方形卧式分离器的PIV流场试验研究

应用粒子成像测速(particle image velocimetry, PIV)技术对方形卧式分离器的内部流场进行了测量，得到分离器内典型的颗粒运动分布状态.采用灰度互相关法处理试验图像数据，得到分离器内3个不同截面的二维瞬时速度分布，结果表明在分离器内气流为顺时针旋流，中间流速高而边壁流速低，在分离器的右上角存在有角涡.根据试验结果计算了方形卧式分离器中间面的平均二维速度分布，与应用雷诺应力模型(RSM)数值计算模拟得到的分离器内气流速度分布进行了对比，结果表明除了近壁面区域差别较大外，其他区域基本吻合.     

Spatial pyramidal cross correlation for particle image velocimetry

A spatial pyramidal cross-correlation based on interrogation area sub-division is introduced to improve the measurement resolution in particle image velocimetry (PIV). The high-resolution velocity can be achieved with a velocity prediction model via coarse cross-correlation. The prediction formula is deduced from the frequency response of the moving average (MA). The performance of this method was assessed using synthetically generated images of sinusoidal shear flow, two-dimensional vortical cellular flow, and homogeneous turbulence. A real PIV experiment of turbulent boundary layer was used to evaluate the new method. The results indicate that the spatial pyramid cross-correlation can robustly increase the spatial resolution.     

超流氦中喷射流流场的PIV可视化观察

利用粒子成像测速仪(PIV)对射入到超流氦液浴中的喷射流的初始发展阶段进行观察,主要考察了流型和流场分布状况,旨在分析通过喷射流来实现的示踪粒子投放过程的实际效果及其对测量精度的影响情况.超流氦液浴温度为1.8K,示踪粒子为1.7μm直径的复合物粒子,高速相机拍摄的相邻照片间隔时间为3ms.实验中观察到的喷射流具有一抛物线形状的流型,与正常流体中观察到的喷射流具有一定的相似性.速度场分析结果也显示,射流内的速度场分布远不如正常流体中均匀和规律变化,其中存在许多局部的涡旋流.沿着射流方向上速度的波动幅度越来越小,平均速度在行进了约35mm后降至2mm/s量级.     

PIV在二维后向台阶流实验研究中的应用

利用粒子图像测速技术(PIV),对雷诺数150相似文献   

Strain field investigation of limestone specimen under uniaxial compression loads using particle image velocimetry

The particle image velocimetry (PIV) method was used to investigate the full-field displacements and strains of the limestone specimen under external loads from the video images captured during the laboratory tests. The original colorful video images and experimental data were obtained from the uniaxial compression test of a limestone. To eliminate perspective errors and lens distortion, the camera was placed normal to the rock specimen exposure. After converted into a readable format of frame images, these videos were transformed into the responding grayscale images, and the frame images were then extracted. The full-field displacement field was obtained by using the PIV technique, and interpolated in the sub-pixel locations. The displacement was measured in the plane of the image and inferred from two consecutive images. The local displacement vectors were calculated for small sub-windows of the images by means of cross-correlation. The video images were interrogated in a multi-pass way, starting off with 64×64 images, ending with 16×16 images after 6 iterations, and using 75% overlap of the sub-windows. In order to remove spurious vectors, the displacements were filtered using four filters: signal-to-noise ratio filter, peak height filter, global filter and local filter. The cubic interpolation was utilized if the displacements without a number were encountered. The full-field strain was then obtained using the local least square method from the discrete displacements. The strain change with time at different locations was also investigated. It is found that the normal strains are dependant on the locations and the crack distributions. Between 1.0 and 5.0 s prior to the specimen failure, normal strains increase rapidly at many locations, while a stable status appears at some locations. When the specimen is in a failure status, a large rotation occurs and it increases in the inverse direction. The strain concentration bands do not completely develop into the large cracks, and meso-cracks are not visible in some bands. The techniques presented here may improve the traditional measurement of the strain field, and may provide a lot of valuable information in investigating the deformation/failure mechanism of rock materials.     

