Isolation and characterization of Aeromonas sp. B-5 capable of decolorizing various dyes

Aeromonas sp. B-5, which has the ability to decolorize azo dyes, was isolated from soil. Aeromonas sp. B-5 completely decolorized 100 mg/l of Bordeaux S by reductive cleavage of azo bonds under static conditions in 24 h. Though the decolorization of Bordeaux S by Aeromonas sp. B-5 was suppressed under shaking, rapid decolorization was observed when the culture was changed to static conditions after cultivation with shaking. The indigoid dye, Acid blue 74, was decolorized by Aeromonas sp. B-5 under shaking conditions, in contrast to the decolorization of azo dyes.     

L-谷氨酸氧化酶的分离纯化及酶学性质的研究

采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、HPLC脱盐、离子交换、Superdex G-200凝胶层析等步骤从华美链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)发酵液中分离纯化L-谷氨酸氧化酶(GLOD),经过SDS-PAGE电泳检测,样品达到电泳级纯,分子量为140ku。对纯化的GLOD研究发现,该酶的最适反应温度为50℃,最适pH值为7.0,温度稳定范围为0℃～50℃,pH稳定范围在6.0～9.0,GLOD催化L-谷氨酸的米氏常数Km为2.1×10-4mol/L,Na+、K+、Mg2+对酶活几乎没有影响,而Hg2+、Cu2+、Ag+均不同程度的抑制酶的活性。     

Design of PCR primers and gene probes for the general detection of bacterial populations capable of degrading aromatic compounds via catechol cleavage pathways

For the general detection of bacterial populations capable of degrading aromatic compounds, two PCR primer sets were designed which can, respectively, amplify specific fragments from a wide variety of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12O) and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) genes. The C12O-targeting primer set (C12O primers) was designed based on the homologous regions of 11 C12O genes listed in the GenBank, while the C23O-targeting one (C23O primers) was designed based on those of 17 known C23O genes. Oligonucleotide probes (C12Op and C23Op) were also designed from the internal homologous regions to identify the amplified fragments. The specificity of the primer sets and probes was confirmed using authentic bacterial strains known to carry the C12O and/or C23O genes used for the primer and probe design. Various authentic bacterial strains carrying neither C12O nor C23O genes were used as negative controls. PCR with the C12O primers amplified DNA fragments of the expected sizes from 5 of the 6 known C12O-carrying bacterial strains tested, and positive signals were obtained from 4 of the 5 amplified fragments on Southern hybridization with the C12Op. The C23O primers amplified DNA fragments of the expected size from all the 11 tested C23O-carrying bacterial strains used for their design, while the C23Op detected positive signals in the amplified fragments from 9 strains. On the other hand, no DNA fragments were amplified from the negative controls. To evaluate the applicability of the designed primers and probes for the general detection of aromatic compound-degrading bacteria, they were applied to wild-type phenol- and/or benzoate-degrading bacteria newly isolated from a variety of environments. The C12O and/or C23O primers amplified DNA fragments of the expected sizes from 69 of the 106 wild-type strains tested, while the C12Op and/or C23Op detected positive signals in the amplified fragments from 63 strains. These results suggest that our primer and probe systems can detect a considerable proportion of bacteria which can degrade aromatic compounds via catechol cleavage pathways.     

Isolation, characterization, and molecular cloning of a thermostable xylitol oxidase from Streptomyces sp. IKD472

A thermophilic bacterium, Streptomyces sp. IKD472, that can oxidize xylitol was isolated from a hot spring and was found to produce xylitol oxidase. The purified enzyme was a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular weight of 43 k as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. This novel enzyme is capable of catalyzing the oxidation of one mole of xylitol to form one mole each of xylose and hydrogen peroxide. Since the V(max)K(m) value for xylitol was two and four times higher than those for galactitol and n-sorbitol, respectively, the enzyme was designated as xylitol oxidase. The enzyme was stable in the pH range from 5.5 to 10.5 and at temperatures up to 65 degrees C. The optimal temperature and pH were 55 degrees C and pH 7.5, respectively. Xylitol oxidase bound one mole of FAD as a coenzyme per mole of protein. The amino acid sequence of the NH2 terminus and the fragments obtained by lysylendpeptidase digestion of xylitol oxidase were determined for preparation of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes. A 2.8-kb chromosomal fragment hybridizing to the probes was cloned into pUC18 in Escherichia coli. The gene consists of an open reading frame of 1245 by that encodes a protein containing 415 amino acids with a molecular weight of 44,730 but without the conserved nucleotide-binding sequence, Gly-X-Gly-X-X-Gly. The amino acid sequence has 70% identity to putative oxidoreductase from Streptomyces coelicolar, 51% to sorbitol oxidase from Streptomyces sp., and 26% to L-gulonolactone oxidase from rat in terms of the overall amino acid sequence. DNA manipulation of the cloned gene in E. coli, by alteration of a strong promoter and a synthesized ribosome-binding sequence at an appropriate position, resulted in overproduction of xylitol oxidase 100 times more than that produced in the original Streptomyces sp. IKD472. The enzyme properties of recombinant xylitol oxidase were the same as those of the authentic enzyme. Stable xylitol oxidases, which allow easier quantitative analysis of xylitol, are useful for clinical applications.     

