油田用加热炉高效节能运行的研究

加热炉是油田储运过程中不可或缺的加热设备，也是主要的耗能设备之一。油田加热炉的能效标准既可以作为油田采购加热炉的依据，又可以作为加热炉厂家生产和加工产品的规范要求。影响加热炉运行效率的主要参数有空气过剩系数、加热炉负荷率、排烟温度等．本文介绍了加热炉的工作原理和一般结构，分析了影响加热炉高效节能运行的因素，为加热炉在油田上高效节能运行提出了较好的方案。     

座浆垫板法在加热炉钢结构安装中的应用

座浆垫板技术是一项新的安装方法,在公司焦化装置改造工程加热炉钢结构安装过程中首次采用了座浆垫板安装方法,改变了传统的平、斜组合垫铁安装,提高了安装精度与进度。本文主要介绍了座浆垫板安装方法,并阐述了座浆垫板面积的计算与确定过程。     

虚拟温度诊断技术在特钢大型车问加热炉的应用

在加热炉生产过程中采用新型测温技术，对加热炉各个燃烧段进行测温，新型测温技术的原理是：利用加热炉各燃烧段的支管流量与煤气热值进行虚拟测温，数值与加热炉各分段的监测点热电偶测得的数值进行比对，为加热炉的安全生产增加双保险。     

加热炉自动除垢技术及现场应用

现有二合一加热炉火管管径小，火焰集中散热，加之形成水垢后没有及时清理，加热炉长时间运行，火管容易烧损。为了延长加热炉的使用寿命、提高热效率、减轻工人劳动强度，对现有二台一加热炉实施改造，将加热炉双火筒改为单火筒，并添加自动除垢装置。加热炉采用自动除垢技术后不仅增大了加热炉的换热面积，还可设定指令进行自动清淤，减少了清淤费用，改善换热效果，通过现场运行，加热炉炉效升高6．12％，节气率为9％，节能效果良好。     

适合重油流量测量的─—楔形流量计

钢板分厂是上钢一厂拥有三座加热炉的分厂，燃料油税度高，杂质多，对分油管路的油流量检测一直是一个空白。1993年，经厂领导的同意，决定在广加热炉实施计算机集散控制系统的方案，是为了达到节能、优质、降耗的目的，并采用了双交叉限幅燃烧控制。那么选什么流量计呢？进口的流量计能用，但价格昂贵。为此我们对国产的流量计进行了立项调研，分析使用情况。最后，我们选择了航天工业总公司第十一研究所生产的楔形流量计。因为①节流件采用“V”型体可消除滞留区，防止系统填塞现象；②选用雷诺数范围广，在Red为500时，仍保持差压与流量…     

125万吨双高线步进梁式加热炉的技术设计

山西中阳双高线新建两座冷装130t／h燃高焦混合煤气的步进染式加热炉,从设计施工到烘炉总体过程质量优良,生产指标达到设计要求。     

不同形式的蓄热烧嘴在加热炉上的应用分析

随着蓄热式技术的发展，烧嘴型燃烧方式越来越多的得到使用单位的认可。但在加热炉使用后期，蓄热烧嘴型式对加热炉的影响是十分显著的，不同的蓄热烧嘴形式对加热炉运行造成了不同程度的影响，针对这一问题，通过对比的形式分析了三种不同蓄热烧嘴的应用，最终得到了适应加热炉发展的最有利的蓄热烧嘴形式。     

SR系列燃烧器在加热炉上的应用

加热炉用燃料主要是天然气，由于天然气是气体易发生泄漏，而且不易被发现，对于使用明火的加热炉，安全隐患非常大，因此，加强对加热炉火焰及天然气的控制，提高其自动化程度，成为保证安全生产的主要因素，本文简单介绍了SR系列天然气燃烧器的结构功能分析，目前在XXX中转站加热炉的应用情况，SR系列天然气节能燃烧器不但具有避免安全生产事故发生几率的同时，还起到了节气，降低能耗的作用。     

模糊逻辑控制技术在邯钢热轧加热炉上的应用

邯钢2250mm热轧加热炉采用了带有模糊逻辑控制技术的二级优化控制系统，针对热轧加热炉的复杂过程实时调整PID控制器的Kp、Kj这两个重要参数。本文重点介绍了在加热炉控制过程中。各运行状态下的模糊逻辑控制器设计方法和原则，该技术的应用对于轧钢加热炉在复杂多变状态下的控制取得了很好的效果。     

轧钢加热炉自动化控制系统

近年来，我国轧钢加热炉节能工作已经取得了很大的进步，许多加热炉从原来的等外炉和三等炉，跨入了一等炉和特等炉的行列。但许多加热炉的装备水平还很差。因此，加热炉节能依然是；台金企业热工专业人员的主要课题之一。     

