=20.2 mA/cm², FF=60%) for the μc-Si:H single-junction n-i-p solar cells and an initial active-area efficiency of 10.12% (V _oc=1.2 V, J _sc=12.05 mA/cm², FF=70%) for the a-Si:H/μc-Si:H tandem n-i-p solar cells has been achieved. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (“973” Program) (Grant Nos. 2006CB202602, 2006CB202603) and the Tianjin Assistant Foundation for the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 07QTPTJC29500)     

Preparation, optical properties and cell staining of water soluble amine-terminated PAMAM G 2.0-Au nanocomposites

The solution chemical and optical characteristics of formation of amine-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimer G2.0(NH₂-PAMAM G2.0)-Au nanocomposites in the aqueous solution of NH₂-PAMAM G2.0 at various mole ratios of Au(III) to NH₂-PAMAM G2.0 were studied by both UV-visible spectrometry and fluorospectrometry. The NH₂-PAMAM G2.0-Au nanocomposites, with a type of structure in which one Au nanoparticle is surrounded by several NH₂-PAMAM G2.0 dendrimers, emit strong bluish violet fluorescence, and are uniform, water soluble and biocompatible as well as very stable in frozen conditions. The size of gold nanoparticles in the nanocomposites is about 2.5 nm and decreases with the increase of NH₂-PAMAM G2.0 concentration. The NH₂-PAMAM G2. 0 plays an important role in acting as host or micro-reactor for Au(III) before Au(III) reduction and acting as dispersant and stabilizer for gold nanoparticles after Au(III) reduction. Preliminary experiments of cells staining to human embryonic lung fibroblast cell lines show that the NH₂-PAMAM G2.0-Au nanocomposites can be used as optical imaging markers for bioanalyses and medical diagnoses.     

Design of logic process based low-power 512-bit EEPROM for UHF RFID tag chip

A 512-bit EEPROM IP was designed by using just logic process based devices. To limit the voltages of the devices within 5.5 V, EEPROM core circuits, control gate (CG) and tunnel gate (TG) driving circuits, DC-DC converters: positive pumping voltage (V _PP=4.75 V), negative pumping voltage (V _NN=−4.75 V), and V _NNL(=V _NN/2) generation circuit were proposed. In addition, switching powers CG high voltage (CG_HV), CG low voltage (CG_LV), TG high voltage (TG_HV), TG low voltage (TG_LV), V _{NNL_CG} and V _{NNL_TG} switching circuit were supplied for the CG and TG driving circuit. Furthermore, a sequential pumping scheme and a new ring oscillator with a dual oscillation period were proposed. To reduce a power consumption of EEPROM in the write mode, the reference voltages V _{REF_VPP} for V _PP and V _{REE_VNN} for V _NN were used by dividing V _DD (1.2 V) supply voltage supplied from the analog block in stead of removing the reference voltage generators. A voltage level detector using a capacitive divider as a low-power DC-DC converter design technique was proposed. The result shows that the power dissipation is 0.34 μW in the read mode, 13.76 μW in the program mode, and 13.66 μW in the erase mode.     

Analysis of the effects of the heat of sorption on the process of heat transfer in moisture exchange across a membrane

A theoretical study has been conducted to investigate the effects of mass transfer on heat transfer in moisture exchange across a membrane and a mathematical model describing the heat transfer process with consideration of the heat of sorption was established. A dimensionless variable, Ψ =JLλ /δ (T ₁₀−T ₂₀), which controls the effect of the heat of sorption on the heat transfer in membrane process, was obtained through theoretical analysis, and the effects of Ψ on the heat transfer process were analyzed. Results showed that in the case that the temperature gradient and mass transfer are in the same direction, the effective heat flux changes the direction at Ψ=1. For Ψ<1, the heat transfers from high to low temperature sides through the membrane, and the total thermal resistance increases with increasing the moisture flux across membrane or reducing the temperature difference between the bulk flows on the two sides of membrane. For Ψ>1, the overall effect of the heat and mass transfer is that the effective heat flux points from low to high temperature sides and the total thermal resistance decreases with increasing the mass flux or reducing the temperature difference. In the case that the temperature gradient and mass transfer are in the opposite directions, the existence of the heat of sorption acts to enhance the heat transfer from high to low temperature sides, causing a reduced total thermal resistance, and the greater the mass flux or the smaller the temperature difference, the smaller the total thermal resistance. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50576040)     