降烟碱细菌-烟草节杆菌K9的分离及鉴定

采用烟碱为唯一碳源的选择性培养基,对烟草、植烟土壤及烟草污水中的细菌进行选择性分离,共分离得到97株能够分解利用烟碱的细菌,其中菌株K9分解能力最强。经生理生化分析以及16SrDNA序列同源性分析,鉴定为烟草节杆菌(Arthrobacternicotianae)。为微生物降烟碱的研究及应用提供了理论依据。     

氰戊菊酯降解菌的筛选与鉴定及其降解条件优化

采用富集培养法从喷施拟除虫菊酯类农药的菜园土壤中,分离得到一株能降解氰戊菊酯的细菌BFE-023。经生理生化和16S r DNA序列分析,将菌株BFE-023鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。应用Plackett-Burman实验设计确定了影响该菌株降解氰戊菊酯的主要影响因素,利用响应面分析法优化了其降解条件。在优化条件下,研究菌株BFE-023对氰戊菊酯的降解过程及其中间产物3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-PBA)的生成规律。结果表明,培养时间和降解体系中氰戊菊酯浓度及氯化铁含量是影响其降解的主要因素,优化条件下60 h内对氰戊菊酯降解率可达到88.71%,与所建立的模型预测值(88.78%)相吻合。菌株BEF-023降解氰戊菊酯的过程中,降解中间产物3-PBA的生成量呈现先明显增加后逐渐减少的趋势,说明菌株BEF-023可能具备继续降解中间产物3-PBA的能力。     

腌渍食品亚硝酸盐降解菌的分离、鉴定及其降解特性

从腌渍豆酱、香肠、腌渍萝卜中分离到5株乳酸菌,根据形态和生理生化特征等对分离到的菌株进行初步鉴定,并研究了分离菌株的生理学性质和降解特性.初步鉴定表明,L1,L3,L4和L5菌株为明串珠菌,L2菌株为链球菌.L2菌株最适生长温度为30 ℃,L1,L3,L4和L5菌株最适生长温度为25 ℃,5个菌株的最适生长pH值均为6.5,在4%～6% NaCl溶液中均能正常生长繁殖.L2菌株在30 ℃时对亚硝酸钠的降解率最高,其他菌株在25 ℃时最高;5个菌株均在pH=3.5时对亚硝酸钠的降解率最高.在适宜pH值和培养温度下,L3和L5菌株对亚硝酸钠的降解率超过93%,具有较大的应用价值.     

Isolation of a thermophilic poly-L-lactide degrading bacterium from compost and its enzymatic characterization

Thermophilic poly-L-lactide-degrading bacteria were isolated from a garbage fermentor. One of the isolates, strain PL21, was identified as Bacillus smithii based on its physiological properties, sugar assimilation pattern, and partial 16S rDNA sequence. The degradation activity of poly-L-lactide exibited by the culture fluid was parallel to the esterase activity, and the purified enzyme was active against various fatty acid esters and poly-L-lactide, at 60 degrees C and pH 5.     

产琼胶酶菌株Agarivorans sp.FG15的筛选鉴定与酶学性质

从中国南海热带海洋环境中分离纯化出产琼胶酶菌株FG15,并以16S rDNA进行分子鉴定,分析其酶学性质。FG15为革兰氏阴性球菌,对硫酸链霉素,氨苄青霉素,羧苄青霉素和氯霉素都不敏感。通过16S rDNA序列分析和BLAST同源性比对发现:FG15菌株的16S rDNA序列与船蛆杆菌(Teredinibacter turnerae),噬琼胶菌属(Agarivorans sp.)对应序列同源性最高,为95%。利用MEGA 5.0软件构建系统发育树,FG15与噬琼胶菌属(Agarivorans sp.)亲缘关系最近,同源性高达99%。因此,可以初步鉴定FG15为噬琼胶菌属(Agarivorans sp.)。酶学性质的研究表明:FG15所产琼胶酶的最适温度为36℃,在20~45℃之间热稳定性较好;最适pH为7.5,在pH 7.0~8.0之间酸碱稳定性较好;产酶主要为胞外酶;琼脂酶的动力学参数米氏常数Km为4.978mg/mL,最大反应速率Vmax为10.33μmol/(L·min)。     