二维非稳定态流场计算

开发了二维非稳定态流场计算软件，应用该软件计算了明渠中蓄水池内的非稳定态流动过程。     

粒子图像测速发展综述

粒子图像测速(PIV)是一种基于流场图像互相关分析的非接触式瞬时全流场测量技术,它融合了计算机、光学及图像处理技术等交叉学科,在流体力学、空气动力学以及生命科学等领域有着广泛的应用。随着PIV技术的进步,其测量功能由早期的二维平面发展成三维空间,为瞬态流场的可视化提供了强有力的工具。从测试原理及系统组成的角度,重点介绍了立体PIV、全息PIV、层析PIV及微PIV等最新三维PIV技术,总结了PIV技术的发展和研究现状,最后探讨了PIV技术的未来发展趋势。     

数字粒子图像测速技术中目标分割算法的实现

数字粒子图像测速(DPIV digital particle image velocimetry)关键技术在于提取流场中粒子的运动信息，涉及连续两幅图像中粒子群的对应(互相关性)等图像处理问题．本研究提出改进的互相关算法，将数字成像系统的连续两幅图像中的目标搜寻区域进行自动分割，将其划分为互不交叠，各自具有一致属性的区域图，然后依次将第一幅的判读小区在第二幅的大搜索小区中移动，搜索与第一幅判读小区最匹配的粒子图像，此方法完全适用粒子速度在1．2～3．5m/s范围的粒子流速度测量，运算速度和精度均满足实际需要．     

基于粒子图像测速的高含水率软土真空预压试验

为了更加直观地研究真空预压过程中土体的固结变形规律,采用粒子图像测速技术（PIV）,开展高含水率软土真空预压模型试验,观测真空预压过程中塑料排水板（PVDs）周围土体位移场的变化. 结果表明：排水板周围土体产生了水平方向的位移,且随着真空预压的进行,产生水平位移的范围不断扩大;排水板近处的土体以水平位移为主,主要发生径向固结,距排水板远处土体以竖向位移为主,主要发生竖向固结,并因此形成了排水板处土体凸起而远处下沉的“土桩”现象. 结合孔隙水压力值监测结果,认为土体中不同区域的径向固结存在差异,距离排水板近处的土体排水固结更快. 另外,对于距离排水板15 cm范围内的土体,通过径向位移计算得到的固结度大于通过孔隙水压力值计算得到的固结度.     

汽车风洞的PIV试验技术

介绍了粒子图像测速技术(PIV)的基本原理和试验过程,结合汽车空气动力学的需要将PIV试验应用到汽车风洞中测量汽车周围流场流动状况。根据研究内容探索并设计了适合进行汽车模型风洞试验的试验方案,分别针对GTS卡车模型周围流场和实车后视镜区域流场进行测量试验。得到了汽车周围流场截面的流线显示和瞬态、稳态的速度数据,并对比数值模拟结果进行了分析。同时介绍了应用PIV的激光做的激光流态显示。本文的研究为进行汽车空气动力学涉及的汽车模型周围低速流动时流动状况的测量试验提供了经验。     

Flow characteristics by particle image velocimetry in liquefied natural gas vaporizer model with several baffles

Shell-and-tube vaporizers are the most commonly used and dominated types of vaporizers in liquefied natural gas (LNG) realm. Due to efficient performance, shell-side flow in this type of vaporizers has received considerable attention and has been investigated extensively. However, the detailed flow structure in the shell needs to be determined for reliable and effective design. Therefore, the objective of this study was to clarify the flow structure in shell by particle image velocimetry (PIV). Experiments were conducted using two types of model; 15% baffle cut having inlet and outlet positions in the direction of 90° to the cut and 30% baffle cut having inlet and outlet positions in the direction of 180° to the cut. Each test section is 169 mm in inner diameter and 344.6 mm in length. The flow features were characterized in different baffle cuts with regards to the velocity vector field and velocity distribution. The results show that the flow characteristics of 15% baffle cut type vaporizer are comparable to those of 30% baffle cut type vaporizer.     

一种精确的图像拼接方法

全景图拼接是实现虚拟现实场景漫游的一种重要手段,本文利用SUSAN检测算子抽取图像的角点特征,然后用快速RANSAC算法配准图像,计算出图像之间的单应性矩阵,同时通过KLT跟踪,提高投影矩阵的精度.最后在图像融合中,采用像素值加权的方法.实验结果表明,文章提出的方法能有效提高配准精确性,并具有鲁棒性.     

Physical modelling of pipe piles under oblique pullout loads using transparent soil and particle image velocimetry

A small-scale physical modelling method was developed to investigate the pile bearing capacity and the soil displacement around the pile using transparent soil and particle image velocimetry(PIV) technique. Transparent sand was made of baked quartz and a pore fluid with a matching refractive index. The physical modelling system consists of a loading system, a laser light, a CCD camera, an optical platform and a computer for image analyzing. A distinctive laser speckle was generated by the interaction between the laser light and transparent soil. Two laser speckle images before and after deformation were used to calculate the soil displacement field using PIV. Two pipe piles with different diameters under oblique pullout loads at angles of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° were used in tests. The load-displacement response, oblique pullout ultimate resistances and soil displacement fields were then studied. The test results show that the developed physical modelling method and transparent soil are suitable for pile-soil interaction problems. The soil displacements around the pipe piles will improve the understanding on the capacity of pipe piles under oblique pullout loads.     