Study on the two and three-parameter working stability regions of 3Y-TZP suspension

We determined the variation tendency of viscosity (η) at various solids load- ing (α) for 3Y-TZP suspension as a function of dispersant concentration (Cw) using vis- cosity measurement, measured the diameter of particles as a function of Cw in very dilute suspension using light scattering method, and obtained the surface features of the sedi- ment of suspension with different Cw using SEM. We also discussed the influence of the microstructure of adsorbed polymer layers on particles and their interactions in the dis- persing medium on the stability of suspension. Then two different stable states and two different unstable states for 3Y-TZP suspension were given. Accordingly, the (Cw, η), (Cw, α), and (α, η) two-parameter, and (Cw, α, η) three-parameter stability maps were con- structed. Based on the DLVO theory calculations, the dispersant concentration, particle distance (r), and interparticle potential energy (VT) maps with various solids loading for 3Y-TZP aqueous suspension were also constructed. In (Cw, r) two-parameter coordinate system, the stable motion region map for particles was established. The Cw, α, and VT,max (the highest potential energy) surface of the potential barrier map was obtained through calculation and simulation on the basis of the surfaces of Cw, r, VT maps introduced above. The (Cw, α) two-parameter stability map was then obtained from the Cw, α, VT,max map. The results showed that this theoretical map can qualitatively prove the experimentally obtained results—the existence of different dispersed states of particles in suspension system and the variation tendency of suspension stability with changing each parame- ter—were reasonable.     

Dendrite crystal morphology evolution mechanism of <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-BaB<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> crystal

Existence of [B₃-O₆]³⁻ hexagonal ring growth unit in melt solution of β-BaB₂O₄ crystal was proved by the results of high temperature Raman measurements. A morphology evolution process of β-BaB₂O₄ crystal was observed by a high temperature in-situ observation device. The crystal morphology varied with the supersaturation of growth melt solution. The mechanism of β-BaB₂O₄ crystal morphology evolution was analyzed through the growth unit model. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60808026) and the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Scientific Research Fund (Grant No. S0764-081)     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of Cr-doped Li<Subscript>3</Subscript>V<Subscript>2</Subscript>(PO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript> cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Cr-doped Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode materials Li₃V_2−x Cr _x (PO₄)₃ were prepared by a carbothermal reduction(CTR) process. The properties of the Cr-doped Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopic (SEM), and electrochemical measurements. Results show that the Cr-doped Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ has the same monoclinic structure as the undoped Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃, and the particle size of Cr-doped Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ is smaller than that of the undoped Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ and the smallest particle size is only about 1 μm. The Cr-doped Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ samples were investigated on the Li extraction/insertion performances through charge/discharge, cyclic voltammogram (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS). The optimal doping content of Cr was that x=0.04 in the Li₃V_2−x Cr _x (PO₄)₃ samples to achieve high discharge capacity and good cyclic stability. The electrode reaction reversibility was enhanced, and the charge transfer resistance was decreased through the Cr-doping. The improved electrochemical performances of the Cr-doped Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode materials are attributed to the addition of Cr³⁺ ion by stabilizing the monoclinic structure. Funded by the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(No. 0832259) and the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2007CB613607)     

Precipitation and Hetero-nucleation Effect of V（C,N） in V-Microalloyed Steel

The precipitation behavior of V（C, N） in steels microalloyed with vanadium was researched using a thermal simulator during single-pass deformation at 800-750 ℃. The V（C, N） precipitates and its nucleation effect on ferrite were investigated by TEM and EDS. The experimental results show that there are two remarkable heterogeneous nucleation effects of V（C, N） particles precipitated before γ →/ α phase change： primary reason is that high coherency between V（C, N） and ferrite promotes V（C, N） to become a nucleating center of intragranular ferrite; secondary reason is that the coarsening of V（C, N） causes locally solute-poor region in austenite, thus expedites the nucleation of intragranular ferrites further. Furthermore, the relationship between the size and shape of V（C, N） was studied, and identification method was provided for distinguishing interphase precipitation and general precipitation to avoid erroneous judgment and misguide.     

