Shifted-frequency internal equivalence

The shifted frequency internal equivalence (SFIE) theorem involving inhomogeneous regions is introduced and proven. For a lossless inhomogeneous region using a vector Green's theorem and potential formulation, it is shown that the frequency-domain electromagnetic field at frequency ω inside the region can be obtained using a set of equivalent volume and surface currents radiating in free space and at the different frequency ω₀. The equivalent currents thus obtained are functions of the two frequencies, electric- and magnetic-volume-type sources of the original problem, material parameters, and the original field phasors at ω, and they only exist inside the region and on its boundary. A direct application of this equivalence is that it can be used to construct an internal equivalence at a shifted frequency for electromagnetic scattering problems if data are needed in a band of frequency. ω₀ can be kept constant while the incident field frequency changes and, as a result, full computation of fields at each different frequency for volume-type equivalent sources can be avoided     

An illustrative equivalence theorem example

Discusses the field equivalence principle where a fictitious cylindrical surface is involved. Field plots obtained from numerical results are given     

Comments on field equivalence principles

It is pointed Out that often-used arguments based on a short-circuit concept in presentations of field equivalence principles are not correct. An alternative presentation based on the uniqueness theorem is given. It does not contradict the results obtained by using the short-circuit concept but provides further insight.     

Device equivalence in integrated optics

The concept of device equivalence is introduced. In equivalent devices, the light propagation can be described by identically evolving modal expansions, resulting in identical power transfer ratios. By first applying this concept to a z-invariant structure with a low refractive-index contrast it is shown how a normalized coordinate space can be defined in which equivalent structures have exactly the same geometry. Subsequently it is shown how this normalized coordinate space can be defined for z-variant integrated optical devices, again provided that the lateral refractive-index contrast is small. This normalization makes it possible to perform numerical device simulations in normalized coordinate space, the results being applicable to a large set of equivalent devices. Furthermore, starting from a known design, it simplifies redesigning that device for use at another wavelength or using other materials significantly, the resulting device being equivalent to the original one     

The equivalence of third-order low-pass structures

Equal-valued capacitor active RC networks due to Gopal are shown to be equivalent (except for a buffer amplifier) to those of Dutta Roy and Malik.     

基于等价性形式验证的逻辑综合引擎设计研究

本文描述了一个基于等价性验证的逻辑综合引擎，它实现了从RTL级到网表级的综合。设计验证系统的初衷是验证给定设计从RTL级到网表级自动综合后电路的正确性，所以综合引擎本身的正确性是本文首要关注的问题。为了提高等价性验证引擎的工作效率，本文还提出并实现了一系列保持电路相似性的方法。最后，本文以SYNOPSYS的等价性验证工具FORMALITY作为比较，试验结果表明本系统是有效的。     

Aperture theory and the equivalence principle

Aperture theory in antenna courses is a topic that is usually dealt with fairly superficially at undergraduate and graduate levels. The paper takes a fresh look at aperture theory and its relationship to the equivalence principle. Some subtleties and possible misconceptions are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the mathematical analysis of the process by which the aperture is short-circuited, and the subsequent interpretation of various approximations to the aperture fields.     

Separable TFM signal and its equivalence principle

It is proved that tamed frequency modulation (TFM) is a phase-separable continuous phase modulation (CPM) signal, and its equivalence principle is deduced. A TFM demodulator with parameters M, L, h is equivalent to a CPM demodulator with parameters M₁ = 5, L₁ = 1, h₁=h/3.     

扬声器的可靠性和可靠性试验

阐述了扬声器的可靠性和可靠性试验的主要问题,从试验目的、试验应力和失效数据等方面讨论了扬声器可靠性和可靠性试验,在扬声器的设计和制造阶段进行可靠性工作十分重要。     

软件可靠性模型中样点可信度

将未确知有理数理论应用于数据建模是常见的建模方法,为了使其更有效地应用于软件可靠性的建模,结合软件失效数据的特点,从样点及样点的可信度两方面,研究未确知理论应用于软件可靠性模型的方法,提出对样点补偿的观点,并给出用补偿后样点计算可信度的计算方法.为未确知理论应用于软件可靠性的建模提供了新思路和新方法,并结合实例说明这一方法的有效性.     

The effect of coupling on monostatic-bistatic equivalence

A simple physical model that predicts the error associated with the monostatic-bistatic equivalence theorem for the case where coupling is significant between sources of scattering is presented. The analysis is discussed in terms of both monochromatic-wave and short-pulse scattering. Experimental verification of the results is provided by isolating the coupling components through use of a high-resolution radar.     

On the equivalence of multivariate polynomial matrices

The equivalence of system is an important concept in multidimensional (\(n\)D) system, which is closely related to equivalence of multivariate polynomial matrices. This paper mainly investigates the equivalence of some \(n\)D polynomial matrices, several new results and conditions on the reduction by equivalence of a given \(n\)D polynomial matrix to its Smith form are obtained.     

A physical interpretation of the equivalence theorem

A physical interpretation of the equivalence theorem is presented. A simple example is used to show that the external and internal equivalence cases are analogous to incident, reflected, and transmitted wave problems in the geometrical optics sense.     

A mathematical formulation of the equivalence principle

A mathematical formulation of the equivalence principle is presented that may lead to a better understanding and easier application of the principle. As an example of its application, the problem of determining the electromagnetic field induced in a finite homogeneous body of arbitrary shape with complex permittivity and permeability is given     

Fault equivalence in PLAs and prevention design

The fault equivalent problem in PLAs is examined and some design rules to solve this problem are proposed. The hardware required is only one extra product line, one bit line and one output line for the worst case.<>     

Model matching under external and input-output equivalence

The model-matching problem for systems described by external models is considered in frameworks of both external and input-output equivalence. Necessary conditions for the solvability of the problem are produced, and it is shown that in certain cases these conditions are also sufficient. In the case where necessary and sufficient conditions exist, the solutions of the problem are obtained in a constructive way and a parametrization of solutions is given.     

Is code equivalence easy to decide?

We study the computational difficulty of deciding whether two matrices generate equivalent linear codes, i.e., codes that consist of the same codewords up to a fixed permutation on the codeword coordinates. We call this problem code equivalence. Using techniques from the area of interactive proofs, we show on the one hand, that under the assumption that the polynomial-time hierarchy does not collapse, code equivalence is not NP-complete. On the other hand, we present a polynomial-time reduction from the graph isomorphism problem to code equivalence. Thus if one could find an efficient (i.e., polynomial-time) algorithm for code equivalence, then one could settle the long-standing problem of determining whether there is an efficient algorithm for solving graph isomorphism     

Network equivalence for crystal prototype Brune section

The letter presents a prototype cascade realisation of the Brune zero-producing section for bandpass crystal filter design. The network allows independent adjustment of the transmission zeros of the section.     

Linear equivalence of certain BRM shift-register sequences

A theorem given by Albert is used to show that if a shift register of length m is used to clock another shift register of length n through a binary rate-multiplier, then it can easily be arranged that the output has a linear equivalence of (2m ? 1)n and a period of (2m ? 1)(2n ? 1).