Isolation and characterization of a soluble and thermostable phosphite dehydrogenase from Ralstonia sp. strain 4506

Phosphite dehydrogenase (PtxD), which catalyzes the nearly irreversible oxidation of phosphite to phosphate with the concomitant reduction of NAD(+) to NADH, has great potential for NADH regeneration in industrial biocatalysts. Here, we isolated a soil bacterium, Ralstonia sp. strain 4506, that grew at 45°C on a minimal medium containing phosphite as the sole source of phosphorus. A recombinant PtxD of Ralstonia sp. (PtxD(R4506)) appeared in the soluble fraction in Escherichia coli. The purified PtxD(R4506) showed 6.7-fold greater catalytic efficiency (V(max)/K(m)) than the first characterized PtxD of Pseudomonas stutzeri (PtxD(PS)). Moreover, the purified PtxD(R4506) showed maximum activity at 50°C, and its half-life of thermal inactivation at 45°C was 80.5h, which is approximately 3,450-fold greater than that of PtxD(PS). Therefore, we concluded that PtxD(R4506), which shows high catalytic efficiency, solubility, and thermostability, would be useful for NADH regeneration applications.     

Isolation and characterization of alpha 2-macroglobulin from mastitis milk.

Whey samples were screened for the presence of the proteinase inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M). From an enzymic test, alpha 2M levels in normal whey varied in the range 0.49-0.84% of the serum level, whereas in mastitis whey the activity was markedly increased, reaching values between 0.91 and 138.5% (median 7.2%) of standard serum level. In mastitis milk samples but not in normal milk alpha 2M was also detected by double immunodiffusion and Western blotting. The proteinase inhibitor was purified from a mastitis milk sample with high alpha 2M activity (138.5% of serum level). In SDS-PAGE, native-PAGE and in double immunodiffusion analysis the inhibitor appeared indistinguishable from plasma-derived alpha 2M. The alpha 2M preparation from mastitis whey migrated essentially as native alpha 2M, representing the 'slow' form of the molecule. Treatment with trypsin transformed the alpha 2M preparation to the electrophoretic 'fast' form, but treatment with methylamine had only a minor effect. The receptor recognition sites were not exposed on the isolated alpha 2M molecule but could be readily exposed by treatment of the proteinase inhibitor with trypsin, which further proved that the isolated alpha 2M was in the entire native, functionally active state.     

槟榔籽中抗氧化活性物质的分离与结构分析

为了研究槟榔籽中的抗氧化活性物质,通过柱色谱法分离纯化槟榔籽乙醇提取物,结合抗氧化活性筛选,分离得到槟榔籽中主要的抗氧化活性物质Fr-4。利用高效液相色谱分析其纯度,经波谱分析确定该物质为表儿茶素。     

双歧杆菌22-5胞外多糖(EPS)的分离、纯化及纯度鉴定

为了得到双歧杆菌22-5胞外多糖(EPS)的纯品,对EPS分离纯化方法进行了摸索,得到EPS产量较高的分离条件:发酵上清液中加入3倍体积95%冷乙醇,-20℃沉淀12h以上,8000r/min离心4次,热水溶解后用Sevag法去蛋白6次,通过SephoroseCL-6B凝胶过滤得到的吸收峰,经紫外光谱扫描和HPLC分析,鉴定为单一多糖组分。     

Temporal trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the U.K. atmosphere: 1991-2005

Internationally there are few long-term air monitoring programs, which are necessary to assess the effectiveness of source abatement measures as required underthe UNECE POPs protocol. In the United Kingdom, the Toxic Organic Micropollutants (TOMPS) program, funded by the Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (Defra), was started in 1991 and includes regular monitoring of a range of compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, the time series (1991-2005) of atmospheric concentrations of 15 PAHs at six U.K. monitoring sites were investigated. Most show a statistically significant decrease in PAH levels over time, broadly consistent with the reported decline in emissions. Higher levels of heavier PAHs were noted in winter than in summer at most sites. At one coastal site, higher levels of lighter PAHs were noted in summer, possibly due to temperature-driven outgassing of these compounds from seawater. Current annual averages of benzo[a]pyrene are below the recently introduced annual air quality standard of 0.25 ng m(-3) at all sites, although quarterly averages have exceeded 0.25 ng m(-3) in recent years but only at the urban sites in winter. The atmospheric signature of total PAHs closely mirrors the emission signature, which lends strength to the idea that levels of PAHs in air are still mostly influenced by direct/local sources.     