Raman spectroscopy investigation of structural and textural change in C/C composites during braking

The microstructure and texture of C/C composites with a resin-derived carbon, a rough laminar (RL) pyrocarbon and a smooth laminar pyrocarbon, before and after braking tests, were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the D-band indicates the amount of defects in the in-plane lattice, while the G-to-D band intensity (peak area) ratios (I _G/I _D) is used to evaluate the degree of graphitization. The results show that the FWHM of D-band of sample with RL pyrocarbon changes greatly from 36 cm⁻¹ to 168 cm⁻¹ after braking tests, which indicates that a large number of lattice defects are produced on its wear surface. However, the graphitization degree of resin-derived carbon sample rises significantly, because the I _G/I _D increases from 0.427 to 0.928. Braking tests under normal loading conditions, involving high temperature and high pressure, produce a lot of lattice defects on the wear surface, and induce the graphitization of the surface. Sample with RL pyrocarbon having a low hardness is easy to deform, and has the most lattice defects on the wear surface after braking. While raw materials with resin-derived carbon have the lowest graphitization degree which rises greatly during braking.     

High rate deposition of microcrystalline silicon films by high-pressure radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)

Hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) thin films were prepared by high-pressure radio-frequency (13.56 MHz) plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (rf-PECVD) with a screened plasma. The deposition rate and crystallinity varying with the deposition pressure, rf power, hydrogen dilution ratio and electrodes distance were systematically studied. By optimizing the deposition parameters the device quality μc-Si:H films have been achieved with a high deposition rate of 7.8 ?/s at a high pressure. The V _oc of 560 mV and the FF of 0.70 have been achieved for a single-junction μc-Si:H p-i-n solar cell at a deposition rate of 7.8 ?/s. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50662003) and the State Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No. G2000028208)     

Inclusion behavior of oxybutynin with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

Inclusion behavior of oxybutynin (OBN) with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was investigated by ultraviolet absorption spectrum and fluorescence spectrum. A reliable determination of the complex stoichiometry was provided by the continuous variation technique. Alcohol was added to further investigate the mechanism of the inclusion behavior. Thermodynamic constants ΔG, ΔH and ΔS for inclusion interaction of OBN and HP-β-CD were determined. The results show that host-guest complex with molar ratio of 1:1 is formed, and inclusion stability constant between OBN and HP-β-CD is 54.9 L/mol determined by ultraviolet spectrum and 11.1 L/mol determined by fluorescence spectrum. OBN has weak binding ability with HP-β-CD in aqueous solution (stability constant <10² L/mol) and addition of alcohol leads to a decrease of stability constant, which indicates that the hydrophobic force contributes to the inclusion process. ΔG, ΔH and ΔS are all less than zero, which indicates that the inclusion process is a spontaneous and exothermic process.     

Research on the hydraulic transformer with new distribution pairs

A new distribution pairs of the hydraulic transformer (HT) has been proposed to extend its output pressure range. A common pressure rail (CPR) test-rig was built to test the performance of the HT. The simulation and the test were carried out to explore the output pressure, the displacement and the speed stability of the HT. The research results have shown as follows. Firstly, the designed HT can realize regulating the pressure, and its output pressure is determined by the control angle of the port plate and affected by the load. The ratio of the load pressure (p _B) to the supply pressure (p _A) of the HT varies from 0 to 1.2. Secondly, the HT is a hydraulic component of variable displacement, and the displacement of the every port of the HT depends on the control angle and is not affected by loads. Finally, the speed stability of the HT becomes better with the control angle rising, and the movement zone exists while the control angle is lower than 15°. The high pulsation of the driving torque of the HT results in the poor speed stability. The research will contribute to the improvement of the HT performance in the future. Supported by the National Excellent Young Scientists Fund (Grant No. 50425518) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50305032).     