输入估计值的测量不确定度评定

本文所介绍的与1993年由ISO等7个国际组织联合发表的《测量不确定表示指南》（简称《指南》）完全一致，只是指南上的实用于物理测量的绝大多数领域，而本文介绍的仅适用于校准实验的测量。同时本文主要侧重于对输入估计值的A类测量不确定度和B类测量不确定度的评定的介绍，为输出估计值的测量不确定度评定奠定了良好的基础。     

Effect of heterogeneity of materials and heat cycles on diffusion of hydrogen as a factor of the risk of development of hydrogen degradation of metals

Conclusions The analysis results show that in the presence of hydrogen the nonstationary nature of the thermal effects (heat changes, thermal cycles) in the presence of heterogeneities may on its own be a factor causing a high risk of hydrogen degradation and may be of the implicit type (hidden). The degree of risk depends, in particular, on the kinetics of thermal processes. These defects must be taken into account by estimating the properties of materials after the effect of hydrogen and solving the problems of ensuring safety of structures both in the design stage and controlling efficiency and in determining the optimum (permissible) operating conditions, and also in determining the residual service life. In certain cases the conditions of transition of thermal processes may be of controlling importance for the efficiency of materials in structures.Translated from Fiziko-Khimicheskaya Mekhanika Materialov, No. 6, pp. 7–20, November–December, 1992.     

Results of inter-laboratory comparisons of two methods of determining the heat of combustion of natural gas

The D. I. Mendeleev All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Metrology has performed an inter-laboratory comparison of two methods of determining the heat of combustion of natural gas: the direct calorimetric method; and an indirect computational method involving the use of gas chromatography to determine the composition of the gas. The comparison was done with the same level of accuracy maintained in the determination of standards. Good agreement was obtained between the results of the two methods for two samples of natural gas from pipelines. The gas was dried before measurement in each case. The difference seen in the two sets of results might be related to the concentration of water vapor in the gas, which was not checked in the investigation. Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 1, pp. 36–40, January, 1998.     

基于管道声模态的消声器传递损失计算

传递损失是评价消声器声学性能的一个重要指标。提出了一种方法—管道声模态法代替传统方法估算传递损失。对进出口截面积较小的消声器进行计算和检验,与传统方法比较,结果基本吻合,且过程简单,提高传递损失的计算效率。对进出口截面积较大的消声器,中高频段由于大量高次波的出现,传统方法失效;但低频段管中声波以平面波为主,其结果与传统法一致。因此可以采用管道声模态法快速估算传递损失。     

Linearization of families of germs of hyperbolic vector fields

In this article, we develop some techniques to linearize families of smooth vector fields in a neighbourhood of a hyperbolic equilibrium point. In particular, we present the linearizing conjugacy in an explicit way and describe the smoothness of the conjugacy in terms of the eigenvalues of the vector fields.     

水线震荡对斜拉桥拉索风雨激振稳定性的作用

从理论和试验两个方面研究了水线震荡对斜拉桥拉索风雨激振稳定性的作用。建立了拉索和水线的运动方程，应用李雅普诺夫函数给出了水线不平衡角的判别公式。设计了一种新型的带有可运动人工水线的拉索模型，并进行了风洞试验。理论和试验结果表明，水线震荡是导致拉索风雨激振具有较大不稳定范围的主要原因。试验结果证明了理论模型和分析的结果是正确的。     

Evaluation of vibration-induced stresses in teeth of rotor disks of compressors of gas-turbine engines

We show that loads induced in turbine blades by vibration make a significant contribution to the dynamic stressed state of the teeth of compressor disks. The dynamic stresses formed in the teeth of the investigated blade wheels can be as high as 42% of the stresses induced in the blades. Together with fretting corrosion, static stresses, and other factors, this may lead to initiation and propagation of cracks in teeth and, as a final result, their fracture.     

Effect of reactor radiation of the temperature-time dependence of strength of polymers

The long-time strength of irradiated polymers (polymethylmethacrylate, cellulose triacetate, polyethyleneterephthalate) was studied. It was shown that the time dependence of the strength of irradiated polymers obeys the Zhurkov law, $$\tau = \tau _0 {\text{e}}^{\frac{{U_0 - \gamma \sigma }}{{kT}}}$$ The irradiation of polymers studied leads to an increase in coefficientγ; the activation energy for elementary act of rupture U₀ increases with increasing radiation does in the case of crosslinking polymers, decreases in the case of polymers that become degraded, and remains practically constant in the case of crystalline polymers.     

Investigation of probable cause of damage of steam drum of naphtha cracking furnace

This investigation was primarily aimed to examine the probable causes of damage in steam drum of heat recovery boiler in a naphtha cracking plant. Large number of cracks was detected of varying length on the inner surface of the drums. Preliminary visual examination, magnetic particle inspection, in situ metallographic examinations were carried out at the site. Detailed optical microscopic analysis along with scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examinations on the scooped samples from different locations of the steam drum were carried out to understand the metallurgical reasons for damage. Stress analysis was carried out on the steam drum on the basis of strength for the internal pressure. Finally, it was concluded that metallurgical factors as well as operating conditions were responsible for the cause of damage in the steam drum.