南海深海链霉菌Streptomyces sp.SCSIO 13580脂肪酶的酶学性质

对从南海深海链霉菌Streptomyces sp.SCSIO 13580中的新颖脂肪酶L-1进行了酶学性质鉴定。脂肪酶L-1对对硝基苯酚己酸酯的催化活性最高,最适反应温度为40℃,最适反应p H为8.0,在最适条件下的酶活力为51.5 U/mg。脂肪酶L-1对大部分有机溶剂和表面活性剂具有极好的耐受性。同时该南海深海微生物脂肪酶能在温和条件下催化制备多种短链酯食品香料产品,具有较好的工业应用前景。     

发酵低醇西瓜果酒产香酵母的分离筛选及香气成分分析

为获得适宜低醇西瓜果酒发酵的酵母菌株,以嗅闻香气和总酯产量为指标,从传统白酒酒曲中分离筛选获得5株产香酵母。通过菌株形态、生理生化特征,结合26S rRNA序列分析,将菌株Z133鉴定为异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus),菌株Z2、Z31、Z32和Z43鉴定为扣囊复膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)。菌株Z133可产浓郁的果香气味,对糖、SO2及乙醇均有良好的耐受性,可发酵西瓜汁获得乙醇体积分数5.6%的低醇西瓜果酒。采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法分析发现,酒体中醇类和酯类香气成分种类和相对含量高于未发酵西瓜汁,主要香气成分苯乙醇、乙酸香叶酯和乙酸异戊酯的相对含量分别为25.65%、6.41%和3.93%。结果表明,从酒曲获得的产香酵母菌株Z133在低醇西瓜果酒发酵中具有一定的应用价值。     

Isolation and characterization of a new dimeric esterase from Lactobacillus sakei 23K

The M_w of a Lactobacillus sakei intracellular esterase, determined by gel filtration, was compared to those obtained from SDS-PAGE or MALDI-TOF, pointing to a dimeric structure. Its N-terminal sequence and peptide mass fingerprint suggest that it is the putative LSA044 protein from L. sakei 23K genome.     

Purification and characterization of 2-aminoacetophenone reductase of newly isolated Burkholderia sp. YT

We found that a newly isolated Burkholderia sp. produced (R)-2-amino-1-phenylethanol from 2-aminoacetophenone, showing the high stereospecificity. NADPH-dependent 2-aminoacetophenone reductase purified to homogeneity was a dimer with a molecular mass of 65,000. The purified enzyme did not reduce acetophenone and 1-phenyl-1-propanone. The purified enzyme converted 2-aminoacetophenone to only (R)-2-amino-1-phenylethanol.     

Isolation and characterization of Bacillus sp. INT005 accumulating polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from gas field soil

A gram-positive bacterium (designated strain INT005) that accumulated polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) was isolated from gas field soil. From its morphological and physiological properties and the partial nucleotide sequence (about 500 bp) of its 16S rDNA, it was suggested that strain INT005 was similar to several species of the genus Bacillus. We confirmed that strain INT005 is a Bacillus sp. The PHA productivities of strain INT005 were higher than those of Bacillus megaterium and Ralstonia eutropha at 37-45 degrees C reported to date, and it was suggested that the PHA synthase of INT005 may exhibit moderate thermostability. The bacterium had the ability to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-6-hydroxyhexanoate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) from the appropriate carbon sources. The PHA synthase from INT005 showed similar substrate specificity to those of class I and III PHA synthases and strain INT005 produced PHAs with various monomer compositions. From the analysis of monomer composition and PHA accumulation in the presence of acrylic acid, it was suggested that de novo fatty acid synthesis and beta-oxidation are involved in the PHA synthesis of Bacillus sp. INT005. Since Bacillus sp. INT005 could synthesize PHA even at 45 degrees C and PHAs with various monomer compositions, and only one report on the cloning of the synthesis-related genes from a Bacillus species (B. megaterium) has been published;Bacillus sp. INT005 is thought to be very valuable source of PHA synthesis-related genes.