C-ZIF-8基PtNi催化剂制备及其甲醇电催化氧化性能

制备具有高活性和稳定性的铂基催化剂材料对于直接甲醇燃料电池(direct methanol fuel cells,DMFCs)的商业化进程具有显著的意义。以沸石咪唑骨架(zeolite imidazole framework,ZIF-8)为前驱体,通过高温碳化制备出一种优异的金属有机框架(metal organic frameworks,MOFs)衍生的碳材料作为载体,同时引入过渡金属Ni得到一种新型双金属催化剂Pt_xNi_10-x/C-ZIF-8。采用XRD、BET、FT-IR、Raman、SEM和TEM等方法表征Pt_x Ni_10-x/C-ZIF-8复合材料的形貌、组成和表面结构等,并通过循环伏安法,计时电流法(i-t)等电化学方法对Pt_x Ni_10-x/C-ZIF-8复合材料的电催化性能进行测试。研究结果表明,在1 mol/L KOH+1 mol/L CH₃OH溶液中,Pt₈Ni₂/C-Z...     

Solar wind transport into magnetosphere caused by magnetic reconnection at high latitude magnetopause during northward IMF: Cluster-DSP conjunction observations

An event of Cluster-Double Star conjunction observations of magnetic reconnection at high latitude magnetopause nightside of both cusps and solar wind transport into magnetosphere caused by such reconnection process has been investigated. During northward IMF, Cluster/SC1 observed accelerated flows and ion heating associated with magnetic reconnection at high latitude magnetopause nightside of southern cusp. And Double Star observed cold dense solar wind plasma transported into dayside magnetosphere. The analysis on such conjunction observations shows that: (1) during northward IMF, magnetic reconnection occurs at high latitude nightside of southern cusp, accompanied by accelerated flows that are observed by Cluster/SC1; (2) the direction of the accelerated flows, with its sunward component V _x , dawnward component V _y , northward component V _z , is quite consistent with the theoretical anticipation under the condition of northward IMF with dawnward component B _y ; (3) reconnection can heat plasma more in parallel direction than in perpendicular direction, to a level of about 4 keV; (4) with reconnection taking place at high latitude magnetopause nightside of the southern cusp, TC-1 observed cold and dense plasma transported into magnetosphere; (5) by reconnection at high latitude magnetopause nightside of both cusps, solar wind flux tube can be captured by magnetosphere and pulled into dayside magnetosphere. This event presents further observational evidence for magnetic reconnection at high latitude magnetopause nightside of both cusps as an important mechanism of solar wind transport into magnetosphere. Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2006CB806305), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40621003, 40674094), and the Hundred Talents Program of the CAS     

Optimization and temperature effects on sandwich betavoltaic microbattery

The design scheme of a sandwich-structure betavoltaic microbattery based on silicon using63Ni is presented in this paper.This structure differs from a monolayer energy conversion unit.The optimization of various physical parameters and the effects of temperature on the microbattery were studied through MCNP.For the proposed optimization design,P-type silicon was used as the substrate for the betavoltaic microbattery.Based on the proposed theory,a sandwich microbattery with a shallow junction was fabricated.The temperature dependence of the device was also measured.The open-circuit voltaic(Voc)temperature dependence of the optimized sandwich betavoltaic microbattery was linear.However,the Voc of the betavoltaic microbattery with a high-resistance substrate exponentially decreased over the range of room temperature in the experiment and simulation.In addition,the sandwich betavoltaic microbattery offered higher power than the monolayer betavoltaic one.The results of this paper provide a significant technical reference for optimizing the design and studying temperature effects on betavoltaics of the same type.