飞机模型俯仰-滚摆耦合复杂流场测试系统设计

为真实地模拟飞机机动飞行和分析俯仰－滚摆耦合状况下的动态气动特性和复杂流动机理，首次在风洞中实现了模拟飞机的俯仰与滚转的复合运动。使用E型架结构实现飞机模型俯仰角α的正弦运动，同时在E型架上安装交流伺服电机直接控制飞机模型的滚转角Φ；本系统采用了旋转编码器的输出脉冲来测量模型的转角，并记录下该脉冲出现的时刻，用这些数据得到飞机模型在风洞实验中滚转角的时间历程和滚转力矩特性，并用激光片光系统进行流态显示，使用这套系统得到了俯仰－滚摆耦合运动下的气动特性。分析表明，俯仰－滚摆耦合状况下进一步推迟了滚摆开始攻角，不稳定性增加，同时证明该系统满足风洞实验要求。     

二维温室绕流流场的PIV实验研究

在大气边界层风洞中，利用粒子图像速度场仪(PIV)对风绕过二维温室的流动进行了流场测量．观察分析了绕流瞬态流场和时均流场的信息：气流流经温室的曲线前缘，流线顺滑，没有明显的漩涡区，而在后部，气流分离产生剪切流动过程，形成封闭的湍流回流区域．由于温室后缘挑檐的作用，靠近温室后壁存在一个逆时针旋转的旋涡，同时再附距离加大到约7．7H；后部回流区中可同时有2～4个不规则漩涡结构，漩涡间的作用非常强烈，而且复杂．     

弹体出水引起的非稳态流场数值计算方法

针对双渐近法不能用于分析有初始航速结构或大幅运动结构的流固耦合问题的局限性,在二阶双渐近法的基础上,将运动非线性引入双渐近法,采用改进的双渐近法研究弹体出水砰击引起的非稳态流场,给出了不同阶段的流场动态特性以及各个特征时间点流场动压力的空间分布情况.探讨了弹体出水时双峰值的产生机理、弹体局部结构可能会发生的拍振现象以及空泡区随弹体出水时的变化特征.研究表明弹体出水经历非稳态、稳态、非稳态、稳态4个阶段.     

颗粒团聚过程准确碰撞检测快速算法

碰撞检测的传统算法在应对大量颗粒碰撞团聚时往往执行效率低下,为此提出一种基于“包围球-最大检测区域”预处理的两步式准确碰撞检测快速算法. 粗略筛选阶段：所有团聚体用更新成本低的包围球替代表示,并将包围球间的碰撞检测转变为求解关于时间的一元二次方程问题,通过并行求解这些方程快速筛选出所有可能发生的碰撞;忽略最大检测区域外的碰撞检测以进一步缩短执行时间. 精细确定阶段：采用离散碰撞检测快速确定碰撞发生的具体时间和位置;在该阶段,采样时间间隔是自适应的且逐渐减小. 将模拟计算结果与未优化的传统算法结果进行对比后发现,在满足相同碰撞检测准确性的前提下,提出的算法将执行效率提升了10~30倍,表明此算法更加适用于大量颗粒团聚过程中的碰撞检测.     

Particle image velocimetry for an automatic cooling device using temperature-sensitive magnetic fluid

An automatic cooling device has been developed by using a temperature-sensitive magnetic fluid as the coolant. A particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to measure the flow velocity of the fluid inside the loop. The efficiency of the device under varying conditions such as the heat load and the power of cooling were experimentally investigated. The effect of cooperation between external magnetic field and thermal field on the performance of the device was studied. As expected, a continuous flow induced by the thermal and magnetic field was observed in the loop, where heat was transferred by the circulating magnetic fluid. The synergic effect between the magnetic field and the temperature gradient has impact on the performance of the device.     

一种自适应红外图像增强技术

针对红外热成像对比度不足的问题,提出了一种S曲线映射函数,该函数具有定义域与值域区间一致、拐点非对称的特点,在目标图像增强的同时拟制了杂波背景．为了满足动态场景自适应增强的需要,建立了基于场景灰度特征调整S曲线参数的动态自适应模型,该模型用灰度直方图的阈值和调制度作为输入,用图像增强算法的参数作为输出,并基于典型样本数据通过人工神经网络的BP算法确定出了模型中权系数的值,工程应用实例表明这种方法是切实有效的．